Definición de calidad en salud en el contexto de los laboratorios clínicos docentes

El término calidad en los servicios de salud ha sido estudiado por múltiples autores, su conceptualización varía según el desarrollo de la humanidad y el momento histórico concreto, sin embargo, no se accede a información documentada en la cual se establezca su concepto para los laboratorios clínicos docentes, por lo cual el objetivo del artículo consistió en definir el término de calidad para los laboratorios clínicos docentes. Se realizó una revisión documental, con la utilización de descriptores del MeSH y DeCS, se accedió a un total de 87 artículos. Luego del análisis de 37 definiciones, se elaboró una base de datos con las 73 variables identificadas en las mismas. Se construyó una matriz, y a partir de un análisis clúster se confeccionó un dendograma. Las variables objeto de estudio se asociaron en seis grupos, lo que permitió enunciar el referido concepto.

The term quality in health services has been studied by multiple authors, its conceptualization varies according to the development of humanity and the specific historical moment, however, there is no access to documented information in which its concept is established for clinical laboratories. The objective of the article was to define the term quality for teaching clinical laboratories. A documentary review was carried out, using MeSH and DeCS descriptors, a total of 87 articles were accessed. After the analysis of 37 definitions, a database was created with the 73 variables identified therein. A matrix was constructed, and a dendrogram was created based on a cluster analysis. The variables under study were associated into six groups, which allowed the aforementioned concept to be stated.

El laboratorio de fertilidad masculina, su evolución en los últimos 20 años / The male fertility laboratory, its evolution over the last 20 years / O laboratório de fertilidade masculina, sua evolução ao longo dos últimos 20 anos

Resumen La mayor accesibilidad a los tratamientos de reproducción asistida (RA) y los avances de la criobiología produjeron cambios en los laboratorios de andrología. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la demanda y evolución de las variables seminales en las últimas dos décadas, caracterizar el laboratorio andrológico actual, evaluar el impacto de la incorporación del aseguramiento de la calidad y la inclusión de los sistemas computarizados (CASA). Se utilizaron datos de las medias mensuales del control de calidad interno (n=22 528) y encuestas a profesionales de laboratorios andrológicos (n=65) y a médicos especialistas en fertilidad (n=33). La demanda global se redujo significativamente con el aumento de las solicitudes de primera vez. El volumen y recuento, variables dependientes de andrógenos, disminuyeron con los años. El criterio estricto en morfología disminuyó el porcentaje de normales; la mitad de los médicos encuestados recibieron resultados entre 0 y 10% y el 40% consideró que ponía en riesgo el valor clínico de la variable. El sistema CASA permitió objetivar la cinética espermática e incrementar el porcentaje de progresivos rápidos, pero pocos laboratorios lo incorporaron. El 66% de los médicos resuelven el factor andrológico severo por tratamientos clínicos y el 95% utiliza técnicas de RA. El análisis de semen es ejecutado fundamentalmente por bioquímicos especializados, con baja adhesión a la automatización y acreditación del laboratorio, pero con participación en programas de evaluación externa de calidad. La demanda disminuyó como consecuencia del aumento del tratamiento por RA. La reducción del porcentaje de formas normales compromete su utilidad clínica.

Abstract Increasing availability to assisted reproduction (AR) treatments in Argentina and advances in cryobiology resulted in changes in andrology laboratories. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demand and evolution of seminal variables in the last two decades, characterise the current andrology laboratory, evaluate the impact of the incorporation of quality assurance and the introduction of computer assisted semen analysis (CASA). Data were taken from internal quality control (IQC) monthly means (n=22 528) and professionals in charge of laboratories (n=65) and fertility physicians' (n=33) surveys. Overall demand decreased significantly while first-time orders increased. Sperm volume and sperm count -androgen dependent parameters- decreased over the years. Strict morphology criteria reduced the percentage of normal results; half of the physicians received results between 0 and 10% and 40% considered that it compromised the clinical value of the variable. The CASA system made it possible to objectify sperm kinetic, increasing the percentage of fast progressives, but few laboratories have incorporated it. Sixty-six percent of physicians resolve severe andrological factor by clinical treatments and 95% use AR techniques in those cases. Semen analysis is mainly performed by specialised biochemists, with low adherence to laboratory automatisation and accreditation, but with participation in external quality assessment programmes. The demand decreased because of the increase in AR treatment. The lower percentage of normal forms compromises their clinical utility.

