Kinetics Approach on the Evolution of the Nutritive Properties, Antinutritonal Factors and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of DPPH during Germination of Two Local Legume Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata)

Aims: To improve the processes of pre-treatment of legumes for their nutritional valorization. Study Design: Original research. Place and Duration of Study: This study took place at the Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agriculture and Valorization of Biological Resources, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University between February and July 2022. Methodology: Red beans and cowpeas purchased on the local market of Adjamé were subjected, after unitary operation of sorting and washing, to a two-factor design of experiment: seed/water ratio and the soaking time, in order to identify the ideal ratio and soaking time to well reduce phytates. Seeds resulting from this pre-treatment were germinated for 72 h and some key nutrient and functional parameters were evaluated. Results: The ratio 8/9 and soaking time of 18 hours allowed a maximum reduction of 62 and 66.6% of phytate and 72.83 and 67.48% of tanins in cowpea and red beans, respectively. Protein content of these 72 hours germinated pre-treated seeds decreased very slightly and finally remained at high level of 22.02 and 23.13 g/100 g for cowpea and red bean, while reducing sugar levels increased significantly throughout germination to a maximum of 8.19 and 8.13 mg/100 g. Regarding functional and antioxidant properties, a maximum increase in total polyphenols (49.08 and 68.314 mg/100 g) and total flavonoids (13.75 and 39.67 mg/100 g) was observed after 48 h of germination for cowpea and red beans, respectively. Furthermore, this improvement in phenolic content led to a significant improvement in the free radical scavenging capacity of DPPH of 24.50 and 46.38 %. It should also be noted that the germinated red bean showed better nutritional value than the germinated cowpea. Conclusion: This approach of pre-processing germinated legumes at seed-to-water ratio of 8/9 soaked for 18 hours, providing functional foods with guaranteed nutritional value, appears to be a way to improve local diets

Monitoring of Pesticide Contamnation of Selected Legume Crops Imported in UAE

Food contamination with pesticide residues is a serious concern. In United Arab Emirates, ministry of climate change and environment (MOCCAE) carries out incidence/level monitoring in order to acquire data on the presence and amounts of pesticide residues in particular commodity/chemical combinations. This monitoring aimed to provide the necessary information on quantitative and qualitative pesticide multiresidues in imported legume crops. Sampling plan of 2375 selected legume imported into the UAE has been examined as part of an official surveillance program, these samples include beans, peas, peanuts, lupine and lentils, they were collected from across United Arab Emirates (UAE) ports of entry during 2020 and 2021 by certified staff. These samples were analyzed by modified QuEChERS method for pesticide residue screening based on multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with gas and/or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for monitoring more than 400 pesticides residues in these legume crops. The method used in this study was validated following the European Commission guidelines achieving good recovery values in the range 70–120% with relative standard deviation values lower than 20% and providing limits of quantification of the method in the low mg/kg range, in accordance with the maximum residue limits set by European policies and CODEX. The results showed that the majority (98.8%) of legume crops samples analyzed had compliance with the legislation in force in UAE and 29 samples (1.2%) contained residues above MRLs established by the Codex Committee on pesticide residues as well as by the European Union. This monitoring is a part of a surveillance study for pesticide control in food samples. Based on the results current monitoring program provide a valuable source of information for estimating dietary exposure of UAE consumers to pesticide residues, and to check compliance with the national maximum residue levels in legume samples.

Efecto de los cultivos de cobertura invernales sobre el microbioma del suelo: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Effect of winter cover crops on the soil microbiome: a systematic literature review

Resumen La inclusión de cultivos de cobertura invernales (CCI) en un sistema de siembra directa (SD) en reemplazo del barbecho constituye una alternativa promisoria para mejorar la salud del suelo y contribuir a la sustentabilidad ambiental de los sistemas agrícolas. Esta revisión ofrece un panorama integral de los efectos sobre el microbioma del suelo que tiene la introducción de CCI en rotación con cultivos de verano en sistemas de SD vs. el barbecho desnudo. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura que reporta los efectos de los CCI sobre los parámetros de abundancia, actividad y diversidad microbiana del suelo. Combinando 7 criterios de búsqueda se seleccionaron y analizaron 22 trabajos. El conjunto de resultados de esos trabajos muestra que la actividad enzimática del suelo se ve favorecida con la inclusión de CCI en la rotación, principalmente si estos se componen de leguminosas y mezclas de especies. Más de la mitad de esos trabajos reportan una mayor biomasa microbiana con CCI que con barbecho. Además, se advierte que los efectos de los CCI sobre los parámetros microbianos son independientes de la duración de los ensayos. Sin embargo, aún se necesitan más investigaciones básicas que permitan reducir la heterogeneidad entre estudios y comprender las complejas interacciones que ocurren entre los CCI y el microbioma del suelo.

Abstract The inclusion of winter cover crops (WCC) in no-till (NT) systems in replacement of bare fallow is a promising alternative to improve soil health and consequently, contribute to environmental sustainability of agricultural systems. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of the use of WCC in rotation with summer cash crops under NT systems on the soil microbiome versus bare fallows. A systematic literature search was conducted to evaluate the impact of WCC on microbial parameters indicative of abundance, activity and diversity. Twenty-two papers were selected based on seven combined criteria. The results of this review show that enzyme activities in soil are enhanced with the inclusion of WCC in the rotation, particularly those that include legumes and mix of species. ln general, more than half of the analyzed papers report higher microbial biomass in soils with WCC than in bare fallow. Interestingly, the effects of WCC on microbial parameters are independent of the duration of the experiments. However, more basic research is necessary to reduce the heterogeneity of the studies and to better understand the complexity of the interactions between WCC and the soil microbiome.

