Status and influencing factors of delayed onset of lactogenesis Ⅱ in mothers of preterm infants / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the incidence of delayed onset of lactogenesis Ⅱ (DOL Ⅱ) in mothers of preterm infants and its influencing factors.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved women who delivered prematurely at the Department of Obstetrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2021 to March 2022. Demographic and perinatal data of the subjects were collected. According to lactation outcome on the third day after delivery, these women were divided into DOL Ⅱ and non-DOL Ⅱ groups. The two groups' differences in general conditions were compared, and the potential factors influencing DOL Ⅱ were also analyzed. Chi-square test, two independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results:There were 286 mothers of premature infants enrolled in this study, and 73 (25.5%) of them experienced DOL Ⅱ. The other 213 cases without DOL Ⅱwere included as the non-DOL Ⅱ group. Univariate analysis showed significant differences between the DOL Ⅱ and non-DOL Ⅱ groups in the following aspects: the proportion of women with adverse pregnancy history [28.8% (21/73) vs 41.8% (89/213), χ2=3.89], the proportion of primiparas [60.3% (44/73) vs 38.0% (81/213), χ2=10.93], the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [35.6% (26/73) vs 16.4% (35/213), χ2=11.92], the time to initiate breastfeeding after birth[5.0 h (3.0-7.0 h) vs 4.0 h (2.0-5.0 h), Z=－4.27], and the frequency of breastfeeding or pumping within 48 h after delivery [7.0 times (6.0-9.0 times) vs 9.0 times (7.0-11.0 times), Z=－3.62] (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed that primipara ( OR=2.720, 95% CI: 1.485-4.982), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy ( OR=3.178, 95% CI: 1.609-6.274), the time to initiate breastfeeding ( OR=1.394, 95% CI: 1.211-1.604) and the frequency of breastfeeding/pumping within 48 h after delivery ( OR=0.861, 95% CI: 0.772-0.962) were independent influencing factors for DOL Ⅱ (all P<0.05). Conclusions:?The factors that influence the occurrence of DOL Ⅱ in preterm mothers are primipara hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, breastfeeding initiation time after delivery, and the frequency of breastfeeding or pumping within 48 h postpartum.

Construction and validation of risk prediction model for delayed onset of lactogenesis stage Ⅱ following cesarean section / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors of delayed onset of lactogenesis stage Ⅱ(DOL Ⅱ) after cesarean section, and to establish a risk prediction model.Methods:This study involved 330 women who underwent cesarean section in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2021 to January 2022 and were further divided into DOL Ⅱ group ( n=104) or non-DOL Ⅱ group ( n=226). All clinical data were compared. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the independent risk factors of DOL Ⅱ after cesarean section to establish the risk prediction model and draw nomogram. The predictive validity of the model was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and the goodness of fit was verified by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Another 129 women who underwent cesarean section in our hospital from February to March 2022 were recruited for external validation. Results:The incidence of DOL Ⅱ in the model development and validation cohort were 31.5%(104/330) and 31.0%(40/129), respectively . In the model developing cohort, significant differences were shown in the constituent ratio of different groups of pre-pregnant body mass index {lean:[9.7%(22/226) vs 3.8%(4/104)]; fit: [66.8%(151/226) vs 62.5%(65/104)]; overweight or obsess:[23.5%(53/226) vs 33.7%(35/104)]}, the proportion of primiparas [50.4%(114/226) vs 61.5%(64/104)], breastfeeding education during pregnancy [64.2%(145/226) vs 40.4%(42/104)] and maternal separation [36.3%(82/226) vs 50.0%(52/104)], and the gestational age at delivery[38.0(36.0-39.0) vs 37.0(35.0-38.5) weeks] and frequency of breastfeeding within 48 h post-delivery [6.0(3.0-9.0) vs 2.0(0.5-5.0)] between the DOL Ⅱ and non-DOI Ⅱ group (all P<0.05). The predictors included in the model were pre-pregnancy overweight or obese ( OR=4.040, 95% CI:1.196-13.651), primipara ( OR=1.866, 95% CI:1.079-3.227), breastfeeding education during pregnancy ( OR=0.582, 95% CI:0.339-1.000), and frequency of breastfeeding within 48 h after delivery ( OR=0.791, 95% CI:0.720-0.857). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that P=0.814 and the AUC was 0.784(95% CI:0.731-0.837). The Youden index was 1.504 with a sensitivity of 0.769 and a specificity of 0.735. While for the external validation, Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that P=0.260 and the AUC was 0.751(95% CI:0.661-0.840). The Youden index was 1.460 with a sensitivity of 0.775 and a specificity of 0.685. Conclusion:The risk prediction model for DOL Ⅱ developed in this study has a good consistency and predictive performance, which can provide a reference for clinical screening of mothers at high risk of DOL Ⅱ following cesarean section.

Effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and early feeding behavior on lactogenesis stage Ⅱ: a prospective study / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the influence of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain and early feeding behavior on delayed onset of lactogenesis stage Ⅱ(DOL Ⅱ).Methods:This was a prospective study involving puerperae from Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from March 2020 to June 2020. Demographic data and delivery data were obtained using questionnaires and breastfeeding behavior and milk secretion were followed up every day after delivery. According to whether the lactation initiation was longer than 72 h or not, all subjects were divided into DOL Ⅱ group or non-DOL Ⅱ group. Differences in general condition and breastfeeding between the two groups were compared using independent sample t-test, Chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of DOL Ⅱ. Results:During the study period, a total of 390 cases were enrolled and 334 cases among them were analyzed due to lost of follow-up in 56 cases. The incidence of DOL Ⅱ was 19.2% (64/334). Univariate analysis showed that body mass index [lean:18.8% (12/64) vs 13.3% (36/270); fit:56.2% (36/64) vs 74.8% (202/270); overweight: 25.0% (16/64) vs 11.9% (32/270); χ2=9.78], mode of delivery [vaginal delivery: 37.5% (24/64) vs 52.6% (142/270); cesarean section: 62.5% (40/64) vs 47.4% (128/270); χ2=4.71], nipple type score in LATCH score [2.0 (1.0-2.0) vs 2.0 (2.0-2.0), U=－2.08], frequency of breastfeeding in 24 h [(6.3±3.0) vs (8.3±3.6) times per day, t=－3.94], adding formula within 24 h [71.9% (46/64) vs 56.3% (152/270), χ2=5.20] and the proportion of attending breastfeeding clinic during pregnancy [73.4% (47/64) vs 85.6% (231/270), χ2=5.44] were significantly different between the DOL Ⅱ and non-DOL Ⅱ groups (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pre-pregnancy overweight was an independent risk factor for DOL Ⅱ ( OR=2.240, 95% CI:1.020-4.918, P=0.044), either was pre-pregnancy overweight with appropriate gestational weight gain ( OR=5.595, 95% CI:1.492-20.985, P=0.011), while breastfeeding frequency within 24 h ( OR=0.867, 95% CI: 0.780-0.963, P=0.008) and attending breastfeeding clinic during pregnancy ( OR=0.377, 95% CI: 0.173-0.820, P=0.014) were independent protective factors for DOL Ⅱ. Conclusions:Women who were overweight before pregnancy are more likely to suffer from DOL Ⅱ. Extra guidance should be given to this population during early breastfeeding. Attending prenatal breastfeeding consultation and increasing the frequency of breastfeeding in the early postpartum period may prevent DOL.

Evaluation of breast pathologies in puerperal women assisted at a philanthropic hospital in Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil: longitudinal cohort

Breast milk is the main source of nourishment for the healthy growth and development of newborns up do six months, and after that, it serves as a supplement up to two years. The act of breastfeeding, in addition to being an important means of forming an affective bond between the mother and infant, also promotes maternal, social and environmental benefits. Although its importance has been proven, it is known that there are several reasons that lead to the early interruption of breastfeeding, including breast complications. Our aim was to determine the incidence of complications related to breastfeeding in puerperal women seen at Hospital Regional, a philanthropic hospital in Presidente Prudente (SP) and the possible factors that led to their appearance as well. Methods: A quantitative-qualitative longitudinal study was carried out with puerperal women cared for at Hospital Regional of Presidente Prudente. A structured interview was administered in three stages: the first during the puerperal women's hospitalization and the others, through telephone contact at respectively 30 and 90 days after delivery, to monitor breastfeeding. Results: Of the total number of patients interviewed, 24.3% had some breast complications resulting from breastfeeding. Still in the immediate postpartum period at 30 days, this proportion reached 42.23%, decreasing at 90 days to 17.47%. Furthermore, of the puerperal women that showed any complication, 74% of them were single, 54% had brown skin color, 42.9% had completed high school and 52% were primiparous. Moreover, the patients who had a Cesarean section (53,8%) showed more complications than the ones who had natural childbirth (35,1%).

Giant lactating adenoma

Lactating adenoma is a rare benign breast lesion that most often presents as a small (up to 3 cm), solid, well-circumscribed, solitary, painless, mobile, lobulated mass. The highest incidence occurs in primiparous women (20 to 40 years old) during the third trimester of pregnancy. However, in the rare case presented herein, in addition to its giant size (more than 10 centimeters on palpation), this lactating adenoma is distinctive due to the presence of multiple nodules, poorly defined ultrasonographic margins, worrisome radiologic features, growth since early pregnancy, presence of infarction and association with chronic mastitis. From the clinical-radiologic perspective, the differential diagnoses included abscess associated with puerperal mastitis, phyllodes tumor, and galactocele. Biopsy was performed, and pathologic examination revealed the classic characteristics of lactating adenoma with multiple infarcted areas, leading to an unexpected confirmed case of giant lactating adenoma.