Resumo O aumento do acesso aos tratamentos de reprodução assistida (RA) e os avanços na criobiologia levaram a mudanças nos laboratórios de andrologia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a demanda e a evolução das variáveis de sêmen nas últimas duas décadas, caracterizar o laboratório de andrologia atual, avaliar o impacto da incorporação da garantia da qualidade e a inclusão dos sistemas computadorizados (CASA). Foram utilizados dados das médias mensais do controle de qualidade interno (n= 22 528) e pesquisas a profissionais de laboratórios andrológicos e a médicos especialistas em fertilidade (n=33). A demanda geral diminuiu significativamente com o aumento das solicitações de primeira vez. O volume e a contagem de esperma, parâmetros dependentes de andrógenos, diminuíram ao longo dos anos. O critério morfológico rigoroso diminuiu a porcentagem de normais; metade dos médicos entrevistados recebeu resultados entre 0 e 10% e 40% considerou que isso comprometía o valor clínico do parâmetro. O sistema CASA, permitiu objetivar a cinética espermática e aumentar o percentual de progressões rápidas, mas poucos laboratórios o incorporaram. 66% dos médicos resolvem o fator andrológico grave por tratamentos clínicos e 95% utilizam técnicas de RA nesses casos. A análise do sêmen é realizada principalmente por bioquímicos especializados, com baixa aderência à automação e acreditação laboratorial, mas com participação em programas de avalação externa de qualidade. A demanda diminuiu como consequência do aumento do tratamento por RA. A diminuição em percentagem de formas normais compromete sua utilidade clínica.

Evaluation of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF to diagnose tuberculosis in a public health laboratory

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of geneXpert MTB/Rif versus conventional methods (bacilloscopy and culture) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a Central Public Health Laboratory (LACEN, Tocantins), Northern Brazil. METHODS Retrospective study, with information from 1,973 suspected cases of tuberculosis from patients treated from January 2015 to December 2020. RESULTS From the culture (reference standard), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the geneXpert MTB/Rif were 100%, 97%, 74%, 100%, and 97%, respectively, against 85%, 98%, 80%, 98%, and 97% of bacilloscopy. CONCLUSIONS The geneXpert MTB/Rif performed similarly to culture and better than bacilloscopy. Although positive cases with negative culture should be evaluated with caution, its routine use is important for the early detection of tuberculosis.

Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: Assessment and management of coagulation in the preoperative period

Abstract Managing coagulation disorders and potential bleeding risks, especially in the context of anticoagulant medications, is of immense value both clinically and prior to surgery. Coagulation disorders can lead to bleeding complications, affecting patient safety and surgical outcomes. The use of Patient Blood Management protocols offers a comprehensive, evidence-based approach that effectively addresses these challenges. The problem is to find a delicate balance between preventing thromboembolic events (blood clots) and reducing the risk of bleeding. Anticoagulant medications, although crucial to preventing clot formation, can increase the potential for bleeding during surgical procedures. Patient blood management protocols aim to optimize patient outcomes by minimizing blood loss and unnecessary transfusions.

Relevance of the correlation between tomography findings and laboratory test results in the accuracy of the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis / Relevância da correlação entre achados tomográficos e laboratoriais na precisão diagnóstica da tuberculose pulmonar

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the correlation between multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings and laboratory test results in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Materials and Methods: A total of 57 patients were evaluated. Patients with suspected PTB were divided into groups according to the final diagnosis (confirmed or excluded), and the groups were compared in terms of sociodemographic variables, clinical symptoms, tomography findings, and laboratory test results. Results: Among the patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PTB, small pulmonary nodules with a peribronchovascular distribution were significantly more common in the patients with a positive sputum smear microscopy result (47.4% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.046), as were a miliary pattern (36.8% vs. 0.0%; p = 0.026), septal thickening (84.2% vs. 41.7%; p = 0.021), and lymph node enlargement (52.6% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.020). Small pulmonary nodules with a centrilobular distribution were significantly more common among the culture-positive patients (75.0% vs. 35.7%; p = 0.045), as was a tree-in-bud pattern (91.7% vs. 42.9%; p = 0.014). A tree-in-bud pattern, one of the main tomography findings characteristic of PTB, had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 71.0%, 73.1%, 75.9%, and 67.9%, respectively. Conclusion: MDCT presented reliable predictive values for the main tomography findings in the diagnosis of PTB, being a safe tool for the diagnosis of PTB in patients with clinical suspicion of the disease. It also appears to be a suitable tool for the selection of patients who are candidates for more complex, invasive examinations from among those with high clinical suspicion of PTB and a negative sputum smear microscopy result.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre os achados na tomografia computadorizada multidetectores (TCMD) comparativamente aos resultados laboratoriais em pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar (TBP). Materiais e Métodos: Amostra de 57 pacientes foi avaliada. Pacientes com suspeita clínica de TBP foram divididos de acordo com a positividade do diagnóstico, e as variáveis sociodemográficas, sintomas clínicos e achados tomográficos e laboratoriais foram comparados. Resultados: Nos pacientes com TBP e baciloscopia positiva, foram verificadas frequências significativas para pequenos nódulos pulmonares com distribuição peribroncovascular (47,4% vs. 8,3%; p = 0,046) e miliar (36,8% vs. 0,0%; p = 0,026), espessamento septal (84,2% vs. 41,7%; p = 0,021) e linfonodomegalias (52,6% vs. 8,3%; p = 0,020). Em relação à cultura, os pequenos nódulos pulmonares com distribuição centrolobular (75,0% vs. 35,7%; p = 0,045) e opacidades em árvore em brotamento (91,7% vs. 42,9%; p = 0,014) apresentaram frequências significativamente superiores. Medidas de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo para árvore em brotamento, um dos principais achados tomográficos característicos da TBP, foram, respectivamente, 71.0%, 73,1%, 75,9% e 67,9%. Conclusão: A TCMD apresentou medidas preditivas confiáveis para os principais achados tomográficos no diagnóstico de TBP, sendo uma ferramenta segura para o diagnóstico da doença em pacientes com suspeita clínica. Também se mostrou adequada para selecionar os pacientes para exames mais complexos e invasivos entre os com alta suspeita clínica de TBP e baciloscopia negativa.

