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Insufficient vitamin D levels occur in 88.1% of the worlds population, which constitutes a global public health problem. We analyzed vitamin D deficiency and suggested vitamin D supplementation in the perinatal health of pregnant women living in geographical areas higher than 40° south-north latitude according to reviews from the last three decades and identifying midwives role. The methodology used was a qualitative systematic review of full text studies, conducted in geographical areas higher than 40°N and 40°S. Descriptors such as: "deficiency", "vitamin D", "pregnancy", "causes", "perinatal outcomes" and "supplementation", and their respective descriptors in Spanish. The matrices were tabulated according to the modified PRISMA. Eight studies were obtained in English from the Northern Hemisphere only, mostly with good quality evidence and related to the role of midwifing according to the expert round. The results showed risks such as: origin of the pregnant woman, ethnicity, low sun exposure, obesity, socioeconomic status, and perinatal risks. No studies were found in pregnant women from the Southern Hemisphere or related to the role of the midwife in this area. In conclusion, midwifery should considerer the social determinants of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women, especially those in extreme southern areas where incorporation of supplementation are suggested as a public policy.
Los niveles insuficientes de vitamina D se dan en el 88,1% de la población mundial, lo que constituye un problema de salud pública global. Se analizó la deficiencia y la sugerencia de suplementación de vitamina D en la salud perinatal de las gestantes residentes en áreas geográficas de latitud 40° sur-norte según revisiones de las últimas tres décadas identificando el rol de la matrona. La metodología utilizada fue una revisión sistemática cualitativa de estudios a texto completo, realizados en áreas geográficas mayores al paralelo 40°N y 40°S. Descriptores como: "deficiencia", "vitamina D", "embarazo", "causas", "resultados perinatales" y "suplementación", y sus respectivos descriptores en español. Las matrices se tabularon según el PRISMA modificado. Se obtuvo ocho estudios en inglés pertenecientes sólo al hemisferio norte, la mayoría con buena calidad de evidencia. Los resultados arrojaron factores como origen de la embarazada, etnia, baja exposición al sol, obesidad, nivel socioeconómico y riesgos perinatales. No se encontraron estudios en mujeres embarazadas del hemisferio sur o relacionados con el papel de la matrona. En conclusión, desde el ejercicio de la matronería se deben considerar los determinantes sociales de las mujeres embarazadas especialmente de zonas extremas del sur donde se sugiere investigación experimental e incorporación de la suplementación como política pública.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Vitamin D/administration & dosage , Vitamin D Deficiency/prevention & control , Midwifery , Risk Factors , Perinatal Care , Extreme WeatherABSTRACT
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to genotype two previously identified SNPs (rs1048661:R141L, and rs3825942:G153D) in the lysyl oxidase?like 1 (LOXL1) gene and determine their association with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (XFG) in patients from Pune, India. Methods: All subjects underwent detailed phenotyping, and DNA extraction was performed on blood samples by using standardized techniques. Exon 1 of the LOXL1 gene containing the SNPs (rs3825942:G153D; rs1048661:R141L) were Sanger sequenced, and the results were analyzed using sequence analysis software SeqScape 2.1.1. Results: Data were analyzed from 71 patients with XFG and 81 disease?negative, age?matched controls. There was a strong association between the G allele of rs3825942 and XFG with an odds ratio of 10.2 (CI: 3.92–26.6; P < 0.001). The G allele of rs1048661 also showed an increase in risk relative to the T allele (OR = 1.49; CI: 0.88–2.51; P = 0.13), but this was not significant. Haplotype combination frequencies were estimated for rs1048661 and rs3825942; the GG haplotype was associated with a significant increase in risk (OR = 3.91; CI: 2.27–6.73; P < 0.001). Both the GA and TG haplotypes were associated with decreased XFG risk, although the latter was not significant (GA: OR = 0.08; CI: 0.03–0.21; P < 0.001; TG: OR = 0.67; CI: 0.40–1.13; P = 0.13). Conclusion: The risk G allele in rs3852942 (G153D) is strongly associated with the development of XFG in the Western Indian population. Genetic screening strategies to identify LOXL1 risk alleles in the population can assist in case definition and early diagnosis, targeting precious resources to high?risk patients.