Nutritional Composition of Some of the Most Consumed Cereals and Legumes in Nigeria

This study evaluated the nutritional composition of some of the most consumed cereals and legumes in Nigeria. The study is aimed at providing nutritional facts about these grains, which will guide its consumption based on nutritional requirement of individuals. These cereal grains were millet (Pennisetum glaucum), maize – hybrid IART, hybrid Oba super 6, hybrid Oba 98 and Native maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) while legume grains were brown cowpea and black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata), soybean (Glycine max) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). These samples were sourced from different parts of Nigeria and handpicked to remove impurities and damaged seeds. The proximate composition (ash, moisture, carbohydrate, protein, lipid and fibre) and mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe) were determined following standard procedures. The study showed that carbohydrate content ranged from 50.40 – 66.90% and 20.02 – 48.98% for cereals and legumes, respectively, while the protein content ranged thus: 10.36 – 18.38% and 17.50 – 23.19%. Rice and groundnut had the lowest fibre value of 2.64% and 3.84%, while the highest fibre value of 12.24% and 17.80% were obtained for maize hybrid Oba super 6 and brown cowpea, in that order. Ash content of sorghum was low (0.038%) and significantly different from other cereals (millet, maize varieties and rice) that ranged from 1.38 – 1.92% while brown cowpea had high ash content of 4.20% and other legumes ranged from 0.68 – 1.20%. The average moisture and lipid contents of cereals were 12.08% and 5.98%, respectively, while 14.24% and 14.17% were for legume grains. However, among the grains, groundnut’s moisture and lipid content were 23.65% and 28.10%, which was significantly different from other grains. The mineral contents varied among the legumes. Black-eyed pea had high K, Mg and Ca contents when to others while groundnut had the least values for K, Mg, Fe and Zn. Brown cowpea had the highest Na and Fe contents. The study has shown that cereals and legumes have varied nutritional content and high nutritional content that is capable of sustaining the energy requirement of human system.

Leguminosas como causa infrecuente de alergia alimentaria en Colombia: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Legumes as an infrequent cause of food allergy in Colombia: report of two cases and review of the literature

La alergia alimentaria se ha venido incrementando a nivel mundial, afectando alrededor del 1,5 % a 2,5 % de los adultos y 6 % de los niños, y tiene un gran impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores, debido a las dietas de restricción. Los alérgenos más prevalentes son la leche, el huevo, el trigo, la soja, los frutos secos, el maní, el pescado y los mariscos. Las leguminosas mejor estudiadas son el maní y la soja; otras leguminosas como las lentejas, garbanzos y arvejas representan la quinta causa de alergia alimentaria en el área mediterránea, en Turquía y en la India, siendo menos prevalentes en otras áreas geográficas. La alergia a las leguminosas es una entidad infrecuente en Colombia, se desconoce la prevalencia en el país. Describimos los primeros dos casos de anafilaxia por lentejas reportados en el país. Ambos pacientes menores de 18 años, con reacciones adversas tras la ingesta de leguminosas, en las cuales se demuestra alergia mediada por IgE a las lentejas y además sensibilización en el primer caso a las arvejas y garbanzos, y en el segundo caso a los frijoles. Diferentes datos sobre la prevalencia se han descrito en varias áreas geográficas, siendo mayor en países con dietas mediterráneas. Las reacciones mediadas por IgE suelen aparecer incluso con el alimento altamente cocido, debido a la termo-estabilidad de las proteínas. La reactividad cruzada más frecuente se relaciona con los garbanzos y las arvejas

Food allergy has been increasing worldwide. Affects around 1.5% to 2.5% of adults and 6% of children, and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers, due to restricted diets. The most prevalent allergens are milk, egg, wheat, soy, tree nuts, peanuts, fish and shellfish. The best studied legumes are peanuts and soybeans; other legumes such as lentils, chickpeas and peas represent the fifth cause of food allergy in the Mediterranean area, Turkey and India, being less prevalent in other geographical areas. Allergy to legumes is not common in Colombia, the prevalence in the country is unknown. We describe the first two cases of legumes anaphylaxis reported in the country. Both patients were under 18 years of age, with adverse reactions after ingesting legumes, in which IgE-mediated allergy was demonstrated; in the first case to lentils, peas and chickpeas, and in the second case, to lentils and beans. Different data on prevalence have been described in various geographical areas, being higher in countries with Mediterranean diets. IgE-mediated reactions usually appear even with highly cooked food, due to the thermo-stability of proteins. The most frequent cross-reactivity is related to chickpeas and peas

Evaluación fenotípica de semillas de haba (Vicia faba L.) colectadas en Nariño-Colombia / Phenotypic evaluation of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds collected in Nariño-Colombia

RESUMEN El haba es una leguminosa asociada a sistemas campesinos de clima frío. En Colombia, se cultiva, principalmente, en el departamento de Nariño, donde se ha visto reducida el área y el número de materiales sembrados, debido a la disminución en los niveles de rendimiento del cultivo y la agresividad de los problemas fitosanitarios. Este estudio evaluó la diversidad de esta leguminosa, a partir de la forma y color de la semilla, en una colección de 60 accesiones de haba, discriminadas en siete variedades. Mediante el procesamiento de imágenes digitales y medición manual, se determinó la longitud polar (LP), longitud ecuatorial (LE), relación LP/LE, área (AR), grosor (GR) y peso de cien semillas (P100); además, se calcularon los parámetros de color, basados en la escala CIELab (L*, a* y b*). Las variables, se analizaron con estadística descriptiva, correlación de Pearson y el método multivariado de componentes principales (ACP). Los resultados identificaron alta diversidad de fenotipos, caracterizando, cuantitativamente, las siete variedades. Se presentó correlación alta entre las variables LP, LE y AR, igualmente, entre L* y b*. Con el biplot de los resultados de ACP, se ratificó la variabilidad de la colección y posibilitó generar una agrupación preliminar. La investigación, se puede tomar en cuenta como base para el desarrollo de trabajos de conservación y de evaluación agronómica de esta leguminosa.