Estudio de las trombofilias por el laboratorio clínico

La trombofilia se define como una predisposición individual a padecer episodios tromboembólicos. Debido a la elevada y creciente incidencia tanto mundial como en Cuba de eventos cardiovasculares, cerebrovasculares y vasculares periféricos, cuya patogenia involucra la trombofilia, se hace necesaria una actualización de la utilidad de las pruebas de laboratorio clínico para su estudio. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo actualizar la información sobre la indicación e interpretación de los exámenes de laboratorio clínico útiles en el estudio de las trombofilias. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, LILACS y ClinicalKey, con las palabras clave "trombofilia" y "laboratorio clínico", en inglés y español. La búsqueda reveló 120 artículos, de los cuales 27 fueron novedosos y relevantes para el tema. Se debe investigar el estado trombofílico en cualquier paciente que presente trombosis venosa antes de los 45 años -recurrente o en sitios inusuales-, trombosis neonatal inexplicable, necrosis cutánea por cumarínicos, resistencia a anticoagulantes, trombosis arterial antes de los 30 años, historia familiar trombofílica, pérdida recurrente de embarazos, púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica o lupus eritematoso sistémico. Las investigaciones iniciales serán: hemograma completo, observación de extensión coloreada de sangre periférica y tiempo parcial de tromboplastina activada. Los exámenes más específicos incluirán el estudio genético del factor V Leiden, ensayos para detectar déficits de antitrombina, proteína C o proteína S; análisis del ADN para el alelo G20210A de la protrombina, determinación del factor VIII y de homocisteína, y detección de anticoagulante lúpico, anticuerpos anti-β2-glicoproteína I y anticardiolipina.

Thrombophilia is defined as an individual predisposition to suffer thromboembolic episodes. Due to high and growing incidence both worldwide and in Cuba of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular events whose pathogenesis involves thrombophilia, it becomes necessary an update of the usefulness of clinical laboratory tests used for their study. The review aims to update information on indication and interpretation of clinical laboratory tests useful in the study of thrombophilia. Searches were carried out in the databases PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and ClinicalKey with key words thrombophilia and clinical laboratory, in English and Spanish, the search reveled 120 articles, of which 27 were novel and relevant to the topic. Thrombophilic status should be investigated in any patient who presents venous thrombosis before the age of 45-recurrent or in unusual sites-unexplained neonatal thrombosis, coumarin skin necrosis, resistance to anticoagulant, arterial thrombosis before the age of 30, thrombophilic familiar history, recurrent pregnancy loss, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or systemic lupus erythematosus. Initial tests should be: complete blood count, observation of colored smear of peripheral blood, and activated partial of thromboplastin time. More specific tests will include the genetic study of factor V Leiden, tests to detect antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiencies; DNA analysis for the G20210A allele of prothrombin, factor VIII and homocysteine measurement, and detection of lupus anticoagulant, anti-β2-glycoprotein I and anticardiolipin antibodies.