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Objective:To establish a method for the determination of artemisinin and arteannuin B in different <italic>Artemisia annua</italic> germplasms， compare the differences of the two compounds among different <italic>A. annua</italic> germplasm under the condition of hydroponic homogenization and explore the key factors affecting contents of principal compounds in different<italic> A. annua</italic> germplasms. Method:Seedlings from different <italic>A. annua</italic> germplasms were arranged randomly and fed in a hydroponic cultivation system. Contents of artemisinin and arteannuin B were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） with multi-reaction monitoring mode and ACQUITY UPLC<sup>®</sup> BEH C<sub>18</sub> column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm）， mobile phase was water-acetonitrile （95∶5， containing 0.1% formic acid， A） and acetonitrile-water （95∶5， containing 0.1% formic acid， B） for gradient elution （0-3.5 min， 25%-1%A； 3.5-3.6 min， 1%-25%A； 3.6-5.0 min， 25%A）， the flow rate was set at 0.4 mL·min<sup>-1</sup>. The content differences of artemisinin and arteannuin B in different provenances of <italic>A. annua</italic> were detected and analyzed statistically. Result:The established method had high sensitivity and good separation. A significant difference of artemisinin and arteannuin B contents was observed in different germplasms under the same culture conditions， that is， under the constant temperature of 25 ℃ in hydroponics. The provenance with higher artemisinin content was Yunnan， and the content was 3 810.597 μg·g<sup>-1</sup>. The highest strain of arteannuin B was Shanxi provenance germplasm with the content of 1 691.747 μg·g<sup>-1</sup>. According to the content of artemisinin， the provenances were arranged as follows：Yunnan， Hainan， Hubei， Guangxi， Zhejiang， Shanxi， Beijing， Shandong， Heilongjiang， and Gansu province germplasms. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between artemisinin content and latitude of <italic>A. annua</italic>， but there was no significant correlation between contents of artemisinin and arteannuin B and longitude. Conclusion:The contents of artemisinin and arteannuin B among different <italic>A. annua</italic> germplasms were significantly different under the same culture environment， and the dominant factors affecting biosynthesis and accumulation of artemisinin and arteannuin B in <italic>A. annua</italic> may be the genetic background， suggesting that germplasm improvement is the key factor to improve the medicinal quality of <italic>A. annua</italic> in subsequent cultivation.
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Objective To discuss the law of the change of body composition of Zhuang-Dong ethnic groups with the change of natural geographical factors(longitude, latitude, annual average temperature and annual average sunshine). Methods The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to measure the body composition data of 5098 cases of 13 ethnic groups of Zhuang-Dong group in China. At the same time, collect the relevant data of longitude, latitude, annual average temperature and annual average sunshine of 13 ethnic groups, and use per capita disposable income as a control variable to perform partial correlation analysis about body composition with longitude, latitude, annual average temperature, and annual average illumination. Results Zhuang-Dong group fat rate decreased and little change in muscle mass, presumption of bone mass, and water content with the increase of longitude. With the increase of latitude, the fat rate of males in the Zhuang-Dong ethnic group decreasesd, muscle mass increased (mainly muscles in the extremities), female fat rate increased, and muscle mass decreased (mainly in upper limbs and trunk muscles). In general, with the increase of the average annual temperature, the fat rate of males in Zhuang and Dong ethnic groups increased, lower limb muscles decreased, female fat rate decreased, and muscle mass increased. With the increase of the average annual sunshine, the body fat rate of men increased and the muscle mass decreased; the body fat rate of women decreased and the muscle mass increased. Conclusion Natural geographical factors (longitude, latitude, annual average temperature, and average annual sunshine) have significant effects on the body composition of the Zhuang-Dong ethnic group.