ABSTRACT Fava bean is a legume associated with cold climate farming systems. In Colombia, it is grown mainly in the department of Nariño, where the area and number of planted materials have been reduced due to the decrease in crop yield levels and the aggressiveness of phytosanitary problems. This study evaluated the diversity of this legume based on seed shape and color in a collection of 60 bean materials divided into seven varieties. Through digital image processing and manual measurement, polar length (LP), equatorial length (LE), LP/LE ratio, area (AR), thickness (GR) and hundred seed weight (P100) were determined, and color parameters based on the CIELab scale (L*, a* and b*) were calculated. The variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and the multivariate principal component method (PCA). The results identified a high diversity of phenotypes, quantitatively characterizing the seven varieties. There was a high correlation between the variables LP, LE and AR, as well as between L* and b*. The biplot of the PCA results confirmed the variability of the collection and made it possible to generate a preliminary grouping. The research can be taken into account as a basis for the development of conservation and agronomic evaluation of this legume.

Consumo de legumbres y su relación con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles / Legume consumption and relationships with chronic noncommunicable diseases

RESUMEN Las legumbres son un alimento de origen vegetal, con gran variedad en el aporte de nutrientes; contienen proteínas, minerales, fibra y antioxidantes. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos PUBMED y SCIELO, que incluyó artículos entre 2013 y 2019, bajo los términos claves "legumbres", "obesidad", "enfermedad cardiovascular" y "síndrome metabólico" y se incluyeron estudios que concluyeron una asociación beneficiosa entre consumo de legumbres y ECNT, síndrome metabólico y riesgo cardiovascular. Entre los resultados destacó que el consumo regular de legumbres aporta beneficios para la salud cardiovascular, el control de glicemia y la liberación de insulina, regulación de presión arterial, entre otros. Como conclusión esta revisión destaca que existen beneficios directos para mejorar la salud cardiometabólica provenientes del consumo regular de legumbres.

ABSTRACT Legumes are natural foods from plants with a high quantity of different nutrients, such as proteins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants. An investigation was conducted in the PUBMED and SCIELO databases, between 2013 and 2019 using the following key words: "legumes/beans", "obesity", "cardiovascular disease", and "metabolic syndrome". Articles identified showed a beneficial association between legume intake and chronic disease, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. An important result was that regular legume intake contributes to cardiovascular health, glycemic control, insulin liberation, and control of the arterial pressure. In conclusion, this review highlighted the direct benefits of regular legume intake and improved metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Efecto del glifosato sobre la microbiota, calidad del suelo y cultivo de frijol biofortificado en el departamento del Cesar, Colombia / Effect of glyphosate on microbiota, soil quality and biofortified bean crop in Codazzi, department of Cesar, Colombia

Resumen Las estrategias en seguridad alimentaria con cultivos de alto contenido nutricionaldeben enmarcarse en prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, orientadas a la conservación del suelo, elalto rendimiento y la inocuidad. Esta última característica implica la producción de alimentos sintrazas detectables de agroquímicos, los que podrían amenazar la salud del consumidor. Se des-arrolló un estudio con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del herbicida glifosato sobre la fertilidadquímica y microbiológica del suelo, así como su residualidad en la semilla de frijol biofortificadocultivado en el departamento de Cesar, Colombia. La metodología comprendió un análisis corre-lacional de indicadores de calidad de suelo, rendimiento del cultivo y residualidad en los granos.Los tratamientos evaluados incluyeron la aplicación o no de glifosato, el uso de coberturas sin-téticas (mulch) o naturales, frente al control manual de las malezas. Se hallaron diferenciasde rendimiento y de la respuesta de los indicadores químicos y microbiológicos en función deltratamiento y las condiciones iniciales de la rizósfera de frijol. La aplicación del herbicida glifo-sato en suelo sin mulch generó una disminución del 29% en el rendimiento, asociada a la mayorprevalencia de plagas y enfermedades fúngicas. En ninguno de los tratamientos con aplicaciónde glifosato se observó residualidad de este herbicida en semillas, pero sí de otras moléculasderivadas de insecticidas usados en el sistema local de producción. De este estudio se concluyóque en lotes de frijol biofortificado con alta presión de la maleza Cyperus rotundus (coquito), se recomienda el uso del herbicida glifosato acompañado de mulch como alternativa para mantener la productividad en el tiempo. Esto constituye un sistema de protección frente al efectonegativo del herbicida sobre ambos, el sistema radical de la planta y la microbiota del suelo.© 2019 Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologıa. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Este es un artıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract Strategies aimed at achieving food safety in crops of high nutritional value shouldbe carried out through sustainable agricultural practices aimed at soil conservation, high yieldand food safety. This latter characteristic implies food production without detectable tracesof agrochemicals that threaten health. The objective of this study was to assess the effect ofthe herbicide glyphosate on the chemical and biological fertility of the soil and to determineits residual activity on biofortified bean seeds in Codazzi, Department of Cesar, Colombia. Themethod included a correlational analysis of soil quality, crop yield and residuality in bean grains.The treatments included glyphosate application and synthetic and natural mulches, comparedto manual control. The results showed differences in the response of chemical, microbiologicaland yield indicators between treatments and the initial conditions of the bean rhizosphere. Theuse of the herbicide glyphosate in mulch-free soil generates yield losses of 29% associated witha higher incidence of pests and fungal diseases; in all treatments, no glyphosate residualitywas detected in seeds; however, residuality was detected in other molecules derived frominsecticides associated with the local production system. In conclusion, in plots with high weedpressure by Cyperus rotundus, the use of mulch is recommended as an alternative to maintainbean productivity over time; by offering protection against the effect of the herbicide on boththe root system of the plant and the soil microbiota of the biofortified bean crop.© 2019 Asociaci´on Argentina de Microbiolog´ıa. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is anopen access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Germination of Crotalaria and Lupinus (Fabaceae) seeds submitted to different pre-germination treatments and their effect on enzymatic activity during early germination / Germinação de sementes de Crotalaria e Lupinus (Fabaceae) submetidas a diferentes tratamentos pré-germinativos e o efeito da atividade enzimática na fase inicial da germinação