Literature analysis of tuina therapy for postpartum hypogalactia based on CNKI database / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics and efficacy of manual treatment for postpartum hypogalactia.Methods To retrieve the CNKI from 2007 to 2017 on the massage and manual treatment for postpartum hypogalactia,and analyze its syndrome differentiation,acupoint selection,manipulation rules,treatment frequency,treatment courses and clinical efficacy.Results Among the 83 articles included,the massage therapy for postpartum hypogalactia were based on the diseases and syndromes,and the selection of acupoints was diverse and combined with local and distance such as Danzhong (CV 17),Rugen (ST 18),Shaoze (SI 1),Zusanli (ST 36),Pishu (BL 20).The therapy were rich in techniques which often use acupoint stimulation and manipulation.Conclusions Tuina therapy for postpartum hypogalactia is widely used with safety and reliablility.But the operational procedures and efficacy standards need to be further standardized.

Initial difficulties with breastfeeding technique and the impact on duration of exclusive breastfeeding / Dificuldades iniciais com a técnica da mamada e impacto na duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo

Abstract Objectives: the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of initial difficulties in breastfeeding on duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: a prospective study with follow up of nursing mothers and their babies in the first six months of age. The studied population was randomly selected among the Brazilian public health system (SUS, Portuguese acronym) users in three hospitals. The breastfeeding observation protocol was used to collect initial data, which also included socio-demographic, prenatal assistance, delivery care, the postpartum period and the newborn variables. After hospital discharge, data were collected by phone. The multiple regression model was used for statistical analysis. Results: 175 mother-baby binomials were followed. Problems with breasts during the postpartum hospital stay (p= 0.030; OR=2.38; CI95%=1.02-5.48), maternal work outside home (p=0.027; OR=2.12; CI95%=1.03-4.31) and low maternal schooling level (p=0.017; OR=2.13; CI95%=1.10-4.06) were shown to be associated with the early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding before the child has completed 6 months of age. A family income lower than one minimum wage was a protective factor (p=0.048; OR=0.42; CI95%=0.17-0.97). Conclusions: socioeconomic aspects and difficulties in breastfeeding associated with problems with the puerperal breasts stood out as factors which restrict the duration of exclusive breastfeeding.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a influência das dificuldades iniciais para amamentar sobre a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Métodos: estudo prospectivo com acompanhamento de binômios mães-lactentes desde o nascimento até os 180 dias após o parto. A seleção do grupo estudado foi realizada de forma aleatória entre usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, em três hospitais. A ficha de avaliação da mamada foi utilizada para coleta de dados iniciais que incluiu também dados sociodemográficos, da assistência pré-natal, da assistência ao parto, ao puerpério e ao recém-nascido. As informações após alta hospitalar foram obtidas por telefone. Utilizou-se modelo de regressão múltipla para a análise estatística. Resultados: foram acompanhados 175 binômios. A presença de problemas com as mamas na maternidade (p=0,030; OR=2,38; IC95%=1,02-5,48), o trabalho materno fora de casa (p=0,027; OR=2,12; IC95%=1,03-4,31) e o baixo nível de escolaridade materno (p=0,017; OR=2,13; IC95%=1,10-4,06) mostraram-se como fatores associados à interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno exclusivo antes dos seis meses. A renda familiar menor que um salário mínimo se mostrou como fator de proteção (p=0,048; OR=0,42; IC95%=0,17-0,97). Conclusões: aspectos socioeconômicos e dificuldades para amamentar relacionadas a problemas com a mama puerperal mostraram-se como fatores que restringem a duração da amamentação exclusiva.

Necrotizing fasciitis of breast in postpartum period: case report / Fasciíte necrotizante de mama no puerpério: relato de caso

Necrotizing fasciitis is an aggressive infection that affects subcutaneous and superficial fascia by necrosis, more often found in the abdominal wall, perineum and extremities. Rare cases have been described in the breast and the literature points to breastfeeding and previous breast procedures as risk factors for this condition. We present a 27-year-old patient in postpartum period who presented a right nipple fissure associated to breastfeeding, that evolved to a local aggressive infection with extensive necrosis of fascia and mammary parenchyma characterized as necrotizing fasciitis. Our aim is to highlight the importance of early diagnosis, especially to differentiate from puerperal mastitis which has a different pathophysiology and treatment, as well as the need for appropriate therapy consisting of surgical debridement and broad spectrum antibiotics in order to avoid further complications and death

Fasciíte necrotizante é uma infecção agressiva que acomete o subcutâneo e fáscias superficiais por necrose, mais frequentemente encontrada em parede abdominal, períneo e extremidades. Raros casos foram descritos na mama e a literatura aponta a amamentação e procedimentos mamários prévios como fatores de riscos para essa condição. Apresentamos uma paciente no puerpério, de 27 anos, que apresentou uma fissura no mamilo direito associada à amamentação e que evoluiu com infecção local agressiva, com necrose extensa de fáscias e parênquima mamário caracterizada como fasciíte necrotizante. O trabalho visa apresentar a importância do diagnóstico precoce, principalmente com diferenciação para as mastites puerperais que possuem fisiopatologia e tratamento distintos, assim como a necessidade do tratamento adequado com desbridamento cirúrgico e antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro para evitar maiores complicações e o óbito

Dificuldades iniciais com a técnica da amamentação e fatores associados a problemas com a mama em puérperas / Initial breastfeeding difficulties and association with breast disorders among postpartum women

