Privación de la libertad en el sistema de justicia para adolescentesdel Distrito Federal, México / Deprivation of liberty in the justice systemfor adolescents in the Federal District of Mexico / Privação de liberdade no sistema da justiçapara adolescentes do Distrito Federal, México

Se estudia la utilización de la detención preventiva y lasmedidas de internamiento, dentro del sistema de justiciapara adolescentes en el Distrito Federal, México, durantesus primeros años de operación (2009-2013). Además decomentar el marco normativo y describir la estructura orgánicaencargada de aplicar dichas medidas, el texto analizala observancia, en la práctica institucional, del principiode excepcionalidad de la privación de la libertad. Se concluyecon un pronunciamiento en favor de la construcción de unsistema de justicia para adolescentes con tintes educativos,que sustituya paulatinamente la vía del encierro, por ser unarespuesta incompatible con la reinserción social y familiar delos menores.

The use of pre-trial detention is being examined along withinternment measures within the juvenile justice systemsin Mexico City, during its first operating years (2009-2013).Apart from discussing the regulatory framework and describingthe organic structure in charge of the application of anysuch measures, the text analyzes the observance, in institutionalpractice, of the exceptionality principle governing thedeprivation of liberty. It concludes with a statement in favorof the construction of a system of justice for adolescents,with educational overtones, designed to gradually replacethe way of confinement since this response is incompatiblewith the social and family reinsertion of juvenile offenders.

Estuda-se o uso da prisão preventiva e as medidas de internação,dentro do sistema da justiça para adolescentes noDistrito Federal, México, durante seus primeiros anos daoperação (2009-2013). Além de comentar o marco normativoe para descrever a estrutura orgânica encarregada de aplicarestas medidas, o texto analisa o cumprimento, na práticainstitucional, do princípio da excepcionalidade da privaçãode liberdade. Conclui-se com um pronunciamento a favorda construção de um sistema da justiça para adolescentescom matizes educativos, que substitua gradualmente a viado confinamento, para ser uma resposta incompatível com areinserção social e familiar dos menores.

La criminalidad juvenil en España(2007 - 2012) / Juvenile delinquency in Spain (2007-2012) / A criminalidade juvenil na Espanha (2007-2012)

La necesidad de estadísticas confiables sobre justicia juveniles una demanda repetida desde las instancias internacionales. En España, tras la entrada en vigor, en el 2001,de la ley de responsabilidad penal de los menores, se ha asentado en la opinión pública la idea de que esta delincuencia ha crecido en forma exponencial, que los jóvenesse inician cada vez más tempranamente en el delito, y relacionan esta realidad con el fenómeno de la inmigración. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo acercarse al conocimiento de la delincuencia juvenil, a partir de los datos que facilita el Instituto Nacional de Estadística, a fin de constatar lo que hay de cierto en esas creencias sociales. Para ello se hace un análisis cuantitativo del número de condenados,infracciones cometidas y medidas impuestas, así como de la tasa de criminalidad, sin olvidar las variables género y extranjería. Los resultados confirman solo de manera parcial la percepción social sobre una actividad delictiva, en su mayoría de poca gravedad, que no es cada vez más precoz y donde no es correcto relacionar inseguridad con inmigración. La complejidad del fenómeno no puede explicarse desde situaciones puntuales y debe tener en cuenta la realidad criminológica y sociológica de España.

The claim regarding the need for reliable statistics on juvenile justice has been constantly repeated by international bodies. In Spain, from the coming into effect in 2001 of the Juvenile Criminal Responsibility Act, while public opinion nurtures the perception that this kind of criminality has been growing exponentially and minors are falling very easily into an early initiationin to delinquency, this fact is being associated with therising immigration rates. The objective of this paper is getting closer to juvenile criminality by examining data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, in order to verify the rights and wrongs of these social allegations. For this purpose,a quantitative analysis is made of the number of sentenced youngsters, their infringements and breaches and the measures imposed on them, as well as the criminality rate, without disregarding the variables relating to gender andaliens’ origin. The results have only partially confirmed the social perception of a seldom serious criminal activity that isnot increasingly precocious, as well as where and when it isnot right to associate insecurity with the presence of immigrants. The complexity of this matter cannot be explained from specific situations, and Spain’s criminological and sociological reality must be taken into account.