Abstract Most of the wild and native legume seeds has a hard and impermeable testa, which causes physical dormancy and prevents them from germinating even when environmental conditions are favorable. The study evaluated the effect of scarification treatments on germination and enzymatic activity of Crotalaria longirostrata (Cl) and Lupinus exaltatus (Le) seeds. After scarification treatments, germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) were assessed during 30 days after seeding (DAS); and water absorption (WA) and specific enzymatic activity (SEA) during early germination (0, 6, 18, 36, 72, 120 h) in a growing chamber at 25 °C and photoperiod of 12 h. Scarification with 98% H2SO4 15 min increased GP and GR in both species. At 30 DAS, GP and GR of Le seeds were 34% and 0.97 seeds day-1, respectively. In Cl seeds, GP was 64% and GR 0.90 seeds day-1. Scarification with H2O at 80 °C 1 min also promoted germination in Cl (52%). At 120 h after seeding, Le and Cl seeds showed already a high GP with acid scarification (31% and 48%, respectively). In seeds of both species, scarification treatments affected WA and SEA during early germination. During this period, scarification treatments that increased GP also showed a higher α-D-galactosidase activity. The maximum enzyme activity was observed 72 h after hot water scarification in Cl (82.6 U/mg total protein), followed by acid scarification (54.5 U/mg total protein). In Le, the activity peak was 36 h after acid scarification (9.5 U/mg total protein). No relationship was observed between β-glucosidase activity and GP in both species. In conclusion, during early germination of both species, the increase in GP is accompanied by a rise in α-D-galactosidase activity between 36 and 72 h after seeding; and in Cl seeds, an alternative scarification treatment to increase GP may be the use of hot water.

Resumo A maioria das sementes de leguminosas nativas e selvagens têm um tegumento rígido e impermeável, ​​o que causa dormência física e impede a germinação, mesmo se as condições ambientais forem favoráveis. O estudo avaliou o efeito de tratamentos de escarificação sobre a germinação e a atividade enzimática de sementes de Crotalaria longirostrata (Cl) e Lupinus exaltatus (Le). Após os tratamentos de escarificação, a percentagem (PG) e a velocidade de germinação (VG) foram avaliadas durante 30 dias após a semeadura (DAS); absorção de água (AA) e atividade enzimática específica (AEE) na fase inicial da germinação (0, 6, 18, 36, 72 e 120 h) em uma câmara de crescimento a 25 °C e fotoperíodo de 12 h. A escarificação com 98% de H2SO4, durante 15 min aumentou PG e VG nas duas espécies. Aos 30 DDS, PG e VG de sementes de Le foram de 34% e 0,97 sementes dia -1, respectivamente. Em sementes de Cl, PG foi de 64% e VG 0,90 sementes dias-1. A escarificação com H2O a 80 °C 1 min também promoveu a germinação em Cl (52%). A 120 h após a semeadura, as sementes de Cl e Le já tinha atingido uma alta PG com escarificação ácida (31% e 48%, respectivamente). Nas sementes das duas espécies, os tratamentos de escarificação afetaram a AEE e a AA nafase inicial da germinação. Durante este período, os tratamentos de escarificação que aumentaram PG, também mostraram a atividade mais elevada de α-D-galactosidase. A atividade enzimática máxima foi observada 72 h após o tratamento com água quente em Cl (82,6 U/mg de proteína total), seguido por escarificação ácida (54,5 U/mg de proteína total). Em Le, o pico de atividade foi de 36 h após a aplicação do tratamento ácido (9,5 U/mg de proteína total). Em contraste, não foi observado nenhuma relação entre a actividade β-glicosidase e PG. Em conclusão, durante a germinação precoce das duas espécies, o aumento da GP é acompanhado por um aumento da atividade da α-D-galactosidase entre 36 e 72 h após a semeadura; e em sementes de Cl, um tratamento de escarificação alternativo para aumentar GP pode ser o uso de água quente.