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de condições indicativas de dificuldades iniciais com a técnica da amamentação e verificar os fatores associados com a presença de problemas na mama em puérperaso em maternidades de Hospitais Amigos da Criança. Métodos: Estudo transversal, conduzido com 276 binômios mãe-lactente, aleatoriamente selecionados entre os atendimentos realizados em maternidades de três Hospitais Amigos da Criança do norte de Minas Gerais. Um protocolo de avaliação da técnica da mamada foi utilizado como instrumento. A associação entre as variáveis estudadas e os problemas com a mama foi identificada por meio do teste qui-quadrado, seguida de análise de regressão logística, admitindo-se o nível de significância de até 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Os principais fatores indicativos de dificuldades iniciais com a técnica da amamentação foram a pega inadequada (25,0%), a resposta do bebê ao contato com a mama (26,1%) e os problemas com a mama (28,3%). No modelo final de regressão múltipla, associaram-se aos problemas na mama no puerpério imediato: mãe adolescente (OR 3,35; IC95% 1,51-7,44; p=0,003); escolaridade ≤8 anos (OR 2,07; IC95% 1,01-4,23; p=0,048); e o fato de ter recebido complemento alimentar na maternidade (OR 2,36; IC95% 1,40-4,92; p=0,003). O fato de trabalhar fora de casa (OR 0,31; IC95% 0,16-0,61; p=0,001) foi um fator de proteção no modelo final de regressão logística. Conclusões: Problemas com as mamas representaram a principal dificuldade inicial com a técnica da mamada e os fatores associados incluem variáveis demográficas e sociais ligadas à mãe e variáveis relacionadas às rotinas da maternidade.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the prevalence of difficulties in adopting initial breastfeeding techniques and their association with breast disorders in postpartum women. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out with 276 randomly selected mother-baby pairs in rooming-in in 3 hospitals in a city of Minas Gerais State (southeast Brazil). An assessment protocol was established to evaluate the breastfeeding technique used. The association between the variables studied and breast disorders was determined by the chi-square test followed by logistic regression, with significance level set at 0.05. Results: The main factors indicating difficulties to initiate the breastfeeding techniques were inadequate attachment of the baby to the breast (25%), baby response to the contact with the breast (26.1%) and breast disorders (28.3%). Variables associated with postparturm breast disorders were: adolescent mothers (OR 3.35; 95%CI 1.51-7.44; p=0.003); maternal schooling ≤8 years (OR 2.07; 95%CI 1.01-4.23; p=0.048); and supplement provision to the newborn at the hospital (OR 2.36; 95%CI 1.40-4.92; p=0.003). Mothers working outside the household (OR 0.31; 95%CI 0.16-0.61; p=0.001) served as as protective factor on the multivariate model. Conclusions: The main difficulties in initial breastfeeding were associated with breast disorders, and the factors associated with this problem included demographic and social, variables, as well as others related to the care routine adopted by maternity hospitals.

Clinical observation of curative effect of manual milk on acute mastitis caused by the milk siltation / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical effect of manual milk on acute mastitis caused by the milk siltation.Methods 118 patients with galactostasis induced acute mastitis were selected as the research subjects.They were divided into two groups according to the treatment sequence number and the single number,59 cases in each group.The control group was treated with routine drug therapy,the observation group was treated with manual drainage.The clinical therapeutic effect was analyzed.Results The effective rate of observation group was 96.61%,which was significantly higher than 81.36% in the control group,the difference was statistically significant (χ2=6.83,P<0.05).The scores of symptom and sign in the control group and observation group were (14.22±1.45)points and (4.02±0.44)points,which were significantly reduced than before treatment (t=6.63,9.52,all P<0.05),and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=8.68,P<0.05).The tumor dissipation time[(1.89±0.23)d],milk patency time[(3.29±0.38)d],local pain relief time[(2.18±0.54)d]and body temperature return to normal time[(3.55±0.43)d]in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group,the differences were statistically significant (t=7.30,6.88,7.81,6.57,all P<0.05).Conclusion The effect is superior to conventional drugs in the treatment of acute mastitis caused by the milk siltation,it can rapidly improve clinical symptoms,shorten the treatment time,and can be used as the first choice for clinical treatment.

