Relative validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary fatty acid intake / Validación relativa de un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos para evaluar la ingesta dietaria de ácido graso

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing consumption of fatty acids among pregnant women. METHODS: Two lists of foods were created according to percent contribution of each nutrient estimated by three 24-hour recalls: a long and short version FFQ to estimate long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs). Student paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to verify the differences in mean consumption of nutrients from the FFQ and 24-hour recall. The concordance between the consumption values of the two methods was assessed using the Bland-Altman method and quartiles concordance. RESULTS: For the FFQ - long version, correlation values ranged from 0.33 (<0.05) to 0.62 (<0.01) for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were not correlated. Exact concordance ranged from 49.0% (energy) to 22.4% (EPA), and discordance ranged from 14.3% (DPA) to 2.0% (Saturated). The FFQ - short version had high correlations for LCPUFAs. Exact concordance ranged from 36.7% (n-3 LCPUFA) to 16.3% (DHA); and discordance from 12.2% (DPA) to 2.0% (arachidonic acid). Bland-Altman analysis showed good concordance for both versions. CONCLUSION: This nutrient-specific FFQ is a valid instrument to be used to estimate the level of consumption of fatty acids among pregnant women.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y validar un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para evaluar el consumo de ácidos grasos en gestantes. MÉTODOS: Dos listas de alimentos fueron creadas de acuerdo con la contribución porcentual de cada nutriente estimado por 3 recordatorios de 24 horas: CFC - versión larga y CFC - versión corta para estimar ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPICL). La prueba de t pareada de Student y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se utilizaron para verificar las diferencias entre el consumo medio de nutrientes de del CFC y el recordatorio de 24 horas. La concordancia entre los valores de consumo de los dos métodos se evaluó mediante el método de Bland-Altman y la concordancia de cuartiles. RESULTADOS: En CFC - versión larga, los valores de correlación oscilaron entre 0.33 (<0.05) y 0.62 (<0.01) para ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y ácido linoleico (LA), respectivamente. Ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosapentaenoico (DPA) no presentaron correlación. La concordancia exacta varió de 49,0% (energía) a 22,4% (EPA), y la discordancia varió de 14,3% (DPA) a 2,0% (saturado). CFC: la versión corta mostró los mejores valores de correlaciones para los AGPICL. La concordancia exacta varió de 36,7 (n-3 LCPUFA) a 16,3% (DHA); y discordancia de 12,2% (DPA) a 2,0% (ácido araquidónico). El análisis de Bland-Altman mostró una buena concordancia para ambas versiones. CONCLUSIÓN: Este método CFC específico de nutrientes es un instrumento válido que se utiliza para estimar el nivel de consumo de ácidos grasos en mujeres gestantes.

Health impact of air pollutants and nutritional solutions to reducenegative consequences / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

@#Air pollution, including particulate matter and gases has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, particularly in urban areas. More than 80% of world population lives in environment those exceed the air quality guideline established by World Health Organization. Air pollution is a very complex mixture and its potential to cause harm can depend on multiple factors including physical and chemical characteristic of pollutants. It has been hypothesized that the intake of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients may improve various respiratory and cardiovascular effects of air pollution through reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation. Several studies have suggested that essential micronutrients including B vitamins and Vitamin C, E and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids has potentials to modify oxidative and inflammatory stress. Here, we review literature related to air pollution and its health impact and how essential micronutrients can worsen its negative effect.

Clinical Trials for Preterm Infants' Neurodevelopment to the Norm: Erythropoietin and Nutritional Interventions

Although the incidence of severe intraventicular hemorrhage and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants has significantly decreased, approximately 10–15% of preterm survivors demonstrate cerebral palsy and 50–80% of extremely preterm infants demonstrate mild-to-severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Compared to term infants, preterm infants show a higher incidence of brain damage secondary to hypoxic injury, inflammation, and malnutrition. Clinical trials have evaluated outcomes following early administration of high dose erythropoietin and nutritional interventions including early aggressive nutrition, human breast milk, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation to prevent preterm infants' neurodevelopmental impairment and improve neurodevelopmental outcome. Further studies are warranted to investigate the safety, optimal dose, timing, duration with respect to erythropoietin and nutritional interventions, and the optimization of a target population of preterm infants suited for interventions.