A necessidade de estatísticas confiáveis sobre justiça juvenilé uma demanda repetida desde as instâncias internacionais. Na Espanha, após a entrada em vigor, em 2001, da lei da responsabilidade criminal dos menores, assentou-se na opinião pública a ideia que esta delinquência cresceu de forma progressiva, que os jovens começam mais e mais cedo no crime, e relacionam esta realidade com o fenômeno da immigração. Este artigo tem por objetivo aproximar-se ao conhecimento da delinquência juvenil, a partir dos dados que o Instituto Nacional de Estatística facilita, a fim de constataro que e verdade em aquelas crenças sociais. Para isso uma análise quantitativo do número dos condenados, as infrações cometidas e as medidas impostas é feita, assim como da taxa de criminalidade, sem esquecer as variáveis gênero e extranjera. Os resultados confirmam só de maneira parcial a percepção social sobre uma atividade criminal,em sua maioria de pouca gravidade, que não é mais e mais precoce e de onde não é correto relacionar a insegurança com a imigração. A complexidade do fenômeno não pode ser explicada desde as situações precisas e deve considerara realidade criminológica e sociológica da Espanha.

Control study of personality,interpersonal trust and coping style of juveniles in criminal gangs / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the personality traits,interpersonal trust and coping style of juveniles in criminal gangs and their relationship. Methods 15 male juveniles who committed crimes without gangs ( group1 ),52 male juveniles who committed crimes by gangs( group2 ) and 40 male lawful freshmen( group3 ) were tested with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ( EPQ),Trust Scale and Coping Style Questionnaire.The data were statistically analyzed by covariance analysis or Pearson relation analysis.ResultsAfter the covariant effect of education levels was removed,the levels of P and N in EPQ of group1 ( P:57.49 ± 2.62,N:59.35 ± 3.55 ) and group2 ( P:57.83 ± 1.24,N:59.60 ± 1.68 ) were higher than those of group3 ( P:43.88 ± 4.72,N:39.07 ±6.40) with statistical difference (P＜0.05).The level of E of group1 (63.41 ±3.86) was higher than that of group2 (53.01 ± 1.83 ) with statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05 ).The levels of P,D and F in Trust Scale of greup1 (P:24.68 ± 1.51,D:14.36 ±2.19,F:15.49 ±2.21) and group2(P:22.95 ±0.71,D:22.48 ± 1.04,F:23.09 ±1.05 ) were lower than those of group3 ( P:33.14 ± 2.72,D:40.22 ± 3.95,F:38.44 ± 3.99) with statistical difference (P ＜ 0.01 ).The levels of self-accusation and fantasy in Coping Style Questionnaire of group1 ( 0.80 ±0.08,0.83 ± 0.06 respectively) and group2 (group2:0.59 ± 0.04,0.68 ± 0.03,respectively) were higher than those of group3 (0.39 ± 0.14,0.44 ± 0.11,respectively) with statistical difference (P＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ),while the levels of problem-solving of group1 ( 0.76 ± 0.06 ) and group2 ( 0.70 ± 0.03 ) were lower than that of group3 ( 0.95 ± 0.11 ) with statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05 ).For the male juveniles who committed crimes by gangs,the P of personality traits had a statistical linkage with the problem-resolving and self-accusation of coping style ( r =- 0.389,- 0.395,P ＜ 0.05 ),the N of personality traits had a statiseical linkage with the F of interpersonal trust and the self-accusation of coping style ( r=-0.473,0454,P ＜ 0.05 ),and the E of personality traits had a statistical linkage with the help-seeking of coping style ( r=0.400,P＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionThe personality traits,interpersonal trust and coping styles of male juveniles who committed crimes with or without gangs and the lawful men are different.These psychological factors may have certain effect on juvenile gang crimes.

La mediación en el sistema español de justicia penal de menores / Mediation in the Spanish juvenile criminal justice system / A mediação no sistema espanhol da justiça penal dos menores

El trabajo aborda la situación de la mediación en el sistema penal de menores en España. Tras analizar el papel que se otorga por las directrices internacionales a esta medida desjudicializadora, se efectúa un análisis de la regulación contenida en el art. 19 de la Ley Orgánica 5/2000, de 12 de enero, reguladora de la responsabilidad penal de los menores, tanto desde un punto de vista jurídico como práctico, destacando como principal problema la diversa implantación de la mediación en las distintas Comunidades Autónomas

This work approaches the present situation of mediation in juvenile criminal justice in Spain. Upon having analyzed the role conferred by international outlines on this dejudicializing measure, an analysis is offered of the regulation contained in article 19 of Organic Act (“Ley Orgánica”) 5/2000 of 12th January, whereby minors’ criminal liability is regulated in both juridical and practical terms, by highlighting as a major problem the diverse implementation of mediation in the different Autonomous Communities