Scientific literature on Inga (Fabaceae) from Santa Catarina state, Southern Brazil (1983-2017)

The genus Inga Mill. belongs to the mimosoid clade (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) that includes 131 species in Brazil. It is the most important genus of Fabaceae. In this sense, this study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis on Inga from Santa Catarina state. A survey of the published literature was conducted using the electronic databases of the Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo with the accepted names of Inga species and its synonyms. Papers were distributed in four subject categories: C1 (Ecological), C2 (morphology, anatomy, taxonomy, histology, physiology and genetics), C3 (production and use) and C4 (biochemical and nutritional properties). We registered 232 papers for 13 species of Inga. C1 was the most studied subject category, mainly in topics such as nutrient supply, shade and nitrogen fixing capacity. We also noticed that the subjects diversified over the years, with registered papers in all categories. Inga edulis, I. vera and I. marginata were the most registered species in our survey. Our results showed an increase in the number of articles on Inga over time, especially in the last 13 years. However, some important gaps need to be addressed, such as the relatively small number and/or lack of studies conducted for some species.

El género Inga Mill. pertenece al clado mimosoide (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) con 131 especies en Brasil. Es el género más importante de las Fabáceas. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de Inga en el Estado de Santa Catarina. Se condujo un estudio de la literatura publicada utilizando las bases de datos electrónicas de la Web of Science, Scopus y SciELO con los nombres aceptados de las especies Inga y sus sinónimos. Los trabajos se distribuyeron en cuatro categorías temáticas: C1 (ecológico), C2 (morfología, anatomía, taxonomía, histología, fisiología y genética), C3 (producción y uso) y C4 (propiedades bioquímicas y nutricionales). Se registraron 232 trabajos para 13 especies de Inga, donde se exhibió un notable incremento de publicaciones. C1 fue la categoría temática más estudiada, principalmente en temas tales como: suministro de nutrientes, sombra y capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno. Inga edulis, I. vera e I. marginata fueron las especies más registradas en nuestro estudio. Nuestros resultados mostraron un aumento en el número de artículos sobre Inga con el tiempo, especialmente en los últimos 13 años. Sin embargo, es necesario abordar algunos vacíos importantes como el número relativamente pequeño y/o la falta de estudios realizados para algunas especies.

Consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres en universitarios chilenos / Consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes among Chilean university students

RESUMEN Recomendaciones internacionales indican que se deben consumir diariamente 400 g/día o su equivalente a 5 porciones de frutas, verduras o legumbres. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia de consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal. Fueron evaluados estudiantes universitarios (n= 1454) del norte, centro y sur de Chile. Ellos completaron una encuesta alimentaria que se utiliza para determinar hábitos alimentarios saludables (frutas, verduras y legumbres). El 78% era de sexo femenino. Al analizar la frecuencia de consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres según universidad, sólo frutas y verduras mostraron de diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p< 0,01). El 70% de los estudiantes no cumple con la recomendación de consumo de frutas; 72% con la de verduras y 77% con la de legumbres. En mujeres, un 6,3% del total de la muestra cumple con la recomendación de frutas y en hombres el valor alcanza al 8,4%; en verduras se observa que la recomendación alcanza al 29,5% en mujeres y 21,3% en hombres, y en legumbres, es 2,4% en mujeres y 5% en hombres. Se observa un bajo consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres en universitarios muy lejos de las recomendaciones internaciones.

ABSTRACT International recommendations indicate that 400 g/ day or its equivalent to 5 servings of fruits, vegetables or legumes should be consumed daily. Our aim was to determine patterns of consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes among Chilean university students. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study. University students (n= 1454) from the north, center and south of Chile were evaluated. A self-assessment survey was used to evaluate healthy eating habits (fruits, vegetables and legumes). Seventy-eight percent of participants were women. When analyzing the consumption frequency of fruits, vegetables and legumes according to different universities, only fruits and vegetables showed a statistically significant difference (p< 0.01). Seventy percent of students do not meet recommended amounts for fruit consumption; 72% for vegetables and 77% for legumes. Among women, 6.3% of the total sample met the recommendation for fruit, while, for men, the value was 8.4%; for vegetables, we observed that 29.5 and 21.3% of women and men, respectively, met the recommendation; for legumes, 2.4% of women and 5% of men met the recommendation. There was a low consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes among university students, with levels far from the international recommendations.

Leveraging barrel medic genome sequence for the development and use of genomic resources for genetic analysis and breeding in legumes

BACKGROUND: A total of 62,591 cowpea expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were BLAST aligned to the whole-genome sequence of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) to develop conserved intron scanning primers (CISPs). The efficacy of the primers was tested across 10 different legumes and on different varieties of cowpea, chickpea, and pigeon pea. Genetic diversity was assessed using the same primers on different cowpea genotypes. Singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, which were later converted to length polymorphism markers for easy genotyping. CISPs developed in this study were used in tagging resistance to bacterial leaf blight disease in cowpea. RESULTS: A total of 1262 CISPs were designed. The single-copy amplification success rates using these primers on 10 different legumes and on different varieties of cowpea, chickpea, and pigeon pea were approximately 60% in most of the legumes except soybean (47%) and peanut (37%). Genetic diversity analysis of 35 cowpea genotypes using 179 CISPs revealed 123 polymorphic markers with PIC values ranging from 0.05 to 0.59. Potential SNPs identified in cowpea, chickpea, and pigeon pea were converted to PCR primers of various sizes for easy genotyping. Using the markers developed in this study, a genetic linkage map was constructed with 11 linkage groups in cowpea. QTL mapping with 194 F3 progeny families derived from the cross C-152 × V-16 resulted in the identification of three QTLs for resistance to bacterial leaf blight disease. Conclusions: CISPs were proved to be efficient markers to identify various other marker classes like SNPs through comparative genomic studies in lesser studied crops and to aid in systematic sampling of the entire genome for well-distributed markers at low cost