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OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution characters of Evans Blue (EB) exudation spots in the abdominal area in acute intestinal mucosal injury (AIMI) rats by using latitude and longitude grid counting and multivariate statistical analysis and to explore the feasibility of these methods. METHODS: Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into blank control, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% mustard oil groups (n＝6 rats in each group). The AIMI model was established by mustard oil enema, followed by injection of EB (0.1 mL/100g) into the tail vein. At 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 h after EB injection, the rats under anesthesia were fixed in supine position for observing and photographing the abdominal subcutaneous EB exudation spots. The H．E. staining was used to observe histopathological changes of colonic mucosa. The longitude and latitude grids of the abdominal region were constructed (by taking the midpoint of the superior sternum as the origin) to determine the position of the blue spots. That the coordinate grids of the two regions can be connected geometrically is termed as "characteristic region". The data were processed by using multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: ① H．E. staining showed edema and inflammatory cell infiltration after colonic enema of different concentrations of mustard oil. ② Clustering analysis indicated that the distribution of exudation points in the "characteristic grid" had no temporal variation trend, and was not related with the concentration of mustard oil (P>0.05). ③ Factor analysis and contour analysis about the exudation spots of EB at 7.5% concentration showed that the "characteristic region Ⅱ" of different factors presented a tendency of time-dependent exudation, i．e. reduction of exudation degree along with time (P<0.05), and it is located near "Tianshu" acupoint. ④At 5 h after injection of EB, the 8 "characteristic regions" presented an EB-concentration-dependent tendency (reduction in exudation degree along with the increase of EB-concentration), among which the exudation degree of region C (near "Tianshu" acupoint) of the abdomen was higher (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The multivariate statistical analysis method can be used to identify the abdominal "characteristic regions" of exudation spots of EB in rats with AIMI, and the characteristic region has acupoint sensitization characteristics related to the time and severity of mucosal injury.
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ICP-MS was used to determine the contents of five heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in Chrysanthemum indicum and soil samples. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the effects of latitude and longitude and altitude on the content of heavy metal elements in Ch. indicum. To explore the relationship between geographical location of heavy metal content in Ch. indicum and the content of heavy metal elements in soil. The results showed that the Ch. indicum had high enrichment of Cd and had a synergistic effect on the absorption of five heavy metal elements. Elevation directly affected the accumulation of Pb and Cd in Ch. indicum and was a positive effect. The direct positive effect of latitude acts on the accumulation of Hg and Cu in Ch. indicum. The effect of longitude on the Cd content was the negative effect of longitude. The geographical location had different effects on the accumulation of heavy metal elements in Ch. indicum. There was a certain interaction between direct and indirect effects. Ch. indicum had different absorption and enrichment characteristics for different heavy metal species. When controlling the heavy metal content and medicinal material quality of Ch. indicum, we must fully consider the influence of geographical location on the quality of medicinal materials, select suitable geographic regions to carry out acquisitions, and choose a good ecological environment. Regional establishment of Chinese herbal medicine planting bases, or adopting certain agricultural measures to reduce the absorption of heavy metal elements in Ch. indicum herbs, while conducting research on chemical composition, strengthening the research on the effective forms of heavy metals, and paying attention to the safety of medicinal herbs.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Vitamin D has taken center stage in research and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of the present study was to assess the serum vitamin D levels of a large population of patients with MS and controls living in a restricted tropical area. Methods: Data from 535 patients with MS and 350 control subjects were obtained from 14 cities around the Tropic of Capricorn. Results: The mean serum 25-OH vitamin D level was 26.07 ± 10.27 ng/mL for the control subjects, and 28.03 ± 12.19 ng/mL for patients with MS. No correlation was observed between vitamin D levels and the disability of patients over the disease duration. Conclusion: At least for the region around the Tropic of Capricorn, serum levels of vitamin D typically are within the range of 20 to 30 ng/mL for controls and patients with MS.
