ABSTRACT
Panax notoginseng, is one of conventional Chinese crude medicine with the pharmacological function of anti-inflammation, hemostasis, anti-aging, anti-tumor, etc. The active constituent is recognized as saponins. To date, more than 70 dammarane-type triterpenoids have been obtained from P. notoginseng. Since saponins can be obtained from the different parts of P. notoginseng, according to the different parts, this review summarizes the different saponins. Moreover, saponins are almost obtained from the roots of P. notoginseng, and liquid-solid isolation and liquid-liquid isolation are the main technologies for obtaining saponins. So by the different technologies, we summarize the saponins obtained from the roots of P. notoginseng and their pharmacological activities to provide the valuable reference for researching and developing P. notoginseng.
ABSTRACT
Biological nitrification is the most commonly used process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. Nitrification is carried out in two steps. First ammonia is converted to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria. In the second step nitrite oxidizing bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate. The study involves the effect of nutrients (both organic and inorganic components) on biological nitrification and the optimum concentrations of di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sucrose and ferric chloride were observed over ammonium ion removal. The effect of dissolved oxygen also was studied and maximum percentage removal of ammonium ion was found to be 89.2%.