Analysis on Content Differences of Artemisinin and Arteannuin B in Different Provenances of Artemisia annua Under Indoor Hydroponic Conditions / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of artemisinin and arteannuin B in different <italic>Artemisia annua</italic> germplasms， compare the differences of the two compounds among different <italic>A. annua</italic> germplasm under the condition of hydroponic homogenization and explore the key factors affecting contents of principal compounds in different<italic> A. annua</italic> germplasms. Method:Seedlings from different <italic>A. annua</italic> germplasms were arranged randomly and fed in a hydroponic cultivation system. Contents of artemisinin and arteannuin B were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） with multi-reaction monitoring mode and ACQUITY UPLC^® BEH C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm）， mobile phase was water-acetonitrile （95∶5， containing 0.1% formic acid， A） and acetonitrile-water （95∶5， containing 0.1% formic acid， B） for gradient elution （0-3.5 min， 25%-1%A； 3.5-3.6 min， 1%-25%A； 3.6-5.0 min， 25%A）， the flow rate was set at 0.4 mL·min^-1. The content differences of artemisinin and arteannuin B in different provenances of <italic>A. annua</italic> were detected and analyzed statistically. Result:The established method had high sensitivity and good separation. A significant difference of artemisinin and arteannuin B contents was observed in different germplasms under the same culture conditions， that is， under the constant temperature of 25 ℃ in hydroponics. The provenance with higher artemisinin content was Yunnan， and the content was 3 810.597 μg·g^-1. The highest strain of arteannuin B was Shanxi provenance germplasm with the content of 1 691.747 μg·g^-1. According to the content of artemisinin， the provenances were arranged as follows：Yunnan， Hainan， Hubei， Guangxi， Zhejiang， Shanxi， Beijing， Shandong， Heilongjiang， and Gansu province germplasms. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between artemisinin content and latitude of <italic>A. annua</italic>， but there was no significant correlation between contents of artemisinin and arteannuin B and longitude. Conclusion:The contents of artemisinin and arteannuin B among different <italic>A. annua</italic> germplasms were significantly different under the same culture environment， and the dominant factors affecting biosynthesis and accumulation of artemisinin and arteannuin B in <italic>A. annua</italic> may be the genetic background， suggesting that germplasm improvement is the key factor to improve the medicinal quality of <italic>A. annua</italic> in subsequent cultivation.

Relationship between body composition of Zhuang-Dong ethnic groups and natural geographical factors / 解剖学报

Objective To discuss the law of the change of body composition of Zhuang-Dong ethnic groups with the change of natural geographical factors(longitude, latitude, annual average temperature and annual average sunshine). Methods The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to measure the body composition data of 5098 cases of 13 ethnic groups of Zhuang-Dong group in China. At the same time, collect the relevant data of longitude, latitude, annual average temperature and annual average sunshine of 13 ethnic groups, and use per capita disposable income as a control variable to perform partial correlation analysis about body composition with longitude, latitude, annual average temperature, and annual average illumination. Results Zhuang-Dong group fat rate decreased and little change in muscle mass, presumption of bone mass, and water content with the increase of longitude. With the increase of latitude, the fat rate of males in the Zhuang-Dong ethnic group decreasesd, muscle mass increased (mainly muscles in the extremities), female fat rate increased, and muscle mass decreased (mainly in upper limbs and trunk muscles). In general, with the increase of the average annual temperature, the fat rate of males in Zhuang and Dong ethnic groups increased, lower limb muscles decreased, female fat rate decreased, and muscle mass increased. With the increase of the average annual sunshine, the body fat rate of men increased and the muscle mass decreased; the body fat rate of women decreased and the muscle mass increased. Conclusion Natural geographical factors (longitude, latitude, annual average temperature, and average annual sunshine) have significant effects on the body composition of the Zhuang-Dong ethnic group.

Multivariate statistical analysis of Evans blue exudation spots and acupoint sensitization distribution in rats with acute intestinal mucosal injury / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution characters of Evans Blue (EB) exudation spots in the abdominal area in acute intestinal mucosal injury (AIMI) rats by using latitude and longitude grid counting and multivariate statistical analysis and to explore the feasibility of these methods. METHODS: Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into blank control, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% mustard oil groups (n＝6 rats in each group). The AIMI model was established by mustard oil enema, followed by injection of EB (0.1 mL/100g) into the tail vein. At 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 h after EB injection, the rats under anesthesia were fixed in supine position for observing and photographing the abdominal subcutaneous EB exudation spots. The H．E. staining was used to observe histopathological changes of colonic mucosa. The longitude and latitude grids of the abdominal region were constructed (by taking the midpoint of the superior sternum as the origin) to determine the position of the blue spots. That the coordinate grids of the two regions can be connected geometrically is termed as "characteristic region". The data were processed by using multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: ① H．E. staining showed edema and inflammatory cell infiltration after colonic enema of different concentrations of mustard oil. ② Clustering analysis indicated that the distribution of exudation points in the "characteristic grid" had no temporal variation trend, and was not related with the concentration of mustard oil (P>0.05). ③ Factor analysis and contour analysis about the exudation spots of EB at 7.5% concentration showed that the "characteristic region Ⅱ" of different factors presented a tendency of time-dependent exudation, i．e. reduction of exudation degree along with time (P<0.05), and it is located near "Tianshu" acupoint. ④At 5 h after injection of EB, the 8 "characteristic regions" presented an EB-concentration-dependent tendency (reduction in exudation degree along with the increase of EB-concentration), among which the exudation degree of region C (near "Tianshu" acupoint) of the abdomen was higher (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The multivariate statistical analysis method can be used to identify the abdominal "characteristic regions" of exudation spots of EB in rats with AIMI, and the characteristic region has acupoint sensitization characteristics related to the time and severity of mucosal injury.