Polyphenol analysis in human milk by a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate micromethod: translational development / Análise de polifenóis no leite humano por meio de um micrométodo rápido, econômico e preciso: desenvolvimento translacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a rapid method for analysing polyphenols, which are potentially active antioxidants against neonatal oxidative stress, from small human milk (HM) volumes. Methods: Acid and alkaline extractions were compared using two dyes: Folin-Ciocalteu and Fast Blue BB. Linearity, sensitivity, recovery percentage, polyphenol content, precision, and stability were assessed in 14 HM samples and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H test (p<0.05). The best technique was applied to 284 HM samples to determine their polyphenolic content and its association with maternal diet by multifactorial linear regression. Results: Acidic extraction successfully recovered the gallic acid reference standard, whereas alkaline extraction overestimated it. Calibration curves for all methods were linear (R2>0.96) up to 500 mg/L. All bicarbonate-based Folin-Ciocalteu methods assayed were stable and repeatable, whereas Fast Blue BB-based variants were not. HM polyphenols (mean=94.68 mg/L) positively correlated to the dietary intake of hydroxycinnamic acids, the most consumed polyphenolic family in this population. Conclusions: A bicarbonate-based Folin-Ciocalteu micromethod allowed the accurate determination of polyphenols in HM, which might be useful for translational research settings and HM banks.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver um método rápido para analisar polifenóis, que são antioxidantes potencialmente ativos contra o estresse oxidativo neonatal, em pequenos volumes de leite humano (LH). Métodos: Foram comparadas extrações ácidas e alcalinas usando dois corantes: Folin-Ciocalteu e Fast Blue BB. Foram avaliadas variáveis como linearidade, sensibilidade, percentagem de recuperação, teor de polifenóis, precisão e estabilidade em 14 amostras de LH, comparadas usando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis H (p<0,05). A melhor técnica foi aplicada a 284 amostras de LH para determinar seu teor polifenólico e sua associação com a dieta materna por regressão linear multifatorial. Resultados: A extração ácida recuperou com sucesso o padrão de referência do ácido gálico, enquanto a extração alcalina o superestimou. As curvas de calibração para todos os métodos foram lineares (R2>0,96) até os 500 mg/L. Todos os métodos testados baseados em Folin-Ciocalteu com bicarbonato foram estáveis e repetíveis, enquanto as variantes baseadas em Fast Blue BB não. Os polifenóis do HM (média=94,68 mg/L) correlacionaram-se positivamente com a ingestão dietética de ácidos hidroxicinâmicos, a família de polifenóis mais consumida nesta população. Conclusões: Um micrométodo baseado em bicarbonato de Folin-Ciocalteu permitiu a determinação precisa de polifenóis no HM, o que pode ser útil para configurações de pesquisa translacional e bancos de HM.

Coinfección por Aggregatibacter aphrophilus y SARS-CoV-2 con desenlace fatal / Fatal outcome in coinfection by Aggregatibacter aphrophilus and SARS-CoV-2 / Coinfecção por Aggregatibacter aphrophilus e SARSCoV- 2 com desfecho fatal

Resumen Aggregatibacter aphrophilus es un cocobacilo gram negativo de requerimientos nutricionales exigentes, que obliga al microbiólogo a utilizar métodos de identificación no convencionales. Se comunica el caso de una paciente que fue internada con un cuadro clínico caracterizado por fiebre, cefalea y dificultad respiratoria por COVID-19. De las muestras de hemocultivos se rescataron colonias cocobacilares gram negativas de lento crecimiento, las cuales fueron finalmente identificadas como A. aphrophilus mediante MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry). Dado que en nuestro medio la identificación de este tipo de gérmenes es dificultosa, es fundamental y se recomienda formar una red de laboratorios que den respuesta a las necesidades diagnósticas y tecnológicas.

Abstract Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is a gram-negative coccobacillus with demanding nutritional requirements, which forces the microbiologist to use unconventional typification methods. The case of a patient who was admitted with a clinical history characterised by fever, headache and respiratory distress due to COVID-19 was reported. Slow-growing gram-negative coccobacillary colonies were recovered from the blood culture samples, which were finally typed as A. aphrophilus using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Identifying this organism is difficult in our setting. As it is considered essential, building a network of laboratories that give response to diagnostic and technological needs is highly recommended.

Resumo Aggregatibacter aphrophilus é um cocobacilo gram-negativo com pedidos nutricionais exigentes, o que obriga o microbiologista a utilizar métodos de tipagem não convencionais. É relatado o caso de um paciente que deu entrada com quadro clínico caracterizado por febre, cefaleia e desconforto respiratório devido à COVID-19. Colônias de cocobacilos gram-negativas de crescimento lento foram recuperadas das amostras de hemoculturas, que foram finalmente identificadas como A. aphrophilus usando MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry). Devido a que a identificação deste tipo de germes é difícil no nosso meio, considera-se essencial e se recomenda construir uma rede de laboratórios que respondam às necessidades diagnósticas e tecnológicas.

Calidad de atención y satisfacción en un servicio de laboratorio clínico

Introducción: La administración organizacional en salud busca garantizar una atención efectiva y una gestión eficiente; evalúa la atención y satisfacción que a su vez guardan una estrecha y compleja relación. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre la calidad de atención y la satisfacción del usuario externo, del servicio de laboratorio clínico. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional, de diseño observacional transversal. La población estudiada fueron usuarios atendidos en el servicio de laboratorio clínico de un hospital privado, en Lima, Perú, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de elaboración propia sobre calidad de atención y otro de satisfacción del usuario adaptado del modelo SERVPERF. La información obtenida fue analizada con el software IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 y para la prueba de hipótesis se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: De los 220 usuarios encuestados, el 69,1 % calificó como alta la calidad brindada, en la cual la dimensión mejor calificada fue la calidad humana (71,8 %); asimismo, el 73,6 % de los usuarios afirmaron estar satisfechos y dentro de ello, las dimensiones con mayor satisfacción fueron la empatía (73,2 %) y la seguridad (73,1 %). Conclusiones: La calidad de atención y sus dimensiones que la conforman se asocian con la satisfacción de los usuarios.

