ABSTRACT
Based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), a rapid and simultaneous quantitative method for the measurement of seven components (kinsenoside; rutin; kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside; quercimeritrin; narcissin; isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside; quercetin) of A. roxburghii was established. The separation was performed over 8.0 minutes on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Shield RP18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm; 1.7 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid water solution (B) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL·min-1; the column temperature was 30 ℃ and the injection volume was 2 μL. Electrospray spray ionization source (ESI source) was used for mass spectrometry, and positive and negative ion modes were detected at the same time. The results showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.998 0), with good precision, repeatability and stability, and the average recovery was 97.71%-103.33%. Through cluster heat map and redundancy analysis, we found that kinsenoside was mainly distributed in stems, followed by leaves, and the lowest content in roots. The content of kinsenoside increased significantly in the stems of plants 6 months, but less change was evident in the roots and leaves. Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides were mainly distributed in leaves. The UHPLC-MS/MS method established in this paper can be used for the quality control of A. roxburghii and provides a reference for establishing a more comprehensive quality detection method for this medicinal.
ABSTRACT
Distribution and abundance of Katsuwonus pelamis larvae (Perciformes: Scombridae) in the Gulf of Mexico, 1982-1992. The epipelagic fish known as skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) is considered inside the "little tuna" group. The species is distributed in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. Despite its fisheries importance in Mexico, there is little knowledge about the species in the region. The information from 18 oceanographic cruises inside the Mexican exclusive economic zone in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, was analyzed for the period 1982 to 1992. Plankton was collected in a paired 60 cm mouth bongo net sampler with 0.333 mm mesh nets in oblique tows. The maximum abundance was in spring and summer; 1986 had the largest population (4 881.8544 x 10(9) larvae) and 1983 the lowest density (566.3748 x 10(9)). The skipjack has suitable conditions for reproduction in this area, and the southwestern region is the most productive. The spawning was greater in the summer. The annual biomass was estimated in 2 513 to 21 659 tons, the high value corresponded to 1986, with potential yields between 7 472 and 10 071 tons. A local fishery seems viable but needs further evidence. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1343-1359. Epub 2008 September 30.
El barrilete Katsuwonus pelamis, considerado en el grupo de los atunes menores, es una especie epipelágica, distribuida en aguas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo, que ha llegado a convertirse en uno de los atunes más capturados. Sin embargo, en México se han realizado pocos estudios a pesar de su importancia en esta región. Analicé la información recolectada en 18 cruceros oceanográficos en la zona económica exclusiva mexicana del Golfo de México y Mar Caribe (1982 a 1992). Las muestras se obtuvieron mediante arrastres oblicuos de redes tipo bongo de 60 cm de boca y malla de 0.333 mm. Las máximas abundancias de larvas se presentaron en primavera y verano, y 1986 se caracterizó por tener una mayor población, un total de 4 881.8544 x 10(9) larvas, 1983 tuvo la más baja densidad con 566.3748 x 10(9). El barrilete se encontraba entonces en las condiciones adecuadas para su reproducción en esta área, siendo la región sudoccidental la más productiva; el desove fue mayor en verano. Las biomasas calculadas por temporada fueron de 2 513 a 21 659 toneladas, correspondiendo a 1986 el valor más alto, con un rendimiento potencial entre 7 472 y 10 071 t. Es factible explotarlo en el Golfo de México si otra información corrobora estos resultados.