O trabalho aborda a situação da mediação no sistema penal dos menores na Espanha. Após ter analisado o papel que é concedido pelas diretrizes internacionais a esta medida desjudicializadora, realiza-se uma análise do regulamento contido no artigo 19 da lei orgânica 5/2000, 12 de janeiro, reguladora da responsabilidade criminal dos menores, tanto quanto de um ponto de vista legal como prático, e destaca como o problema principal a implantação diversa da mediação nas diferentes Comunidades Autônomas

Las medidas de seguridad en materia penal juvenil / Security measures in juvenile criminal law

En la actualidad exite una ardua discusión sobre las sanciones dentro del derecho penal juvenil, tema que cobra especial relevancia cuando nos enfrentamos a conductas delictivas cometidas por personas menores de edad en las cuales se ha determinado su condiciçon de inimputables o toxicómanos a partir de las conclusiones de las pericias respectivas. El cuestionamiento nos lleva a dos posibles soluciones: una darle un abordaje como un problema de salud y excluirlo del derecho penal y otra, mantener la línea tradicional, en la cual se faculta al derecho penal sancionar la conducta delictiva, imponiendo una medida de seguridad. Si se admite la primera posición, la normativa aplicable lo constituye el Código de la Niñez y la Adolescencia, el cual contempla la posibilidad de imponer medidas de protección para quienes están en una situación de vulnerabilidad, dentro de las que se ubican los casos de inimputables y toxicómanos, esto implica admitir medidas de "seguridad o protección" con una naturaleza jurídica de carácter administrativo. Posición que implicaría no sólo una vulneración de derechos sino que contraviene lo señalado por Sala Constitucional, la cual al desarrollar el alcance del artículo 39 de la Constitución Política, ha señalado que la imposición de las sanciones y por ende de las medidas de seguridad gozan de la garantía de la reserva de ley, destacando su naturaleza jurisdiccional y exclusivamente ante la comisión de delitos. La única solución posible en aras del respeto de esta reserva legal, es aplicar, conforme al artículo 9 de la Ley de Justicia Penal Juvenil la legislación penal de adultos y admitir la imposición de medidas de seguridad en la justicia penal juvenil.

Currently, there has been an arduous discussion about penalties in juvenile criminal law, topic which becomes especially relevant when we are faced to criminal conducts from people who are underage, in which their condition of not guilty or drug addict has been determined from the conclusions of respective expertise. The question leads up to two possible solutions: first, face it like a health problem and exclude it from criminal law; second, keep the traditional line, in which the criminal law can punish the criminal conduct, imposing a security measure. If we admit the first solution, the laws applicable are the Code of Childhood and Adolescence, contemplating the possibility of applying protection measures towards those who are in a vulnerable situation, in which we would put the cases of the not guilty and the drug addicts; this would imply admitting "security or protection" measures with a juridical nature of administrative sort. Position that would imply not only a weakening of rights, but would also violate what the Constitutional Chamber has said, when studying the scope of Article 39 of the Political Constitution, that the imposition of punishments and security measures have the guarantee of law reserve, which makes its nature jurisdictional and exclusive to when a crime is committed. The only possible solution, in order to respect this law reserve, is to apply, according to Article 9 of the Law of Juvenile Criminal Justice, the legislation applicable to adults and to admit the imposition of security measures in juvenile criminal justice.

La cenicienta adolescente: mujer, criminalidad e internamiento en la jurisdicción penal juvenil de Costa Rica / Cenicienta adolescent: woman, criminality and youthful the penal jurisdiction of Costa Rica

En Costa Rica, el factor de género dentro de las cifras de internamiento registradas en materia Penal Juvenil es el que más dramáticamente proyecta diferencias marcadas entre los jóvenes y adolescentes que han sido privados de su libertad tanto de manera cautelar o como sanción.

In Costa Rica, according to the imprisonment statistics registered in the Juvenile Criminal Law System, gender is the factor that most dramatically projects deep differences among the youth and adolescent population that has been arrested or sentenced.