RESUMO Objetivo: Vitamina D assumiu um papel central na pesquisa e tratamento da esclerose múltipla (EM). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis séricos de vitamina D de pacientes com EM e controles que residem em uma área tropical. Métodos: Foram analisados dados de 535 pacientes com EM e 350 indivíduos controle em 14 cidades próximas ao Trópico de Capricórnio. Resultados: O valor médio da determinação de 25-OH vitamina D foi 26,07 ± 10,27 ng/mL para controles e 28,03 ± 12,19 ng/mL para pacientes com EM. Não houve correlação entre os níveis de vitamina D e o grau de incapacidade ao longo da duração da doença. Conclusão: Pelo menos na região que cerca o Trópico de Capricórnio, os níveis séricos de vitamina D estão entre valores de 20 a 30 ng/mL tanto para controles quanto para pacientes com EM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Vitamin D/blood , Vitamin D Deficiency/blood , Multiple Sclerosis/blood , Vitamin D Deficiency/complications , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Disease Progression , Disability Evaluation , Geography, Medical , Multiple Sclerosis/complicationsABSTRACT
<p>In recent years, depression has become diverse, particularly in the younger population. In the field of medical education, it is assumed that a number of educators often experience difficulties in attending to their learners with depression. In this review article, information which contributes to the promotion of mental health for medical residents is provided, considering the knowledge of recent depression in the younger population, including its diversity together with the characteristics of the "generation educated with latitude".</p>
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Given their medical and veterinary relevance, the members of the Pipiens Assemblage are a worldwide target of ecological research. The distribution of Culex pipiens s.s. and Cx. quinquefasciatus converge in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where hybrids have been detected. Each member of the assemblage exhibits a distinct eco-physiological behaviour that can affect its efficiency in pathogen transmission. Our aim was to identify the environmental drivers for the spatio-temporal distribution of each member, focusing on latitudinal and urbanisation gradients. Immatures of mosquitoes were surveyed in artificial containers found within 11 public cemeteries, raised up to the adult stage and identified by their male genitalia. The distribution of each member was associated with the environment in a Generalized Linear Model. The variable accounting for most of the heterogeneity was latitude; Cx. quinquefasciatus was collected more frequently at northern cemeteries, whereas Cx. pipiens and hybrids were more likely at the southern extreme. The urbanisation gradient was also associated with the occurrence of Cx. quinquefasciatus and hybrids at the high and low end, respectively. Other relevant variables were cemetery total area, the proportion with graves and the presence of plastic flowers in the containers. The spatial distribution of the members of the Pipiens Assemblage within the sympatric region in South America is driven by environmental features. The information presented herein provides essential baseline data for surveillance programs and control activities.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Animal Distribution/physiology , Culex/physiology , Disease Vectors/classification , Ecosystem , Urbanization , Argentina , Culex/classification , Culex/growth & development , Population Density , Seasons , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Species Specificity , TemperatureABSTRACT
Objective To explore the impact of season and latitude on multiple sclerosis by study the onset/relapse season and latitude distribution in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.Methods A total of 264 MS patients , with 88 males and 176 females, who were hospitalized in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from January 2002 to December 2012, were enrolled in the study and all the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.The mean age was (33.9 ± 12.3) years old, with the disease duration of (6.3 ±4.5) years and 453 cases of relapse.The recurrence of MS was collected by four seasons, with March to May defined as spring, June to August as summer, September to November as autumn and December to February as winter.MS patients lived in Beijing (39.39° N-41.07° N) were chosen to test the correlation between the incidence/recurrence and monthly mean temperature, sunlight exposure intensity and duration.All the patients were divided into the high latitude group and the low latitude group, taken the latitude median (40.22° N) of Beijing area as the boundary.Gender composition, age of onset, disease duration and recurrence rate were compared between the two groups.Results Most of the onset/ relapse of MS were observed in winter (134 cases), while summer (97 cases) took the least.In the same latitude region (Beijing area), the onset/ relapse of MS was negatively correlated to the mean temperature and sunlight exposure intensity (r =-0.699, P =0.006;r =-0.623, P =0.015).Recurrence was higher in the high latitude group than in the low latitude group [68.7％ (123/179) vs 63.0％ (51/81), P =0.000], while no significant difference was found in gender composition, age of onset and disease duration between the two groups.Conclusion The onset/recurrence of MS has obvious seasonal characteristics.The onset/recurrence of MS is correlated with latitude, temperature and sunlight exposure intensity of the habitation of MS patients.Environmental factors are important cause of the onset/recurrence of MS, with sunshine exposure as the most key factor.