Fabaceae medicinal flora with therapeutic potential in Savanna areas in the Chapada do Araripe, Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Fabaceae is one of the largest families of ethnopharmacological importance. From this botanical group, important chemical constituents that act in the treatment and/or healing of various bodily systems arise. The objective of this study was to evaluate the most versatile Fabaceae species and the agreement of use among the informants, in the Chapada do Araripe Savanna. The research included five rural communities located in the municipalities of Nova Olinda, Crato, Barbalha, Moreilândia and Exu, covering the states of Ceará and Pernambuco. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 126 informants, adopting the snowball technique and using a standardized form. The relative importance and the Informant Consensus Factor were analyzed for the selection of species with therapeutic potential. Twenty-six medicinal species, distributed across 22 genera, were associated with seventy therapeutic purposes. As for the habitat of the species, the arboreal habitat predominated (76.92%). In relation to the plant parts, the bark (28.57%) and stem inner bark (26.53%) were the most used structures. Among the species, four showed great versatility in relation to their uses, with relative importance (RI>1), these being: Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (1.70), Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart. (1.52), Bowdichia virgiloides Kunth (1.10) and Amburana cearenses (Allemand) A. C. Sm. (1.02). These species had eight to thirty curative properties and ranged from five to twelve body systems. The therapeutic indications cited were grouped into sixteen categories of body systems, of which Sensory System Disorders and Mental and Behavioral Diseases presented maximum values for the Informant Consensus Factor. For the Sexual Impotence category there was no agreement, whereas for the remaining systems the Informant Consensus Factor ranged from 0.33 to 0.91. The study evidences that the information of use and/or knowledge are shared among the people within the community, proving the great importance of Fabaceae in the use of medicinal plants.

The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens / O efeito da fonte de água e suplementação de solo na contaminação parasitária em hortas orgânicas

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with vegetable contamination with zoonotic protozoan. Samples of water, soil and vegetables were collected from July/2014 to May/2016, totaling 83 samples, 21 properties of Londrina region, Paraná, Brazil. DNA amplification of Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in the samples was conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR results were positive for T. gondii in 12.9% (8/62), Cryptosporidium spp. in 11.3% (7/62) and G. intestinalis in 25.8% (16/62) of the samples. DNA sequencing identified C. parvum in five samples and G. intestinalis Assemblage E in three. The statistical associations demonstrated greater probability of positive samples for T. gondii and for at least one of the three protozoa when the source of irrigation water was the river; a greater chance of positive samples for Cryptosporidium spp. when deer were present on the property; and a smaller chance of positive samples for at least one of the three etiologic agents when soil was supplemented with limestone. The results expose some critical contamination points, providing support for training farmers on good management practices during the production process.

Resumo O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os fatores associados à contaminação de vegetais por protozoários zoonóticos. Amostras de água, solo e vegetais foram coletadas de julho/2014 a maio/2016, totalizando 83 amostras de 21 propriedades da região de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. A amplificação de fragmentos de DNA de T. gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia intestinalis foi realizada por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Os resultados da PCR foram positivos para T. gondii em 12,9% (8/62), Cryptosporidium spp. em 11,3% (7/62) e G. intestinalis. em 25,8% (16/62) das amostras. O sequenciamento de DNA identificou C. parvum em cinco amostras e G. intestinalis, Assemblage E em três amostras. As associações estatísticas evidenciaram maior probabilidade de amostras serem positivas para T. gondii ou para pelo menos um dos três protozoários quando a fonte de água de irrigação era o rio; uma maior chance de amostras positivas para Cryptosporidium spp. quando havia cervos na propriedade; e uma menor chance das amostras serem positivas para pelo menos um dos três agentes etiológicos quando o solo era suplementado com calcário. Os resultados expõem alguns pontos críticos de contaminação, fornecendo suporte para capacitar os agricultores em boas práticas de gestão durante o processo de produção.

Reevaluating nutrition as a risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases

Introduction: The consumption of saturated fats is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Objective: Review published papers on the role of macro-nutrient intake in cardiovascular risk. Results: Recent reports from the PURE study and several previous meta-analyses, show that the consumption of total saturated and unsaturated fat is not associated with risk of acute myocardial infarction or mortality due to cardiovascular disease. High carbohydrate intake was associated with the highest risk of total and cardiovascular mortality, while total fat consumption or of its different types was associated with a lower risk of mortality. A high consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes was associated with lower risk of total mortality and non-cardiovascular mortality. The consumption of 100 g of legumes, two or three times a week, ameliorated deficiencies of the nutrients contained in these foods and was associated with a reduction in the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. Conclusion: A healthy diet should be balanced and varied, be composed of a proportion of complex carbohydrates rich in fibber between 50-55% of the daily energy consumed, of saturated and unsaturated fat (25-30%), animal and vegetable protein (including legumes) between 15-25%, vitamins, minerals and water. These nutrients are abundantly present in fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, milk and its derivatives, eggs and meats, so public policies should promote the availability and access to these nutrients within primary prevention programs to reduce the growing prevalence of cardio-metabolic diseases.

