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Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become one of the major diseases that plague human health and seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Up to present there is no specific treatment drug for Alzheimer' s disease, which still needs research and development. Ginseng is an important traditional Chinese medicine in the prescription for treating of Alzheimer's disease, which contains saponins, polysaccharides, volatile components, proteins, vitamins, amino acids and other compounds. Saponins are the main active components, which have a good effect on improving learning and memory ability and preventing AD. In this paper, the effect and the mechanism of ginsenosides for treating AD are reviewed in order to provide ideas for developing ginsenosides into drugs with better clinical compliance and more effective treatment of AD.
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Objective: To observe the effect of extracts from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Paeoniae Radix Rubra on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors(NMDAR1) in hippocampal neurons in rats with vascular dementia and investigate its possible mechanism. Method: The 60 SPF male rats were randomly divided into normal group, sham-operated group,model group, traditional Chinese medicine group(0.20 g·kg-1)and memantine group(2.1 mg·kg-1),with 12 rats in each group. The model was established by repeated ischemia-reperfusion combined with intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitroprusside. After modelling, normal group, sham-operated group and model group were dosed the similar volume of normal saline once a day for 14 days. The learning and memory capacity was assessed by Morris water maze; pathologic change in the CA1 district of hippocampus was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the expression level of NMDAR1 in hippocampal neuron membrane protein was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry(IHC),the NMDAR1 mRNA in hippocampal tissue was detected by Real-time PCR. Result:Compared with normal and sham-operated group, the latency period was prolonged in model group(PPPPPPPPConclusion:The extracts from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Paeoniae Radix Rubra can improve the learning and memory capacity of rats with vascular dementia, and alleviate the injury in CA1 district of hippocampus. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of NMDAR1 expression in hippocampal neurons.
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Aim To explore the effects of Nrf2-ARE signal path on levrtiracetam anti-epileptic and levrtiracetam on learning and memorizing ability.Methods Thirty-six SD rats were divided into normal saline group, levrtiracetam group, model group and treatment group.Each group recruited nine rats.Tests of Morries water maze were given to the rats to evaluate their learning and memorizing ability.The protein expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived2)-like2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase(NQO1) were examined by Western blot.Results Compared with model group, levrtiracetam could shorten the plateau period in epileptic rats (P<0.05), and increase the expression of Nrf2 protein, HO-1 protein and NQO1 protein in hippocampus(P<0.05).Conclusions Levrtiracetam could improve the learning and memorizing ability in epileptic rats.Levrtiracetam may increase the expression of HO-1 protein and NQO1 protein through the Nrf2-ARE pathway and play a part in antiepileptic effects.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the worldwide critical diseases which seriously threaten the health of the elderly. Exploring and developing medicine with high efficiency and low toxicity for AD patients is one of the vital medicine issues. Traditional Chinese medicine has high research and development value in the prevention and treatment of AD. Currently, increasing researches have proved that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, as a kind of traditional and valuable Chinese herbal medicine, shows effects on improving learning and memorizing ability and prevention and treatment of AD. This article reviewed Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extract improving symptoms of AD and its mechanism of action in detail, with a purpose to provide references for Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extract improving learning and memorizing ability and prevention and treatment of AD in clinic.
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Aim To explore the effects of propofol on learning and memorizing ability and the effects of com-bination of propofol and phenobarbital sodium on epi-leptic rats.Methods Thirty-six epileptic rats were di-vided into epileptic model group (EP),normal saline group (NS),lipid emulsion +epileptic group (LE), phenobarbital sodium +epileptic group (PB),propofol+epileptic pattern (Prof),and combination of propo-fol and phenobarbital sodium +epileptic group.Each group had 6 rats.Tests of Morris water maze were giv-en to the rats to evaluate their learning and memorizing ability.The protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4 )was examined by ELISA.Results There were no effects of saline and lipid emulsion on learning and memorizing ability and the expression of TLR4 pro-tein in hippocampus in epileptic rats (P >0.05 ). Propofol could increase the incubation period in epilep-tic rats obviously,shorten the plateau period,and in-crease the expression of TLR4 protein in hippocampus (P 0.05).Compared with PB,combination of propofol and phenobarbital sodium +epileptic group had a lon-ger incubation period and a shorter plateau period with an increase of the expression of TLR4 protein in hippo-campus (P 0.05 ).Conclusions Propofol damages the learning and memorizing ability of epileptic rats.Phenobarbital sodium had no obvious effect on the learning ability in epileptic rats,but harms the memorizing ability in epileptic rats.Combi-nation of propofol and phenobarbital sodium affects the learning and memorizing ability of epileptic rats.Hip-pocampus TLR4 may be involved in the effect of propo-fol and phenobarbital sodium on the learning and mem-orizing ability of epileptic rats.
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Objective To establish rat models with Alzheimer's disease(AD) induced by ?-amyloid,and to observe the effects of nicotine on learning and memorizing ability of the rats. Methods Aggregated A?1-40 was injected into the bilateral basal forebrain of the rats.Learning and memorizing ability of the rats were inspected through Morris water maze test.The effects of nicotine on learning and memorizing ability of the rats induced by ?-amyloid peptide were observed. Results The learning and memorizing ability of AD animal models injected aggregated(A?1-40) for 2 weeks decreased(P