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Four ecotypes of A. thaliana (L.) (Ct-1, Pf-0, Old-1 and Per-1) from low to high latitudes were grown under different light (300 mmol photon m-2s-1 and 150 mmol photon m-2s-1) and temperature (22 and 14 ºC) conditions to investigate their effects on phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic variations in plant growth and first flowering time. The results suggest that in A. thaliana low temperature decreases both phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic variations in first flowering time and total dry matter at final harvest under different light intensities. Relative growth rate is the most stable parameter of A. thaliana that is hardly affected by ecotype (no effect), light (no effect) or temperature (small effect) and this may one of the reason why A. thaliana is widely distributed on earth as a result of adaptations to different environments.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis/growth & development , Ecosystem , Flowering Tops/growth & development , Light , Phenotype , Temperature , Time FactorsABSTRACT
IntroductionThe degree to which the change of season influences mood, energy, sleep, appetite, food preference,and the wish to socialize has been called “seasonality” [1]. In 1984 Rosenthal and associatesdescribed the syndrome of “seasonal affective disorder” (SAD), a condition where depressions in falland winter alternate with non-depressed periods in the spring and summer [5]. Seasonal AffectiveDisorder (SAD) is supposed to be caused by lack of daylight in winter [6]. Ulaanbaatar city is thecoldest capital in compared with medium temperature of the world. That’s why, it is an idea that wesupposed to there might be a seasonal affective disorder in this city. There is nothing to be studiedbefore related to this topic and that is our goal of the study.GoalTo determine a seasonal affective disorder in the adults of Ulaanbaatar cityMaterials and MethodsIn this study, we examined 560 healthy people between 20-60 aged livings in the Ulaanbaatar cityusing by Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire.ResultGender distribution showed an increased incidence of females (56.1%, 314 cases) compared withmale (43.9%, 246 cases). Distribution by age groups shows that 20-29 years were 237 (42.3%),30-39 years were 99 (17.6%), 40-49 years were 132 (23.5%), and 50-59 years were 92 (16.4%).According to the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, below 8 score was 323 (57.6%), 9-10 score 53 (9.4%), over the 11 score 184 (33%).ConclusionAccording to the questionnaire of Seasonal pattern assessment, 33 percent were seasonal affectivedisorder. It means Mongolian people of Ulaanbaatar have Seasonal affective disorder.
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Objective To dynamically observe the changes of the plasma superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and malondialde-hyde(MDA) content of rabbits with hemorrhagic shock in high latitude .Methods 28 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups :0 .9% NaCl group ,7 .5% NaCl group ,Voluven(6% HES 130/0 .4) group and control group .The plasma SOD activity and MDA content were measured before shock .At 30 minutes of shock and 30 minutes later of volumetric resuscitation .Then the changes of MAP were observed .Results There were no static difference among 4 groups in the levels of SOD and MDA before shock ;at 30 minutes of shock ,the SOD activity was reduced signicantly and the MDA content was increased in each group (P0 .05) ,whereas in Voluven group ,compared with those in 0 .9% NaCl and 7 .5% NaCl group the SOD activity was elevated signicantly and the MDA content was decreased (P<0 .01) .Conclusion Voluven can be used in scan-venging oxygen free redicals by recovering the plasma SOD activity in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock in high latitude .