Beneficios de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga n-3 en la enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico / Benefits of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

La enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) se asocia comúnmente con las características clínicas del síndrome metabólico como la obesidad, resistencia a la insulina y dislipidemia. La importancia clínica se debe a su elevada prevalencia (30% de la población general) y su amplio espectro de daño histológico que va desde la esteatosis simple generalmente no progresiva, a la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, que puede conducir a cirrosis, carcinoma hepatocelular, e insuficiencia hepática. En la actualidad, se han caracterizado diferentes factores que conllevan a esta enfermedad hepática, destacándose principalmente el alto contenido de ácidos grasos libres y la resistencia a insulina. El exceso de ácidos grasos libres puede desencadenar lipotoxicidad hepática originada por un alto consumo de ácidos grasos saturados, ácidos grasos trans y carbohidratos, así como por un aumento de los radicales libres y del estrés del retículo endoplásmico. En lo que concierne a los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga n-3 (AGPICL n-3), se han atribuido múltiples beneficios para la salud humana. Los AGPICL n-3 EPA y DHA tienen efectos protectores en la salud cardiovascular y en la funcionalidad e integridad del sistema nervioso central. Actualmente el uso nutricional de ambos ácidos grasos es cada vez más amplio, atribuyendo sus efectos positivos no solamente al tratamiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y neurodegenerativas, sino también considerándolos una alternativa eficaz en el manejo de nutricional de la EHGNA. El presente trabajo analiza el uso potencial de los AGPICL n-3 en la prevención y manejo nutricional de la EHGNA.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly associated with the clinical features of the metabolic syndrome including obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. NAFLD. Is of clinical relevance because its high prevalence (30% of the general population) and broad spectrum of histological damage, ranging from simple steatosis that is generally non progressive, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis which can lead to cirrhosis, hepatoce-llular carcinoma, and liver failure. At present, different factors have been identified that lead to this liver disease, highlighting the high content of free fatty acids and insulin resistance. In this regard, excess of free fatty acids caused by a high intake of sa-turated fatty acids, trans fatty acids and of carbohydrates as well the increased formation free radicals that stress the endoplasmic reticulum, can trigger liver lipotoxicity. Regarding fatty acids, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) have been associated to many benefits for human health. n-3 LCPUFA, such as EPA and DHA, have protective roles in cardiovascular health and in the functionality and integrity of the central nervous system. Currently, the possible therapeutic uses of these fatty acids is expanding, attributing their positive effects not only for the treatment of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, but also seeing it as an effective alternative in the management of NAFLD. The present review analyzes the potential use of n-3 LCPUFA in the treatment and protection of NAFLD.

Ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga ω-3 y enfermedad cardiovascular / N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease

ω-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) of marine origin, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) present in fatty fish or blue fish, have different beneficial effects on human health especially at the cardiovascular level. From the late observations in the 1960s, basic, clinic and epidemiological evidence have established significant cardio protective effects for these fatty acids in reducing the morbidity and mortality from the disease. The cardiovascular benefits of ω-3 LCPUFA of marine origin are targeted on various inflammatory and metabolic pathways which are regulated by these fatty acids, particularly in the vascular endothelium, the inflammatory response and cardiac cells activity. EPA and DHA are transformed into a variety of eicosanoids and docosanoids which have strong anti-inflammatory actions antagonizing the proinflammatory actions of ω-6 LCPUFA. The different molecular mechanisms by which these fatty acids exert cardio protective effects and the clinical and epidemiological evidence demonstrating the reduction in the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases are discussed.

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga ω-3 (AGPICL ω-3) de origen marino, principalmente el ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), presentes especialmente en pescados grasos o azules, producen diversos efectos saludables en la salud humana, especialmente a nivel cardiovascular. Desde la década de 1960 han surgido múltiples evidencias básico-clínicas y epidemiológicas que establecen que estos ácidos grasos ejercen un significativo efecto cardioprotector, produciendo una disminución de la morbilidad y de la mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular. El EPA y el DHA son transformados eicosanoides y docosanoides que tienen poderosos efectos antiinflamatorios y que antagonizan el efecto proinflamatorio de AGPICL ω-6. Los beneficios a nivel cardiovascular atribuidos a los AGPICL ω-3 de origen marino se centran, principalmente, en la regulación de vías metabólicas de la respuesta inflamatoria en el endotelio vascular y en la actividad de las células cardíacas. Esta revisión discute las diferentes evidencias metabólicas, clínicas y epidemiológicas que demuestran como el consumo de AGPICL ω-3 de origen marino puede reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular.

