ABSTRACT
A recently licensed opioid, Abstral<SUP>®</SUP>, a rapid-acting sublingual tablet of fentanyl, is different from other opioids in its complicated usage. The points to consider are; a careful titration grounded on the assessment whether the increase of base or rescue is appropriate, setting up the tentative upper limit suitable for the baseline opioid, the differentiation of the concept between the rescue dose and the additional dose, instruction to the medical stuff as well as patients and family and cost benefit balance. Taking account of these points, we recommend introducing Abstral<SUP>®</SUP> in our hospital to patients who have difficulty in swallowing or other gastrointestinal function only in the wards. The palliative care team, the department of pharmacy and the division of nursing collaborated to let the medical stuff know these concerns and introduced a license system in which only those doctors who receive an intensive course on the use of Abstral<SUP>®</SUP> can prescribe it. At the same time, we gave a lecture for the nurses and other medical stuff repeatedly (ten times) so as to include as many as possible. A monitoring system of Abstral<SUP>®</SUP> prescription is also established in our hospital.
ABSTRACT
1) The historical development to date of the systems of medical education and medical licensure were reviewed, and the quantitative and qualitative evolution of medical schools was divided into 7 stages.2) In the early Meiji era, persons who had already practiced medicine could apply to receive a medical license. Until the Taisho era, medical licenses were granted either to graduates of medical universities and relevant special schools or to those who passed the national examination. Thus, the criteria for medical license were not uniform during this period.3) Before the end of World War II, medical schools aimed to improve the quality of medical education so that their graduates could receive medical licenses without taking the national examination and to raise their status to the level of universities. However, because the types of medical schools during this period varied and included imperial universities, colleges, and specialty schools, the quality of medical education also varied.4) After World War II, the introduction of the state examination for the license to practice medicine and a new university system standardized medical education to guarantee its quality.5) The quantitative expansion of the medical education occurred mainly in the 12 years after 1919, in the 7 years after 1939 and during the war, and in the 10 years after 1970, and, except for the years of violent change before 1887, the number of medical schools has otherwise remained stable.
ABSTRACT
SEIRIN Cooperation has been exporting disposable acupuncture needles for more than 20 years to European countries, mainly to Germany. Our products are being used in many European countries today. In November 2007, we established a representative office in Munich, Germany, for market research purposes.<BR>Acupuncture treatment has been performed in Germany by medical doctors or "Heilpraktiker"since the early 1970 and is accepted as general medical treatment among many medical doctors and patients. "Heilpraktiker"is a non-medical person, who is allowed to treat patients with traditional and so called natural methods like herbal medicine, acupuncture, chiropractic, homeopathy and many more, after passing a national exam in Germany. As "Heilpraktiker"has long been a widely accepted profession in Germany, this may be one of the reasons for the good acceptance of acupuncture. <BR>The acupuncture societies are active in both research and clinical practice. One example is the German studies conducted from 2000 until 2006. The purpose of these studies was to scientifically prove the effects of acupuncture and to judge weather the national health insurance should cover the costs for acupuncture treatment. For these studies, 40,000 patients were participated. <BR>This report includes information that we obtained through our activities since we established our representative office. We introduce the German medical insurance system for acupuncture treatment, the major German acupuncture associations and the German license system.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To lower the price of patent medicine effectively and to increase the access to medicine when public health crises occur. METHODS: Based on the real situation in China, reasons for the inapplicability of compulsory license system for medicine patents were analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Chinese government should avoid bulwark of patent and try to explore effective ways to improve the macroscopic policy environment and encourage enterprises to boost up their own strength.