The effect of breast massage at different time in the early period after cesarean section / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the effect of breast massage at different time in the early period on maternal lactation after cesarean section.@*Methods@#80 women delivered by cesarean section were randomly selected from maternity ward of a hospital in Shandong province during Jan. 2013 to Jan. 2015; which were divided into four groups, with 20 patients in each. Three groups received 3 times of breast massage every 24 hoursbeginning from 2, 12 and 24 h after cesarean section, respectively. The control group didn't receive any breast massage. The starting time and status of lactation were observed and recorded after cesarean section. 5 ml venous blood sample was drawn from each patient respectively at 2 h before cesarean, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after cesarean to test the level of serum prolactin. The lactation status of each group was compared.@*Results@#The P50 (P25-P75) of starting time of lactation of the three massage groups and control group were 3 (2-6) h, 4 (2-8) h, 4 (3-12) h and 4 (2-12) h, respectively, whose differences showed no statistical significance (H=3.32, P=0.345).The number of delivered women with adequate lactation 24 hours after cesarean was 10 in the group who received massage beginning from 2 h after cesarean; while the number was only 2 in the control group. The number of delivered women with adequate lactation 48 hours after cesarean was 18 in the group who received massage beginning from 2 h after cesarean; while the number was 8 in the control group. The differences showed statistical significances (P values were 0.021 and 0.008, respectively). The serum prolactin level in the group of delivered women who received massage from 2 h after cesarean was separately (195.9±78.5), (176.0±96.5), (216.4±110.0), (190.0±56.8) and (184.8±69.6) μg/L at 2, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after cesarean, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (which were (128.8±40.6), (127.3±66.8), (162.2±58.8), (145.1±64.7) and (141.7±49.3) μg/L, respectively) (P=0.007).@*Conclusion@#Breast massage beginning from 2 hours after cesarean section can effectively improve the lactation status of delivered women.

Effects of care bundles on lactation of mothers of preterm infants / 中华围产医学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of care bundles on the lactation of mothers of preterm infants.MethodsFrom January to June 2015, postpartum women who had preterm deliveries in First Maternity and Infant Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University with the neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit were enrolled in this study. They were randomly divided into intervention group (n=25) receiving bundle care (assist the mothers to determine lactation target; pump/express breastmilk within six hours after birth and keep a lactation diary to record the times and volume of pumped/expressed milk) and control group (n=22) given normal mammary guidance only. The time of the first pumped/expressed milk, the times for pumping/expressing milk a day, the total milk volume per day and rate of breastfeeding were compared between the two groups. Statistical analyses were conducted using two independent samplest-test,Chi-square test and nonparametric test.ResultsThe initial time of pumped/expressed milk of the intervention group was (6.1±3.4) h after delivery, significantly earlier than the control group [(10.7±9.3) h](t=-2.301,P=0.026). The times for pumping/expressing milk per day were significantly more in the intervention group than in the controlgroup on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after delivery [(4.2±2.2) vs (3.0±1.6); (6.2±1.1) vs (4.7±1.9); and (7.1±1.9) vs (5.9±1.9) times, respectively](t=2.083, 2.564 and 2.194, allP<0.05). From the second postpartum day, the milk volume of the intervention group was more than the control group [M(range) were 10.0(25.0) vs 2.0(5.0) ml] (Z=-2.879,P=0.005); and on the 21st day, the milk volume of the intervention mothers reached 800.0(295.0) ml, still higher than the control group [300.0(155.0) ml](Z=-3.179,P=0.001). The primarily breastfeeding (adding formula milk≤2 times a day) rate in the intervention group was significantly higher than in the control group on the 42nd postpartum day [68% (17/25) vs 41% (9/22),χ2=5.874,P=0.045].ConclusionThe care bundles on lactation can improve the lactation of the mothers of preterm infants.

Breast evaluation during lactation using thermography and pressure algometry / Avaliação da mama na lactação por termografia e presença de dor

Objective:To obtain scientific evidence of alterations in puerperal breast based on clinical examinations and pain measurements using pressure algometry and thermography.Methods:This qualitative descriptive and experimental study examined six lactating women included in a Human Milk Bank. Using clinical examinations, pressure algometry, and thermography, data from puerperal mammary glands were collected. A descriptive analysis of the quantitative variables expressed as averages, minimal and maximal values, and standard deviations was conducted. Image analyses were performed using a ThermaCAM™ 2.9 (FLIR Systems, Inc.) software.Results:Flaccid mammary glands were the coldest, with an average temperature of 32.7°C (SD±0.32386°C), and more tolerant to pain, with an average of 1.87 kgf/m2 (SD ±0.29558 kgf/m2). The greater the degree of engorgement, the higher the temperature observed.Conclusion:The results indicate that it is possible to use clinical examinations, pressure algometry, and infrared thermography to delineate patterns between various events affecting the mammary glands during lactation.

Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas das alterações na mama puerperal baseadas no exame clínico, na medição da dor por algometria de pressão e termografia. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, experimental, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, realizado com seis lactantes em um Banco de Leite Humano. Por meio de exame clínico, algometria de pressão e termografia, foram coletados dados das mamas em fase puerperal. Efetuou-se a análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas expressas por médias, valores mínimos, máximos e desvios-padrão. Resultados: As mamas flácidas foram as mais frias com temperatura média de 32,7°C (DP±0,32386) e mais tolerantes à dor, com média de 1,87 kgf (DP±0,29558). Quanto maior a intensidade do ingurgitamento, maior foi a temperatura encontrada. A análise das imagens foram realizadas utilizando o software Therma CAM™ 2,9 (FLIR Systems, Inc). Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que, a partir do exame clínico, algometria de pressão e termografia infravermelha, foi possível delinear um padrão diferencial entre os vários eventos que acometem a mama no processo da lactação.