Introducción: El consumo de grasas saturadas es considerado como un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Revisar trabajos publicados sobre el papel de la ingesta de macro-nutrientes en el riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: Varios meta-análisis y reportes del estudio PURE demuestran que el consumo de grasa total, saturada e insaturada, no se asoció con riesgo de infarto agudo de miocardio o mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular. La alta ingesta de carbohidratos fue la que se asoció con mayor riesgo de mortalidad total y cardiovascular, mientras que el consumo de grasa total o de sus diferentes tipos se asoció con menor mortalidad. Un alto consumo de frutas, vegetales y legumbres se asoció con menor riesgo de mortalidad total y mortalidad no cardiovascular. El consumo de 100 g de leguminosas, dos o tres veces por semana contribuyó a mejorar las deficiencias de nutrientes contenidos en estos alimentos y está asociado con una disminución del riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Conclusión: Una dieta saludable debe ser equilibrada y variada, estar compuesta con una proporción de carbohidratos complejos ricos en fibra entre 50-55 % de la energía diaria consumida, de grasa saturada e insaturada (25-30 %), proteína animal y vegetal (incluidas las leguminosas) entre 15-25 %, vitaminas, minerales y agua. Estos nutrientes están abundantemente presentes en frutas, vegetales, cereales, leguminosas, leche y sus derivados, huevos y carnes, por lo que las políticas públicas deben promover la disponibilidad y acceso a estos nutrientes dentro de los programas de prevención primaria para disminuir la creciente prevalencia de enfermedades cardio-metabólicas.

Documentation, Ethno-botanical and Ethno-medicinal Survey of Wild Leguminous Plants from Some Areas of District Rajouri, J&K State, India

Aim: To explore and collect data about ethno-botanical and ethno-medicinal uses of wild leguminous plants, growing in three tehsils of district Rajouri. Study Design: Data about the various wild leguminous plants growing in the study area was gathered from the local people with the help of a self designed questionnaire. Place and Duration of Study: Three tehsils (Nowshera, Sunderbani and Rajouri) of district Rajouri were visited for complete 2 year i.e. March 2012 to March 2014. Methodology: Periodic field trips were conducted in rural and mountainous areas of the study area. During these trips, personal interviews were conducted with locals of the study area. These included the nomads (Gujjars and Bakkarwals), livestock rears, elderly community members, traditional healers and practitioners. These people were specifically interviewed for the traditional knowledge about legumes. Results: A total of 51 species of family Fabaceae were collected from the study areas. These species cover an altitudinal gradient of 426-1015 masl and are known by different local names. Out of the 51enlisted legume species, only 43 were found to carry immense ethno-botanical and ethno-medicinal importance. Conclusion: Legumes are of huge importance to human beings. The plants species enlisted and studied in the present communication represent low priced and regionally available quality nutrition for the local people. Detailed work is needed on the same aspect that will further enhance our understanding about the medicinal and nutritional values of ethno-botanically and ethno-medicinally important plant species of the family Fabaceae.

Beneficios Nutricionales, Agroecológicos y Comerciales de las Legumbres / Nutritional, Agro-ecological and Commercial Benefits of Legumes

RESUMEN Las legumbres juegan un rol fundamental en la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (SAN) de millones de personas en todo el mundo. Se estima que alrededor de 50 millones de agricultores familiares las producen, consumen y comercializan (a baja escala) de forma tradicional. La Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, en su 68° sesión en 2013, reconoció su importancia al declarar 2016 como el Año Internacional de las Legumbres (AIL2016). La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) fue designada para llevar a cabo las actividades de promoción del Año, en colaboración con gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, academia y otros actores relevantes interesados. El Año tiene como objetivo aumentar la conciencia pública sobre los beneficios nutricionales y para la salud que tienen las legumbres como parte de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles dirigidos a mejorar la SAN; revalorizar su aporte de proteínas; promover su producción global; resaltar sus cualidades para mejorar la rotación de cultivos y adaptación al cambio climático; y dar respuesta a los retos para su comercialización.

ABSTRACT Legumes play a key role in food and nutritional security (FNS) for millions of people around the world, with an estimated 50 million family farmers producing, consuming and marketing (low-scale) legumes in a traditional way. At its 68th session in 2013, the General Assembly of the United Nations declared 2016 as the International Year of Legumes. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was designated to facilitate the implementation of the legume year in collaboration with governments, non-governmental organizations, academia and other stakeholders. The purpose of the year of the legume was to increase public awareness of the nutritional and health benefits that legumes have, as part of a sustainable food systems, focused on improving FNS; revaluing legume-based proteins; promoting global production; highlighting its quality to encourage better crop rotation and adaptation to climate change; and responding to the markets challenges.

Consumo de legumbres en Chile. Perspectivas y desafíos / Legume consumption in Chile: Perspectives and challenges

RESUMEN La promoción de la alimentación saludable ha sido uno de los pilares en la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, las que impactan en el aumento de los costos en salud. Es necesario impulsar estilos vida saludable, con medidas estructurales que permitan y faciliten las decisiones más saludables. El consumo de legumbres al menos dos veces a la semana, es promovido a través de las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABAs); a pesar de esta recomendación, la tendencia en nuestro país es a disminuir su consumo (tanto el consumo aparente como directo). Para comprender esta práctica es conveniente revisar los elementos que la conforman, entendiendo que la relación entre éstos da lugar a un modo particular de valorar, preparar y comer o no legumbres. Entre las medidas estructurales llevadas a cabo para aumentar el consumo de legumbres en nuestra población, se encuentra su incorporación como ingrediente de algunos de los productos de los Programas Alimentarios, sin embargo, esta medida es insuficiente por si sola para alcanzar la meta planteada en las GABAs. Es necesario implementar estrategias de índole comunicacional para favorecer su valoración social, y difundir innovadoras formas de preparación. Esto debería ir acompañado de medidas de producción agrícola que aumenten su oferta y mejoren su calidad por ejemplo, aumentando la diversidad de especies disponibles. Se requiere un enfoque sistémico, en el cual aspectos estructurales han de encontrar asidero en rutinas cotidianas.