Introduction: The healthcare management seeks to guarantee effective care and efficient management, assesses care and satisfaction, which in turn have a close and complex relationship. Objective: To estimate the association between the quality of care and the satisfaction of the external user of the clinical laboratory service. Methods: Quantitative, correlational study, with a cross-sectional observational design. The population studied were users treated in the clinical laboratory service of a private hospital in Lima, Peru, to whom a self-developed questionnaire was applied on quality of care and another on user satisfaction adapted from the SERVPERF model. The information obtained was analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 software and Spearman's correlation coefficient was applied for the hypothesis test. Results: Of the 220 users surveyed, 69.1% rated the quality provided as high, in which the best rated dimension was human quality (71.8%); Likewise, 73.6% of the users stated that they were satisfied and within this, the dimensions with the greatest satisfaction were empathy (73.2%) and security (73.1%). Conclusions: The quality of care and its dimensions that make it up are associated with user satisfaction.

Evaluation the scanning accuracy of Blue-Light laboratory scanners in complete edentulous Maxilla with multiple implants with titanium scan bodies / Evaluación de la precisión de escaneado de los escáneres de laboratorio de luz azul en maxilares desdentados completos con implantes múltiples con cuerpos de escaneado de titanio

Abstract To evaluate the accuracy of complete arch scanning with multiple implant titanium scan bodies using laboratory scanners. A master model of an edentulous maxillary arch with 6 implants was fabricated. Titanium scan bodies were inserted into the model. Three laboratory scanners were used: D2000 (3Shape), Vinyl High Resolution (Smart Optics), and inEos X5 (Dentsply Sirona). The master model was consecutively scanned ten times using dental laboratory scanners (LS) without detaching and repositioning the scan bodies. Linear and angular accuracy between adjacent implants was measured using inspection software (Control X, Geomagic). The accuracy of the complete arch scans was calculated. Implant regions were defined as; parallel (R1: #24-26 and #16-14), angled (R2: #22-24 and #14-12), angled to occlusal plane (R3: #12-22), and cross-arch (R4: #16-26). The effect of LS and implant region on accuracy was compared using two-Way ANOVA (α=0.05). Significant greater linear distortion was noted in R4 (61.2±17.9µm) compared to R1 (23.4±15.5µm) and R2 (26±17.7µm) (p<0.01). Greater linear distortions were noted in R4 with D2000 (0.07±0.016 degrees) and Vinyl High Resolution (0.067±0.02 degrees) than inEos X5 (0.032±0.021 degrees) (p>0.05). Greater mean linear precisions were noted in R1 (9±8µm) and R3 (9.3±8.3µm) than R4 (12.6±10.3µm) (p<0.05). The highest linear precision was noted in D2000 (7.2±7.6µm) (p<0.05). The angular precision of D2000 (0.02±0.015 degrees) was the highest (p<0.01). The angular precisión of R4 (0.036±0.018 degrees) was the lowest (p<0.01). This study revealed that the trueness was affected by the implant region and the precision was affected by both LS and implant region.

Resumen Evaluar la precisión del escaneado de la arcada completa con cuerpos de escaneado de titanio de múltiples implantes utilizando escáneres de laboratorio. Se fabricó un modelo maestro de una arcada maxilar edéntula con 6 implantes. Se insertaron cuerpos de escaneo de titanio en el modelo. Se utilizaron tres escáneres de laboratorio: D2000 (3Shape), Vinyl High Resolution (Smart Optics) e inEos X5 (Dentsply Sirona). El modelo maestro se escaneó consecutivamente diez veces usando escáneres de laboratorio dental (LS) sin separar y reposicionar los cuerpos de escaneo. La precisión lineal y angular entre implantes adyacentes se midió utilizando un software de inspección (Control X, Geomagic). Se calculó la precisión de los escaneos completos del arco. Las regiones del implante se definieron como; paralelo (R1: #24-26 y #16-14), angulado (R2: #22-24 y #14-12), angulado al plano oclusal (R3: #12-22) y cruzado (R4: #16-26). El efecto de LS y la región del implante en la precisión se comparó mediante ANOVA de dos vías (α=0,05). Se observó una distorsión lineal significativamente mayor en R4 (61,2±17,9µm) en comparación con R1 (23,4±15,5µm) y R2 (26 ±17,7µm) (p<0,01). Se observaron mayores distorsiones lineales en R4 con D2000 (0,07±0,016 grados) y vinilo de alta resolución (0,067±0,02 grados) que en inEos X5 (0,032±0,021 grados) (p>0,05). Se observaron precisiones lineales medias mayores en R1 (9±8µm) y R3 (9,3±8,3µm) que en R4 (12,6±10,3µm) (p<0,05). La mayor precisión lineal se observó en D2000 (7,2±7,6 µm) (p<0,05). La precisión angular de D2000 (0,02±0,015 grados) fue la más alta (p<0,01). La precisión angular de R4 (0,036±0,018 grados) fue la más baja (p<0,01). Este estudio reveló que la veracidad se vio afectada por la región del implante y la precisión se vio afectada tanto por LS como por la región del implante.