Uso de galactogogos no manejo da amamentação: revisão integrativa da literatura / Uso de galactogogos en el manejo de la lactancia materna: revisión integradora de la literatura / Use of galactogogues in breastfeeding management: integrative literature review

Objective: Identifying the available evidence in the literature about galactogogues substances (liquids, herbs or foods with properties to increase milk production). Method: an integrative literature review that surveyed the bases BDENF, LILACS and MEDLINE with the descriptors "lactation disorders", "breastfeeding", "galactogogues," in portuguese, english and spanish, until the year 2011. The final sample was formed of 27 articles. Results: the most prevalent galactogogues were: black beer, hydration, hominy, chicken soup, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine, domperidone, fenugreek and fennel. Conclusion: the culture permeates practice of breastfeeding and therefore must be considered by health professionals in guidance and encouragement to breastfeeding...

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre substâncias galactogogas (líquidos, ervas ou alimentos com propriedades de aumentar a produção láctea). Método: revisão integrativa da literatura que pesquisou as bases BDENF, LILACS e MEDLINE com os descritores: “transtornos da lactação”,“aleitamento materno”, “galactogogos”, em português, inglês e espanhol, até o ano 2011. A amostra final foi de 27 artigos. Resultados: os galactogogos de maior prevalência foram: a cerveja preta, a hidratação, a canjica, a canja de galinha, a metoclopramida, a clorpromazina, a domperidona, o feno-grego e o funcho. Conclusão: o universo cultural permeia a prática do aleitamento materno e, portanto, deve ser contemplado pelos profissionais de saúde na orientação e no incentivo à amamentação...

Objetivo: Identificar las evidencias disponibles en la literatura sobre las sustancias galactogogas (líquidos, hierbas o alimentos con propiedades para aumentar la producción de leche). Método: es una revisión integradora de la literatura que examino las bases BDENF, LILACS y MEDLINE utilizando los descriptores: "trastornos de la lactancia", "lactancia materna", "galactogogos" en portugués, inglés y español, hasta el año 2011. La muestra final fue de 27 artículos. Resultados: los galactogogos más prevalentes fueron: la cerveza negra, la hidratación, sémola de maíz, sopa de pollo, metoclopramida, clorpromazina, domperidona, fenogreco y el hinojo. Conclusión: el universo cultural impregna la práctica de la lactancia materna y por lo tanto deben ser considerados por los profesionales de la salud en la orientación y estímulo a la lactancia materna...

Assessment of techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of breast engorgement by thermography / Avaliação das técnicas de massagem e ordenha no tratamento do ingurgitamento mamário por termografia / Evaluación de las técnicas de masaje y bombeo en el tratamiento de la congestión mamaria por termografía

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of postpartum breast engorgement through thermography. METHOD: the study was conducted in the Human Milk Bank of a hospital in Curitiba, Brazil. We randomly selected 16 lactating women with engorgement with the classification lobar, ampullary and glandular, moderate and intense. We compared the differential patterns of temperature, before and after the treatment by means of massage and pumping. RESULTS: we found a negative gradient of 0.3°C of temperature between the pre- and post-treatment in the experimental group. Breasts with intense engorgement were 0.7°C warmer when compared with moderate engorgement. CONCLUSION: massage and electromechanical pumping were superior to manual methods when evaluated by thermography. REBEC: U1111-1136-9027. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar técnicas de massagem e ordenha no tratamento do ingurgitamento mamário puerperal, por meio da termografia. MÉTODO: a pesquisa foi realizada no Banco de Leite Humano de um hospital de Curitiba, Brasil. Selecionaram-se, aleatoriamente, 16 lactantes com ingurgitamento com classificação lobar, ampolar e glandular moderado e intenso. Compararam-se os padrões diferenciais de temperatura, antes e após o tratamento realizado, por meio de massagem e ordenha. RESULTADOS: constatou-se um gradiente negativo de 0,3ºC de temperatura entre o pré e o pós-tratamento no grupo experimental. Mamas com ingurgitamento intenso foram 0,7ºC mais quentes quando comparadas com ingurgitamento moderado. CONCLUSÃO: a massagem e ordenha eletromecânicas são superiores às manuais, quando avaliadas por termografia. REBEC: U1111-1136-9027. .

OBJETIVO: evaluar los métodos de masaje y bombeo en el tratamiento de la congestión mamaria posparto a través de la termografía. MÉTODO: el estudio se realizó en el Banco de Leche Humana de un hospital en Curitiba, Brasil. Se seleccionaron al azar 16 mujeres en periodo de lactancia con congestión con clasificación lobar, ampular y glandular, moderada e intensa. Se compararon los patrones diferenciales de temperatura, antes y después del tratamiento por medio de masaje y bombeo. RESULTADOS: se encontró un degradado negativo de 0,3°C de temperatura entre el pre y post-tratamiento en el grupo experimental. Las mamas con intensa congestión eran 0,7°C más caliente en comparación a aquellos con congestión moderada. CONCLUSIÓN: el masaje y el bombeo electromecánico fueron superiores a los métodos manuales cuando se evaluaron por termografía. REBEC: U1111-1136-9027. .