Correlation between alcohol use and juvenile criminal behavior patterns in Korea / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between juvenile alcohol use and their criminal patterns. The data were collected through questionnaire surveys. Subjects serving for this study were 971 delinquent adolescents in Korea, sampled from 6 juvenile corrective institutions and 2 classification judging institutions, using a census method. Their age range was between 12 and 21. Data were analysed by IBM PC using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square and frequency analysis. 1. Of 877 respondents, the number of adolescents committed criminal behaviors while the intoxicated were 230(26.2%), and 647(73.8%) were in a non-intoxicated state. 2. Adolescent under intoxication showed a higher rate of aggressive crimes and assault crimes, whereas adolescents under the non-influence of liquor tended to commit property crimes and Violations of criminal special law. Drunken under intoxication showed the higher rate of aggressive crimes and assault crimes, whereas adolescents under the non drunken state. Most crimes have happened without any tools in both group. 3. In comparison of the alcohol user and the non-user, most alcohol-related crimes among adolescents were committed at AM 0:00 to AM 4:00 during the weekend in the dark, cloudy, and stormy rainy day, while non-alcohol related crimes were at a afternoon of weekday in the clear day. The places that the criminal activities occurred were streets, amusement places such as disco-theque, fields and their own house among alcohol users, whereas victim's house, another person's house and restaurant were chosen among non-alcohol users. 4. The victims assaulted by juvenile offenders in both drunken and non-drunken state were mostly passer-by(65.4%), followed by their friends(25.1%). And the conditions of victims showed a significant differences between the drunken adolescents and the non-drunken adolescents. The victim's conditions assaulted by intoxicated delinquent adolescents were in quarreling or drunken state, whereas non-alcohol related crimes were directed against victims in a sleeping or irresistible state. 5. Almost over the half of delinquent adolescents perceived their delinquency as wrong behaviors, and alcohol non-user tended to more significantly perceive their criminal acts as wrong conducts. About the half of respondents answered that they committed their criminal acts in spite of having a very good judgement while doing crimes, the author did not found a significant difference between the two groups. The reasons given for crimes were manifested as follows: it can be seen that to get money for amusements'(30.4% of all motives) were most common. followed by to commit accidentally the offences'(23.8%). curiosity or heroism'(18.9%). alcohol related crimes tended to be accidental and impulsively without any clear planning, while non-alcohol related crimes tended to be purposeful, directed to make money, motivated by curiosity or a desire to live heroically. In Conclusions, the correlation between alcohol use and juvenile criminal behaviors has been examined in this study. Generally, alcohol use had been found to be highly correlated with aggressive assault crimes including robbery, burglary and rape etc.

Correlation between Alcohol Use and Juvenile Criminal Patterns in Korea / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between juvenile alcohol use and their criminal patterns, and to develop basic guideline data and strategies for preventing alcoholrelated criminal behavior. METHODS: The data was collected through questionnaire surveys. Subjects serving for this study were 971 delinquent adolescents in Korea, sampled from 6 juvenile corrective institutions and 2 classification judging institutions, using a census method. Their age range was between 12 and 21 years. Data were analysed using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square test and frequency analysis. RESULTS: In summary, the results of this study were as follows: 1) Of 877 respondents, the number of adolescents committed criminal behaviors while intoxicated were 230 (26.2%) whereas 647 (73.8%)were in a non-intoxicated state. 2) The frequently used kinds of alcoholic beverages were soju(56.7%) beer(23.4%) whisky(16.4%) makkori(2.5%)and dongdongju(1.0%) in decreasing order. 3) Juvenile criminal behaviors under intoxication showed a higher rate of aggressive and as sault crimes, whereas non-alcohol related juvenile criminal behavior tended to commit property crimes and violations of criminal special law. 4) Most alcohol-related crimes were committed in the early mornings of weekend, while non-alcohol related crimes were committed in the afternoon(generally MD - 6pm) 5) Places committing criminal activities were in recreation ground such as disco-theque and at a street corner in alcohol using delinquent adolescents, whereas in victim's house and residential district in non-alcohol using delinquent adolescents. 6) Drunken state adolescents during committing criminal behaviors used knifves, stones or fisting-kicking as criminal tools, whereas those without criminal tools or poisonous drugs used such as anesthetics and/or foxins in non-drunken state adolescents. 7) Juvenile delinquents in an intoxicated state tended to participate in criminal activity with their peer gang group, whereas most non-alcohol related crimes were committed alone. 8) Victims assaulted by intoxicated delinquent adolescents were in a quarreling and / or drunken state, whereas non-alcohol related crimes were directed against victims in a sleeping or non-resisting state. 9) Delinquent adolescents who committed criminal behaviors in a non-intoxicated state tended to accept that their judgements of criminal acts were wrong and they had guilty and regretful feelings, whereas delinquent adolescents who committed crimes in an intoxicated state tended not to express these feelings. 10) Alcohol- related crimes tended to happen incidentally and impulsively without any clear motivation, while non-alcohol crimes tended to be purposeful, directed to make money, motivated by curiosity and a desire to live heroically. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between alcohol use and juvenile criminal behaviors has been examined in this study. Generally, alcohol use was found to be highly correlated with aggressive and assault crimes including robbery, burglary, and rape, etc. Therefore, We recommend that therapeutic and preventive strategies against juvenile criminal behaviors in an intoxicated state should be developed.