Astronomia no Império brasileiro: longitude, congresso internacional e a busca por uma ciência universal no final do século XIX / Astronomy in the Brazilian Empire: longitude, an international congress and the quest for a universal science in the late nineteenth century

Resumo Não há uma visão clara na historiografia internacional sobre a participação do Brasil na Conferência de Washington de 1884. No Brasil há uma interpretação de que o voto brasileiro acompanhou a França, por razões de subordinação. Este texto pretende estabelecer um diálogo com essas produções, ao trazer fontes inéditas sobre o tema, como as cartas trocadas por Luiz Cruls, tanto com o imperador como com sua esposa, bem como notícias de periódicos, anais e relatórios. Neste artigo foi utilizada uma abordagem da história da ciência, preocupada com os processos de institucionalização da astronomia no Brasil em meio a um debate mundial sobre padronização e universalização da ciência.

Abstract There is no clear picture in the international historiography of Brazil's participation at the International Prime Meridian Conference in Washington of 1884. In Brazil there exists the prevailing interpretation that the Brazilian vote accompanied France for reasons of subordination. This work seeks to analyze this interpretation, by scrutinizing unpublished sources on the subject, such as the letters exchanged by Luiz Cruls both with the emperor and with his wife, as well as news articles in journals, annals and reports. In this article, an approach to the history of science was adopted that was concerned with the processes of institutionalization of astronomy in Brazil in the midst of a worldwide debate on the standardization and universalization of science.

Comparative study on content of heavy metals in Chrysanthemum indicum and soil in different areas / 中国中药杂志

ICP-MS was used to determine the contents of five heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in Chrysanthemum indicum and soil samples. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the effects of latitude and longitude and altitude on the content of heavy metal elements in Ch. indicum. To explore the relationship between geographical location of heavy metal content in Ch. indicum and the content of heavy metal elements in soil. The results showed that the Ch. indicum had high enrichment of Cd and had a synergistic effect on the absorption of five heavy metal elements. Elevation directly affected the accumulation of Pb and Cd in Ch. indicum and was a positive effect. The direct positive effect of latitude acts on the accumulation of Hg and Cu in Ch. indicum. The effect of longitude on the Cd content was the negative effect of longitude. The geographical location had different effects on the accumulation of heavy metal elements in Ch. indicum. There was a certain interaction between direct and indirect effects. Ch. indicum had different absorption and enrichment characteristics for different heavy metal species. When controlling the heavy metal content and medicinal material quality of Ch. indicum, we must fully consider the influence of geographical location on the quality of medicinal materials, select suitable geographic regions to carry out acquisitions, and choose a good ecological environment. Regional establishment of Chinese herbal medicine planting bases, or adopting certain agricultural measures to reduce the absorption of heavy metal elements in Ch. indicum herbs, while conducting research on chemical composition, strengthening the research on the effective forms of heavy metals, and paying attention to the safety of medicinal herbs.

Mediating effect of coping efficacy on relationship between psychological stress and adjustment in college freshmen / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of coping efficacy on the relationship between psychological stress and adjustment.Methods:This study was a longitudinal study.Totally 267 college freshmen (137 males and 130 females,aged 19 to 21) were selected to fill in the China College Student Psychological Stress Scale (CCSPSS),China College Student Adjustment Scale (CCSAS) and Coping Efficacy Questionnaire (CEQ),each measurement interval two months,three times totally.Results:The CCSPSS scores were negatively correlated with scores of CCSAS and CEQ cognitive dimension (r =-0.29--0.08,Ps ＜ 0.05),and positively correlated with measurement period (represented by a continuous and dummy variable,r =0.08,P ＜ 0.05).The CCSAS scores were positively correlated with scores of CEQ cognitive dimension (r =0.25,P ＜ 0.01),and negatively correlated with measurement period (r =-0.13,P ＜ 0.01).The CEQ cognitive dimension scores was negatively correlated with measurement period (r =-0.14,P ＜ 0.01).The mediating effect analysis showed that coping efficacy played a partly mediating role between adjustment and psychological stress,measurement time,and the mediating effect were accounted for the total effect 45.7％,33.6％.Conclusion:It suggests that psychological stress and measurement time may not only directly affect the adjustment,but also indirectly affect adjustment through mediating effect of coping efficacy.