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Objective To understand the effect of temperature on the risk of mortality and the modification effect of latitude,in China.Methods Relevant papers were searched and Meta-analysis was used to determine the exposure-response relationship for each health outcome which was associated with the exposure to temperature.Meta-regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect modification by latitude.Results Ten studies in 15 cities were included in the study.When temperature increased by one centigrade,the risks of mortality showed the following changes:deaths from non-accidental increased by 2％ (95％CI:1％,3％),from cardiovascular disease increased by 4％ (95％CI:2％,6％)and from the respiratory disease increased by 2％ (95％CI:1％,4％).As temperature decreased by one centigrade,the mortality risks of the following diseases showed the changes as:non-accidental death increased by 4％ (95％CI:2％,7％),cardiovascular disease increased by 4％ (95％CI:1％,7％) and the respiratory diseases increased by 2％ (95％CI:0％,4％).When latitude ranged from 0 to 25,26 to 30,31 to 39 degree or over 40 degrees,respectively and the temperature decreased by one centigrade,the mortality risks of the general population increased by 6.5％ (95％CI:-2.7％,15.6％),5.8％(95％ CI:2.4％,9.3％),0.8％(95％CI:0.4％,1.2％),0.5％(95％CI:-0.5％,1.5％).As temperature increased by one centigrade,mortality risk of the general population increased by 0.6％ (95％ CI:-0.3％,1.4％),1.9％ (95％ CI:0.7％,3.1％),2.0％ (95％ CI:1.0％,3.0％) and 5.8％ (95％CI:-3.2％,14.8％).As latitude increased by five degrees with high temperature,the mortality risk of general people increased by 0.3％ (95％CI:0.1％,0.8％) while decreased by 0.8％ (95％ CI:0.5％,0.9％) under low temperature.Conclusion In China,the mortality risk increased along with the changes of temperature.The adaptability to cold ness among people living in high latitude areas seemed to be stronger than those living in other areas of latitudes.Who were more vulnerable to high temperature.
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Gondwana landmasses have served as large-scale biogeographic Noah's Arks and Beached Viking Funeral Ships, as defined by McKenna. The latitudinal trajectories of selected Gondwana dinosaur localities were traced through time in order to evaluate their movement through climate zones relative to those in which they originally formed. The dispersal of fauna during the breakup of Gondwana may have been facilitated by the presence of offshelf islands forming landspans (sensu Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee) in the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway and elsewhere.
As massas de terra do Gondwana serviram como Arcas de Noe biogeograficas de grande escala e Navios Funerarios Vikings encalhados, conforme definido por McKenna. As trajetorias latitudinais de areas selecionadas de dinossauros do Gondwana foram tracadas ao longo do tempo a fim de avaliar seu movimento atraves de zonas climaticas relativas aquelas nas quais elas foram originalmente formadas. A dispersao da fauna durante a quebra do Gondwana pode ter sido facilitada pela presenca de ilhas oceanicas formando extensoes de terra (sensu Iturralde-Vinent e MacPhee) na entrada do Atlantico Equatorial e em outros lugares.
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Animals , Dinosaurs , Geography , Geological Phenomena , Paleontology , Fossils , Phylogeography , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: New organizational work systems, and their impact on the mental health of employees, are considered to beone of the most important topics in the area of industrial health. This study was conducted to compare job characteristics (job demand and decision latitude) levels, and psychosocial distress of workers in acompany introducing to new organizational work systems, to those of workers managed by traditional work systems. METHODS: A study sample of 627 shipbuilding workers (446the new work organizational system and 181the traditional system) were recruited for this study. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess general characteristics, job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude), and psychosocial distress. RESULTS: The decision latitude was not significantly higher in the new work system compared to the traditional system. However, the job demand was significantly higher in the new work system than in the traditional system. The psychosocial distress was higher within the new work system than the traditional system, but no significant relationships were found. The proportion of increased strain was significantly greater with the new system than the traditional system. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increases in the decision latitude did not sufficiently compensate for higher job strain or increased work intensity. If the increase in the decision latitude was temporary, with the typical job demand remaining high, such work can be still be considered to have a job strain. Future research should consider psychosocial distress and fatigue as important problems caused by new work organizational systems, and should be performed to assess their impact through out industry.
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Fatigue , Mental Health , Occupational HealthABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the application of latitude reduction technique in CR image processing based on different tissuethickness of foot radiography.Methods The images of adult foot radiography in 50 cases were analysed retrospectively.Latitude reduction technique was used in comparison with routine CR image processing,in order to display different tissue position definition such as soft tissue in phalanges of toes,thumb nail groove,the distal of fifth phalanges,talus bone trabecula and calcaneocuboidal joint space.Results CR image processed by latitude reduction technique could showe clearly tissue and structure of foot and was super than that of routine CR image processing.(t=7.732,P
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Technology of radiotheraphy has stepped into an era of digital photography and replaced the screen piece combination system.This thesis briefly expounds the advantages and prospect of computer X-ray photography,and discusses its problems and effective solutions in clinical practice.