Terapêutica não-farmacológica para alívio do ingurgitamento mamário durante a lactação: revisão integrativa da literatura / A non-pharmacologic treatment to relieve breast engorgement during lactation: an integrative literature review / Terapéutica no farmacológica para alivio de la ingurgitación mamaria durante la lactancia: revisión integral de la literatura

O ingurgitamento mamário afeta a amamentação e causa o desmame precoce. A literatura apresenta técnicas de tratamento do ingurgitamento, entretanto há conflitos quanto à melhor terapêutica. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e analisar as evidências encontradas na literatura da terapêutica não-farmacológica para alívio de sintomas de ingurgitamento mamário durante a amamentação. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura com estudos publicados a partir de 1990, nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS utilizando as palavras chaves: aleitamento materno, transtorno da lactação e terapia. Foram encontrados dez estudos, sendo dois de revisão sistemática da literatura, sete ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados e um estudo quase-experimental. Os estudos analisados apresentam resultados divergentes e não há evidências suficientes para recomendar a implementação dos tratamentos avaliados. São necessários mais estudos controlados randomizados para verificar terapias eficazes para o tratamento do ingurgitamento mamário.

Breast engorgement affects breastfeeding and leads to early weaning. The literature presents techniques for treating engorgement, but there is no agreement as to which is the best treatment. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the evidence found in the literature regarding non-pharmacological treatments to relieve breast engorgement symptoms during breastfeeding. We performed an integrative literature review of studies published since 1990, on MEDLINE and LILACS, using the keywords: breastfeeding, lactation disorder and therapy. We found ten studies: two systematic literature reviews, seven randomized controlled trials and one quasi-experimental study. The analyzed studies show conflicting results and there is not enough evidence to recommend the implementation of the evaluated treatments. Further randomized controlled trials are necessary to determine effective therapies for treating breast engorgement.

La ingurgitación mamaria afecta al amamantamiento y causa destete precoz. La literatura presenta técnicas de tratamiento de la ingurgitación, aunque hay divergencias respecto de la mejor terapéutica. Esta investigación objetiva identificar y analizar las evidencias encontradas en literatura acerca de terapéutica no farmacológica para alivio de síntomas de ingurgitación mamaria durante el amamantamiento. Se realizó una revisión integral de la literatura con estudios publicados desde 1990 en las bases MEDLINE y LILACS, utilizando los descriptores: lactancia materna, transtornos de la lactancia y terapia. Fueron encontrados diez estudios, dos de ellos de revisión sistemática de la literatura, siete ensayos clínicos controlados y randomizados, y un estudio cuasi-experimental. Los estudios analizados presentan resultados divergentes y no hay evidencias suficientes para recomendar la implementación de los tratamientos evaluados. Son necesarios más estudios controlados y randomizados para verificar terapias eficaces para el tratamiento de la ingurgitación mamaria.

Fatores relacionados ao insucesso da lactogênese: revisão da literatura / Factores relacionados con el fracaso de la lactogenese: revisión de la literatura / Factors related to unsuccessful lactogenesis: a literature review

The objective of this literature review was to investigate the factors that may interfere in the production of breast milk (lactogenesis), making difficult the establishment of lactation and having hypogalactia as a result. Since breast milk is widely known as the most natural and important food for newborns, it is necessary for nurses to understand and acknowledge the physiological mechanisms involved in lactation in order to help mothers to achieve a successful breastfeeding. Methodology: Two computerized databases were assessed in search for articles: Literature Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences and Medical Literature and Retrieval System On Line, both covering a 10 years (1997-2007) period. Considering the objective of the study, 21 articles were selected; other academic text-books were also consulted for supporting the development of contents and concepts on lactation physiology. Results: Factors related to failure and/or delay in lactogenesis were: placental retention; deficiency and /or resistance to prolactine; presence of ovarian cysts; breast’s structural alterations; obesity; primiparity; prolonged labor and delivery; cesarean and hypotension. Conclusion: Lactogenesis is a subject that has not been properly acknowledged by nurses, although being essential for the proper establishment of breastfeeding, which is an important issue in nursing care and research. Relevance to clinical practice: When nurses take care of women who experience difficulties on breastfeeding, it is important to consider factors that may interfere in their lactogenesis; this issue seems to be rarely discussed in nursing literature. Therefore, in order to make women’s breastfeeding experience meaningful, enjoyable and effective, nurses should improve their knowledge to investigate factors related to those difficulties and plan interventions...