Primer registro de procedimientos de intervencionismo cardiovascular pediátrico realizados en un laboratorio estatal de hemodinamia pediátrica en El Salvador / First record of pediatric cardiovascular interventional procedures performed in a state pediatric catheterization laboratory in El Salvador

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los tipos de cateterismo cardiaco que se realizan en el único laboratorio de hemodinamia pediátrica dentro de la red de salud pública de El Salvador, en colaboración con organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal en el periodo entre mayo de 2022 a enero de 2023, revisando los expedientes de todos los pacientes que pasaron a cateterismo cardiaco. Resultados: Se realizaron 54 procedimientos dentro de la sala de hemodinamia, 37 pacientes de sexo femenino. El peso fue de 20.6 ± 14.5 kg, de los procedimientos, 47 (87%) fueron terapéuticos y 7 (13%) diagnósticos. La oclusión del conducto arterioso se realizó en el 46% de los pacientes. No se reportaron complicaciones, los pacientes fueron dados de alta luego de 12 horas, todos los insumos fueron donados por fundaciones sin fines de lucro. Conclusiones: Nuestro laboratorio de hemodinamia realiza procedimientos de complejidad variada sin reportar hasta el momento complicaciones mayores. Nos vemos limitados debido al costo alto de algunos dispositivos, a la baja frecuencia de la utilización de estos y a la imposibilidad para adquirirlos en el mercado nacional.

Abstract Objective: To describe the types of cardiac catheterization that are performed in the only pediatric catheterization laboratory within the public health network of El Salvador, in collaboration with non-profit organizations. Material and method: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from May 2022 to January 2023, reviewing the records of all patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. Results: 54 procedures were performed in the catheterization room, 37 female patients. The weight was 20.6 ± 14.5 kg, of the procedures, 47 (87%) were therapeutic and 7 (13%) diagnostic. Occlusion of the ductus arteriosus was performed in 46% of the patients. No complications were reported, the patients were discharged after 12 hours, all supplies were donated by non-profit foundations. Conclusions: Our catheterization laboratory performs procedures of varied complexity without reporting any major complications to date. We are limited due to the high cost of some devices, the low frequency of their use and the impossibility of acquiring them in the national market.

Integración de contenidos en la carrera de Bioanálisis Clínico desde una perspectiva social de la ciencia y la tecnología

El objetivo de la investigación fue valorar el proceso de integración de contenidos desde la disciplina Diagnóstico Integral de Laboratorio en la carrera de Bioanálisis Clínico desde una perspectiva social de la ciencia y la tecnología. De los métodos empíricos fueron utilizados la revisión documental y el análisis de documentos, así como la caracterización del estado actual del desarrollo de la técnica lámina periférica por los docentes y estudiantes del tercer año, en la que se identificaron insuficiencias que influyen en la preparación de este futuro profesional. A partir de la valoración realizada se argumentó la necesidad de elaborar una estrategia didáctica para la integración de los contenidos en la carrera de Bioanálisis Clínico lo que contribuirá a la preparación de los estudiantes y profesores.

The objective of the research was to assess the process of integration of contents from the Comprehensive Laboratory Diagnosis discipline in the Clinical Bioanalysis degree from a social perspective of science and technology. From the empirical methods, the documentary review and the analysis of documents were used, as well as the characterization of the current state of development of the peripheral lamina technique by teachers and students of the third year, in which insufficiencies were identified that influence the preparation of this future professional. Based on the assessment made, the need to develop a didactic strategy for the integration of the contents in the Clinical Bioanalysis career was argued, which will contribute to the preparation of students and teachers.

El valor de estar acreditados / The value of accreditation

Los laboratorios clínicos desempeñan un papel cada vez más central en el proceso de atención siendo líderes en el campo de la gestión de la calidad de la salud. Desde hace algunos años hay un creciente interés en la mejora de la calidad de aquellas actividades que tienen un alto impacto en la seguridad del paciente. En este contexto la acreditación constituye un recurso estratégico para garantizar un sistema de calidad. En el año 2020 el laboratorio obtiene la acreditación por norma IRAM ISO 15189, siendo el segundo laboratorio público acreditado por un estándar internacional en el país y el primero de un Hospital Pediátrico. Con un alcance inicial que involucra a las áreas de Química, Hematología, Serología, Endocrinología y Biología Molecular, continuamos trabajando para sostener y ampliar este alcance incluyendo entre otras, el área de Microbiología. Nuestra fortaleza más grande: el trabajo en equipo (AU)