ABSTRACT The promotion of healthy eating has been one of the pillars in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, which impact health costs. It is necessary to promote healthy lifestyles with structural measures that allow for and facilitate healthier decisions. The consumption of legumes at least twice a week is promoted through dietary guidelines. Despite recommendations, trends in Chile indicate decreased consumption. To understand this practice it is useful to review the elements related to consumption, understanding that the relationship between elements gives rise to a particular way of valuing, preparing and eating legumes. One structural measure to increase the consumption of legumes in our population has been their incorporation as an ingredient in some of the products in food programs. This measure, however, is insufficient by itself to reach the goal set in the dietary guidelines. It is necessary to implement strategies of a communicational nature to promote their social value and to disseminate innovative ways of preparation. This could be accompanied by measures of agricultural production that increase supply and improve quality by increasing the diversity of species available for example. A systemic approach is required, in which structural aspects have to find support in daily routines.

Situación de las legumbres en Chile: Una mirada agronómica / The status of legumes in Chile: an agronomic view

RESUMEN Las legumbres juegan un rol fundamental en la agricultura moderna; su inclusión en los sistemas agrícolas permite hacer un uso más sostenible de los recursos, ya que mejoran la fertilidad de los suelos, reducen la dependencia a los fertilizantes químicos al fijar el nitrógeno del aire, favorecen la rotación de cultivos tradicionales, principalmente cereales, y mejoran el tenor proteico de los cultivos que le suceden en la rotación. En este artículo se entregan aspectos relacionados con la situación agrícola actual de las legumbres en Chile, con datos estadísticos en cuanto a la evolución de la superficie sembrada, rendimiento, importaciones y requerimiento interno. A su vez, se dan a conocer las principales ventajas agronómicas de este grupo de cultivos y los problemas de manejo más importantes que han llevado, a este rubro, a tener la situación actual de desmedro en términos de producción en el país. Finalmente, se presentan una serie de desafíos factibles de llevar a cabo y que podrían revitalizar a este grupo de cultivos tan importantes desde un punto de vista ambiental como alimenticio.

ABSTRACT Legumes play a fundamental role in modern agriculture; their inclusion in the farming system allows a sustainable use of resources. This is due to the fact that legumes improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus reducing the need for chemical fertilizer. Likewise, they improve crop rotation, mainly in cereal crops, increasing the protein content of successive crops. In this article, we describe aspects of the current legume situation in Chile with statistical data relative to the trends of sowing area, yield, imports and internal demand. This article also presents the agronomical advantages of using legumes and the main problems associated with crop management that has deteriorated production in this country. Finally, we present possible solutions to reinvigorate production of this crop, which is important from both an environmental and nutrition perspective.

Una mirada actualizada de los beneficios fisiológicos derivados del consumo de legumbres / Revisiting the physiological benefits of legume consumption

RESUMEN Las legumbres han sido históricamente consideradas una apetecible fuente de proteínas y fibra. En estos tiempos caracterizados por una tendencia epidemiológica al sobrepeso y a la obesidad, corregir hábitos poco saludables es prioritario. La incorporación de legumbres al menú cotidiano como sustituto de carnes podría significar, a mediano y largo plazo, aminorar la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no-transmisibles. Este trabajo ofrece una mirada actualizada de algunos constituyentes claves presentes en las semillas de legumbres frecuentemente consumidas por la población chilena: porotos (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lentejas (Lens culinaris L.); garbanzos (Cicer arietinum L.) y arvejas (Pisum sativum L.). Con una perspectiva realista, se expone el efecto del remojo y la cocción, ambos procesos simples utilizados frecuentemente en su preparación. Además, se ha considerado la digestión y fermentación como procesos claves en la liberación de compuestos bioactivos y su interacción con la microbiota residente en la porción distal del tracto gastrointestinal. Finalmente, estudios epidemiológicos en conjunto con datos experimentales permiten obtener una idea de los mecanismos que subyacen al impacto nutricional que tiene el consumo habitual de legumbres.

ABSTRACT Legumes have historically been considered a good source of proteins and fiber. Currently, there is an undeniable epidemiologic trend towards overweight and obesity; therefore, it is a priority to correct unhealthy habits. The incorporation of legumes to the daily menu, perhaps as a replacement for meat, could lead, in the short- or longterm, to a slowing in the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases. This work offers an updated perspective to some key constituents present in the legumes frequently consumed in the Chilean diet: beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lentils (Lens culinaris L.), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and green peas (Pisum sativum L.). The effects of soaking and cooking, both simple processes widely used during its home preparation, along with digestion and fermentation, are crucial in the release of bioactive compounds at the distal portion of gastrointestinal tract, which determines its interaction with resident microbiota. In conclusion, epidemiological studies together with experimental data offer an integral view of subjacent mechanisms of nutritional impact by regular consumption of legumes.