Effect of search for meaning and perspective change on depression in college students:A mediated moderation model / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of search for meaning on depression and the moderating role of perspective change in college students. Methods:The participants were 1 16 college students. The hypotheses were tested by analyzing data collected at 3 time points. Search for meaning and the presence of meaning in life were measured with the Meaning in Life Questionnaire,the dimension of perspective change in Meaning-Focused Coping Questionnaire was used to assess the ability to change perspective,and depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results:The scores of perspective change was positively corre-lated with scores of meaning in life (r=0. 29 ,P<0. 0 1 ),and negatively correlated with CES-D scores (r=-0. 34,P<0. 001). The scores of perspective change moderated the relationship between scores of search for mean-ing and scores of presence of meaning in life (β=0. 22,P<0. 01 ),and this interaction effected CES-D scores through the mediation of scores of presence of meaning in life. That is,for the individuals with lower perspectivechange score (blow one standard),the score of search for meaning was negatively associated with the presence of meaning in life,with in turn increased CES-D scores,95%CI:0. 07 -033;among the individuals with higher per-spective change scores (above one standard),there was no mediation effect. Conclusion:The results suggest that perspective change could moderate the relationship between search for meaning and meaning in life,which in turn buffers depression. The findings imply the potential positive role of perspective change in the process of searching for meaning in life among university students.

Nicolas Sanson and his Map: The Course of the Amazon River / Nicolas Sanson e seu mapa: O Curso do rio Amazonas

One of the first scientific maps of the Amazon region, The Course of the Amazon River (Le Cours de La Rivière des Amazones), was constructed by Nicolas Sanson, a French cartographer of the seventeenth century, and served as the prototype for many others. The evaluation of this chart, until now, has been that it is a very defective map, a sketch based on a historical account, according to the opinion of La Condamine. Thus, the aim of the present work was to prove that the map of the Amazon River traced by Nicolas Sanson is a scientific work, a map that presents precise geographic coordinates considering its time, shows a well-determined prime meridian, and also employs a creative methodology to deduce longitudes from latitudes and distances that had been covered. To show such characteristics, an analysis of the accuracy of the map was made by comparing its latitudes and longitudes with those of a current map. We determined the prime meridian of this map and analyzed the methodology used for the calculation of longitudes. The conclusion is that it is actually a good map for the time, particularly considering the technology and the limited information that Sanson had at his disposal. This proves that the negative assertion of La Condamine is unfounded.

Um dos primeiros mapas científicos da região amazônica (Le Cours de La Rivière des Amazones), elaborado por Nicolas Sanson, cartógrafo francês do século XVII, serviu de protótipo para muitos mapas da região. No entanto, a avaliação desse mapa, até o presente estudo, é que se trata de um mapa muito defeituoso, um esboço baseado em relato histórico, segundo uma apreciação de La Condamine que se difundiu até os nossos dias. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi provar que, pelo contrário, é um trabalho científico: um mapa que possui coordenadas geográficas precisas para a sua época, um meridiano de origem bem determinado e que empregou uma metodologia criativa para deduzir as longitudes a partir de latitudes e distâncias percorridas. Para isso foi feita uma análise da precisão desse mapa, comparando suas latitudes e longitudes com as de um mapa atual; bem como a determinação do meridiano de origem e a metodologia utilizada por esse cartógrafo para o cálculo das longitudes. A conclusão é que ele é um bom mapa para a época, tendo em conta as poucas informações de que o autor dispunha, e isso mostrou que são infundadas as apreciações negativas de La Condamine.

Os objetivos da circunavegação da U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838-1842): longitude, mapeamento náutico e instituição das coordenadas geográficas modernas / The objectives of the U.S. Exploring Expedition's circumnavigation (1838-1842): longitude, nautical charting and the establishment of modern geographic coordinates

Analisa o principal objetivo da viagem científica de circunavegação realizada pelos EUA entre 1838 e 1842. A tarefa de mapeamento destaca-se entre outras metas científico-estratégicas da viagem exploratória. A iniciativa da empreitada foi movida pela busca da exata localização em alto-mar após a instituição do sistema de longitudes, quando cartas náuticas e mapas de vários países foram conferidos, e outros, novos, desenhados. Os EUA participaram desse esforço internacional, dando início à constituição de um sistema cartográfico próprio.

This article analyzes the main objectives of the scientific voyage to circumnavigate the earth, undertaken by the United States from 1838 to 1842. Charting was one of the most important of the scientific and strategic goals of the exploratory voyage. The initiative for the undertaking was the search for exact positioning on the high seas after the establishment of the longitude system, when nautical charts and maps from various countries were compared, and other, new ones were drawn. The United States participated in this international effort, leading to the creation of its own cartographic system.