Clinical laboratories play an increasingly central role in the care process and are leaders in the field of healthcare quality management. For some years now there has been a growing interest in improving the quality of those activities that have a high impact on patient safety. In this context, accreditation is a strategic resource to warrant the quality of the system. In 2020 the laboratory was granted accreditation by IRAM ISO 15189, being the second public laboratory accredited by an international standard in the country and the first in a pediatric hospital. With an initial coverage involving the areas of Chemistry, Hematology, Serology, Endocrinology, and Molecular Biology, we continue working to sustain and expand this coverage to include, among others, the area of Microbiology. Our greatest strength: teamwork (AU)

Clarified Butter as Xylene Substitute in Routine Histopathology of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopsies

Introduction: An ideal clearing agent should remove alcohol from the tissue specimens to enable the penetration of paraffin wax which provides sturdiness to the tissue specimen. Xylene has toxic effects and is still used because of its accurate clearing property and maintaining the staining quality. Natural alternatives to xylene provide a less toxic environment for histopathological technicians. Aim: The study is to evaluate the accuracy of clarified butter as xylene substitute in routine histopathological tissue processing procedure. Materials and Methods: 40 paired soft tissue specimens were obtained from the Department of Oral pathology and microbiology and subjected to routine histopathological tissue processing with xylene and ghee as clearing agents. Post processing, the tissue specimens were immersed in paraffin wax overnight, embedded, sectioned and stained using hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological criteria namely nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining, artefacts and background staining were evaluated and the scores were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20 by IBM. Results: Our study results showed that tissue specimens processed in xylene and ghee had similar nuclear staining. In cytoplasmic staining, tissue specimens processed in ghee had superior results than xylene processing. Artefacts were present more in xylene processing than ghee processing. Background staining was more appreciated in xylene processed tissue specimens than ghee processing. Conclusion: Substituting xylene with ghee showed better results as a clearing agent in routine histopathological tissue processing. Ghee as a clearing agent is non toxic, cost effective compared to xylene and a safer alternative.

Memorias de un laboratorio: Wilhelm Wundt y la psicología experimental / Memories of a laboratory: Wilhelm Wundt and Experimental Psychology

RESUMEN El médico, fisiólogo y psicólogo alemán Wilhelm Wundt ha sido y es considerado el creador de la llamada psicología experimental, por su abordaje de conceptos psicológicos hasta entonces intuitivos, mediante métodos propios de la fisiología del siglo xix. Emergió de esta manera una nueva disciplina, la psicología científica, en el contexto físico de un laboratorio de ciencias en la ciudad alemana de Leipzig. Sin embargo, la labor de Wundt no se limitó únicamente al estudio de la psicología desde un punto de vista científico. Por una parte, se ha destacado su gran capacidad de convocatoria, aglutinadora y organizativa de un laboratorio original donde pudieron formarse investigadores de varias partes del mundo; y, por otra, modificó sustancialmente el modo de analizar la psicología, centrando la atención de los investigadores en el estudio pormenorizado de la consciencia mediante la utilización del método introspectivo.

ABSTRACT The physician, physiologist and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt has been and is considered the founder of experimental psychology due to his approach to psychological subjects, until then intuitive, through the XIX century methods. Thus, a new discipline, the Scientific Psychology, emerged in the venue of a laboratory in the town of Leipzig, Germany. Nevertheless, Wundt´s labor was not restricted to the study of psychology from a scientific perspective: on one hand, his great convocational, organizing and group-working capacity attracted lots of investigators from around the world to be trained. In n original laboratory, On the other, he substantially modified the study of psychology centering the researchers' attention in the detailed analysis of consciousness through the use of the method called introspection.

Laboratory derangements and clinical picture of Covid-19 in pediatric age group: A retrospective study

Aim: To assess the clinical presenta?on and laboratory derangements of pediatric covid-19 pa?ents admi?ed to the ter?ary care hospital. Methodology: The present retrospec?ve study was started a?er the approval of the Ins?tu?onal Ethics Commi?ee. Clinical (Sp02, final diagnosis and outcome) and biochemical parameters (Complete Blood Count, Liver Func?on Test, Renal Func?on Test, Lactate De-Hydrogenase, D-dimer, C-Reac?ve Protein, and Serum ferri?n) of pediatric covid-19 pa?ents were collected from Central Laboratory and Medical Record Department of our ins?tu?on. Pa?ent names were anonymized and data were analyzed. The results are expressed in percentages. Results: A total of 16 pediatric covid-19 pa?ent details were iden?fied and collected who were admi?ed during our study period. Out of 16 pa?ents, 09 (56.2%) were female and the remaining 07 (43.7%) were male. Out of 16, 05 pa?ents had mild covid, 07 were moderate and the remaining 04 suffered from severe covid-19 infec?on. The mean values of oxygen satura?on, LDH, D-dimer, CRP, and Ferri?n were 88%, 249.4U/L, 1140.9 ng/ml, 16.17 mg/dl, and 61.7 µg/L respec?vely. Mean values of 17.9 mg/dl and 0.4 mg/dl were recorded for blood urea and S.crea?nine. Regarding liver func?on tests, mean values of 1.7mg/dl, 0.2mg/dl, 1.5mg/dl, 82.4 U/L, 55 U/L, 135.6 U/L respec?vely noted for total bilirubin, direct, indirect, SGOT, SGPT and ALP. Regarding pa?ent outcomes, all the pa?ents were covered and discharged from the hospital. Conclusion: The present study has found an increase in laboratory mean values of liver func?on tests but the mean values of C-Reac?ve protein, LDH, and d-dimer which are the acute inflammatory markers are highly disrupted compared to normal ranges.