O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi investigar os fatores que podem interferir na produção de leite materno (lactogênese), dificultando o estabelecimento da lactação e tendo como resultado a hipogalactia. Uma vez que o leite materno é sabidamente o mais natural e importante alimento para o recém-nascido, é necessário para a enfermeira conhecer os mecanismos fisiológicos envolvidos na lactação, para ajudar a puérpera a amamentar seu bebê com sucesso. Metodologia: Para o desenvolvimento desta revisão foram consultadas duas bases de dados informatizadas em busca de artigos: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Literature and Retrieval System On Line. A consulta abrangeu um período de 10 anos (1997-2007). Considerando o objetivo do estudo, foram selecionados 21 artigos; também foram consultados livros-textos acadêmicos para o desenvolvimento de conteúdos sobre fisiologia e fundamentação dos conceitos. Resultados: Os fatores relacionados à falha e/ou atraso na lactogênese foram: retenção placentária; deficiência e/ou resistência à prolactina; presença de cistos ovarianos; alterações estruturais nas mamas; obesidade; primiparidade; trabalho de parto e parto prolongados; cesárea e hipotensão. Conclusão: A lactogênese é tema pouco abordado por enfermeiros, embora seja um processo imprescindível para o adequado estabelecimento da amamentação, sendo esta última um grande foco de assistência e pesquisa na Enfermagem. Relevância para a prática clínica: Quando o enfermeiro assiste a mulher que vivencia dificuldades no processo de aleitamento materno, é importante que considere fatores que possam interferir na lactogênese, o que parece ainda ser pouco abordado na literatura de Enfermagem. Assim, o enfermeiro que visa tornar esta experiência significativa, prazerosa e eficaz, deve instrumentalizar-se para investigar possíveis fatores relacionados ao insucesso e planejar intervenções...

El objetivo de este trabajo de revisión fue investigar los factores que pueden interferir con la lactogenese, lo que dificulta el establecimiento de la lactancia y tiene como resultado hipogalactia. Dado que la leche materna es la más conocida y importante alimentación natural del recién nacido, las mujeres deben tener todos los mecanismos fisiológicos de la lactancia trabajando bien para amamantar a su bebé correctamente. Metodología: Para el desarrollo de este estudio de revisión de la literatura se utilizaron dos bases de datos: Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud y Literatura Internacional en Ciencias de la Salud. La consulta abarcó un período de 10 años (1997-2007). Considerando el objetivo del estudio, se seleccionaron 21 artículos. Consultados libros-texto académicos para el desarrollo de contenidos en la fisiología y de los conceptos. Resultados: Los factores relacionados con el fallo y / o el retraso en la lactogenese son: la retención placentária; la discapacidad y / o resistencia a la prolactina; la presencia de quistes ováricos; los cambios estructurales en los senos; la obesidad; primiparidad; trabajo de parto y parto largo; cesárea y la hipotensión. Conclusión: El lactogenese es un tema poco abordado por los enfermeros, apesar de un proceso esencial para el mejor establecimiento de la lactancia materna, siendo esta última una de las principales actividades de la atención y la investigación en enfermería. Importancia para la práctica clínica: Cuando lo enfermero ayuda a la mujer que tiene dificultades en el proceso de la lactancia materna, es importante considerar los factores que pueden interferir con lactogenese, que parece ser poco discutido en la literatura de enfermería. Por lo tanto, para promover una experiencia significativa, agradable y eficaz, lo enfermero debe estudiar para investigar los posibles factores relacionados con este fracaso y planificar intervenciones...

Research Advance on Tuina and Postpartum Milk Secretion / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To analyze the relevant literature regarding the effect of tuina on postpartum milk secretion and thus summarize the clinical rules on tuina for lactation disorder. Method: Investigate the relationship between tuina and postpartum milk secretion for four aspects, including the initial time of lactation, level of serum prolactin, volume of lactation, and Chinese medicine's understanding of tuina on milk secretion. Result and Conclusion: Tuina on breasts after childbirth can speed and promote lactation. This has been proved by clinical practice over the past hundreds of years, along with modern laboratory and scientific research. This method, therefore, is of great significance in obstetrical nursing.

Study on Clinical Efficacy of Needling Danzhong(CV 17) in Treating Postpartum Hypogalactia / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of needling Danzhong(CV 17) in the treatment of postpartum hypogalactia and provide clinical evidence for indications of the point. Methods: A multi-centre single-blind randomized controlled trial was carried out. Two hundred and seventy-six puerperal women with postpartum hypogalactia were randomly allocated into acupuncture group and herb group, and respectively treated for three consecutive days. The degree of mammary fullness, the amount of milk secreted, prolactin, baby weight, the frequency and volume of artificial feeding, the number of infant urination events, and the duration of baby crying were observed. The clinical curative effects on postpartum hypogalactia were compared. Results: Hypogalactia was effectively treated in both acupuncture and herb groups. There were statistically significant differences in degree of mammary fullness, amount of milk secreted, baby weight, the frequency and amount of artificial feeding, and the number of infant urination events between pretreatment and post-treatment, but no difference between the two groups. There was no significant difference in prolactin in the acupuncture group and there was a difference in prolactin in the herb group between pretreatment and posttreatment. Conclusion: Needling Danzhong(CV 17) can effectively promote lactation.

Treatment of 62 Patients with Postpartum Lactation Disorder by Acupuncture / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Sixty-two patients with postpartum lactation disorder were treated by needling Neiguan(PC 6), Zusanli(ST 36), Rugen(ST 18) and Jianzhen(SI 9), and moxibustion at Danzhong(CV 17). After 7 treatments, 30 puerperae were vigorous and could lactate 400 mL every day, 26 puerperae could lactate 250 mL every day, and need other milk to feed the children, and 6 puerperae had no improvement in lactation, and lactate a little as pressing the breasts.