Ácidos grasos esenciales de cadena larga en las células de la mucosa bucal de preescolares Venezolanos: Diferencias regionales y por estratos socioeconómicos / Long chain essential fatty acids of oral mucosa cells in pre-school Venezuelan children: Regional and socioeconomic strata differences

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga son importantes para el crecimiento y funcionamiento de numerosos órganos y sistemas bioquímicos del niño. Objetivo: Documentar el nivel de ácidos grasos (AG) en niños preescolares de Venezuela para obtener datos sobre su promedio, desviación estándar y su relación con el estrato socioeconómico y ubicación geográfica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal que incluyó a 191 niños en edad preescolar de los Estados Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Bolívar y Orinoquia de diversos estratos socioeconómicos según la clasificación de Graffar-Méndez-Castellano. Se analizó el contenido de AG de los glicerofosfolípidos de las células de la mucosa bucal con el método de Klinger y colaboradores modificado. El análisis estadístico se realizó usando el paquete estadístico StatCrunch. Resultados: La distribución de Ácido Docosahexaenoico (DHA) es bimodal, mientras que la del Araquidónico es Gaussiana. El DHA es mayor en los grupos socio-económicos más aventajados (Estratos sociales I-III) que en los con menores ingresos (Estratos sociales IV-V) en Caracas, donde estos últimos llegan a tener valores inferiores al 0,2%. Esa situación se revierte (Estratos sociales IV-V) > Estratos sociales I-III) en Margarita. La población indígena de Orinoquia tiene valores de DHA comparables a valores reportados en países ricos. Los valores de AG trans isómeros son bajos (<0,5%). Conclusiones: Hay diferencias en los niveles de AG en niños preescolares venezolanos según las regiones geográficas y el estrato socioeconómico. Los valores bajos de DHA encontrados en algunos grupos urbanos de preescolares ameritarían futuros estudios de intervención con alimentos fortificados con este AG.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for growth and function of several organs and biochemical systems in the child. Objective: Document the level of fatty acids (FA) in Venezuela preschool children to obtain data on their average, standard deviation and its relationship with socioeconomic status and geographic location. Methodology: A cross-sectional study included 191 preschool children from Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Bolívar States and Orinoquia coming from different socioeconomic strata according to the Graffar-Méndez-Castellano classification system. The FA content of glycerophospholipids fraction in oral mucosal cells was analyzed by the method of Klinger and colleagues with minor modification. Data analysis was performed using the statistical package StatCrunch. Results: The Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has a bimodal distribution pattern whilst the Arachidonic acid is Gaussian. DHA is higher in the better-off socioeconomic groups (Strata I-III) than in the worst-off groups (Strata V-V) in Caracas, whose values are lower than 0.2%. This situation is reversed (Strata V-V) > Strata (I-III)) in Margarita. The indigenous population from Orinoquia has high levels of DHA, similar to those reported in affluent countries. The Trans fatty acid isomer content of the majority of children was low (<0.5%). Conclusions: There are differences in the FA content of Venezuelan pre-school children with respect to their socioeconomic and geographical regions. Low levels of DHA found in some urban groups of pre-school children require future intervention studies with FA fortified food.

Progresses on Biosynthesis of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Plant / 中国生物工程杂志

There is immense interest in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LC-PUFAs) on account of their health-beneficial properties.There has been considerable interest in the production of LC-PUFAs in transgenic plants to provide a cheap,sustainable and clean source of these fatty acids.Several main LC-PUFAs,their roles and metabolic pathway in plant are introducedbriefly,progresses on biosynthesis of LC-PUFAs in transgenic plant are reviewed,and strategies for improving the yields of LC-PUFAs in plant are also discussed.