La hipertensión arterial en animales de laboratorio / High blood pressure in experimental animals

Las Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas requieren, prioritariamente, que la investigación y la experimentación sean desarrolladas sobre organismos completos (los modelos animales). Su utilización ha permitido desarrollar innumerables ensayos preclínicos para evaluar los mecanismos patógenos y terapéuticos de diversas enfermedades, así como el estudio de las causas, naturaleza y cura de múltiples desórdenes de la salud humana. En este trabajo se muestra una panorámica general de los biomodelos de hipertensión arterial donde se describen: conceptos, características, origen, importancia, utilidad y procedimientos experimentales durante su fase de inducción. También se pondera la justificación de los biomodelos empleados en los estudios preclínicos de esta enfermedad. De igual forma, se describen los antecedentes para medir las alteraciones, las técnicas y los métodos directos e indirectos de medición de la presión arterial, la cual fue provocada experimentalmente en los animales de laboratorio para realizar los estudios de hipertensión humana.

Medical and biological sciences require, as a priority, that research and experimentation be carried out on complete organisms (animal models). Its use has allowed the development of innumerable preclinical tests to evaluate pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of various diseases, as well as to study the causes, nature and cure of multiple human health disorders. In this work, we show a general overview of arterial hypertension biomodels where concepts, characteristics, origin, importance, utility and experimental procedures during their induction phase are described. The justification of the biomodels used in preclinical studies of this disease is also considered. Antecedents are also described to measure alterations, techniques and direct and indirect methods of measurement of arterial pressure, which was provoked experimentally in the laboratory animals to carry out the studies of human hypertension.

An overview of mycetoma and its diagnostic dilemma: Time to move on to advanced techniques

The neglected tropical disease mycetoma can become extremely devastating, and can be caused both by fungi and bacteria; these are popularly known as eumycetoma and actinomycetoma respectively. The classical triad of the disease is subcutaneous swelling, multiple discharging sinuses and the presence of macroscopic granules. The present study aims to highlight the existing diagnostic modalities and the need to incorporate newer and more advanced laboratory techniques like pan fungal/pan bacterial 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), rolling circle amplification (RCA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). It is important for the medical team to be aware of the various diagnostic options (both existing and future), so that diagnosis of such a debilitating disease is never missed, both by clinicians and microbiologists/pathologists. The newer diagnostic methods discussed in this article will help in rapid, accurate diagnosis thus facilitating early treatment initiation, and decreasing the overall morbidity of the disease. In the Indian context, newer technologies need to be made available more widely. Making clinicians aware and promoting research and development in mycetoma diagnostics is the need of the hour.

Laboratory reports as a learning tool – Early clinical exposure in 1st-year MBBS physiology (Hematology)

Background: Early clinical exposure (ECE) aims to bridge the gap between pre-clinical and clinical subjects. ECE exposes students to the health-care system at an early stage of professional life, follows patient-centered approach, and increases motivation for classroom learning. Most of the studies have reported a positive attitude of students toward ECE. However, very few studies have reported the difficulties that may be faced by the students during implementation of ECE. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this was to explore the attitude of students and difficulties faced if any during implementation of ECE in 1st MBBS Physiology (Hematology) with the help of laboratory reports and clinical scenarios. Materials and Methods: One hundred and ten students participated after completion of theory and practical classes of hematology. Clinical scenarios and laboratory forms were prepared based on actual laboratory reports of patients from pathology department. Group discussions and discussion with faculty was done. Attitude of the students was noted. Results: Most of the students found this method to be interesting and better than routine methods, helped in better understanding of theory and practical concepts, and helped in better preparation for examinations and better clinical correlations. However, about half of the students agreed or were not sure about the difficulty of ECE. Conclusion: The positive attitude of the students shows that ECE provides a successful integration of basic science and clinical subjects. It also helps in understanding the relevance of a basic science subject. Concepts of the subjects are made easier and interesting by ECE. However, the difficulties faced by the students should be kept in mind and more practice sessions may be done

Medical laboratory practice in Malawi ­ Current status

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