ABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to report, for the first time, the occurrence of the hippoboscid fly Ornithoctona erythrocephala on a red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata). A Diptera specimen was found among the feathers of a free-living red-legged seriema, which was referred to necropsy at the Wild Animal Pathology Service, UNESP Jaboticabal. The fly was collected, stored in absolute alcohol, and shipped to the Institute of Biosciences of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul for proper identification. Based on morphological characters, the specimen was identified as a female of Ornithoctona erythrocephala. This study provides a report on a new host for O. erythrocephala.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever pela primeira vez a ocorrência da mosca Hippoboscidae Ornithoctona erythrocephala em uma seriema (Cariama cristata). Um espécime de díptero foi encontrado entre as penas de dessa ave, que havia sido encaminhada para necropsia ao Serviço de Patologia de Animais Selvagens, UNESP, Jaboticabal. A mosca foi armazenada em álcool absoluto e enviada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul para identificação por um especialista. Baseado em características morfológicas, o espécime foi identificado como fêmea de Ornithoctona erythrocephala. Este relato oferece a descrição de um novo hospedeiro para O. erythrocephala.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Bird Diseases , Diptera , Phthiraptera , Birds , Animals, WildABSTRACT
Phthiriasis palpebrarum (PP) is the infestation of eyelids caused by the ectoparasite Phthirus pubis, frequently misdiagnosed as allergic conjunctivitis, blepharitis or dermatitis. There is no standard treatment of choice although various treatment modalities have been described. A 6-year-old male child with PP was successfully treated with local application of 20% fluorescein solution over the eyelashes and eyebrows of both the eyes, followed by the mechanical removal of all parasites and trimming of the eyelashes from the base and application of ophthalmic ointment.
ABSTRACT
Head-lice infestation, pediculosis capitis, remains a public-health burden in many countries. The widely used first-line pediculicides and alternative treatments are often too costly for use in poor socio-economic settings. Ivermectin has been considered an alternate treatment for field practice. This study was composed of 2 parts, a cross-sectional survey and an intervention study. The main objectives were to determine the prevalence and potential factors associated with head-lice infestation, and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral ivermectin administration. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 890 villagers in rural areas along Thai-Myanmar border. Females with infestations were eligible for the intervention study, and 181 participated in the intervention study. A post-treatment survey was conducted to assess acceptance of ivermectin as a treatment choice. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and a generalized-estimation-equation model adjusted for cluster effect. The study revealed the prevalence of head-lice infestation was 50% among females and only 3% among males. Age stratification showed a high prevalence among females aged <20 years, and among 50% of female school-children. The prevalence was persistent among those with a history of infestation. The major risk factors were residing in a setting with other infected cases, and sharing a hair comb. The study also confirmed that ivermectin was safe and effective for field-based practice. It was considered a preferable treatment option. In conclusion, behavior-change communication should be implemented to reduce the observed high prevalence of head-lice infestation. Ivermectin may be an alternative choice for head-lice treatment, especially in remote areas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Comb and Wattles , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hair , Ivermectin , Lice Infestations , Pediculus , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Rural Health , Statistics as Topic , ThailandABSTRACT
Resumen El género Rickettsia está compuesto por dos grupos definidos antigenicamente: el grupo tifus, que incluye a Rickettsiaprowazekii, causante del tifus epidémico o exantemático, y a R. typhi, causante del tifus murino o endémico; el otro grupo es el de las fiebres manchadas. El género Rickettsia está constituido por diferentes especies de bacterias gramnegativas; a su vez, forma parte de la familia Rickettsiaceae (junto a Coxiella, Ehrlichia y Bartonella). Todas las especies del género tienen en común ser parásitos intracelulares estrictos con tamaño promedio de 0.3 a 0.5 pm, además de que requieren ciertos vectores que permitan su trasmisión y es difícil cultivarlas en el laboratorio. Este artículo revisa las variedades de manifestación del tifus y su situación en México.
Abstract The genus Rickettsia is composed of two groups antigenically defined, typhus group including Rickettsia prowazekii, which causes epidemic typhus and R. typhi, which causes murine or endemic typhus. The other group is one of spotted fever. The genus Rickettsia is made up of different species of gramnegative bacteria, in turn it is part of the family Rickettsiaceae (with Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Bartonella). All species of the genus have in common being strict intracellular parasites with an average size of 0.3 to 0.5 pm, require certain vectors that allow trasmission, and have great difficulty be grown in the laboratory. Below there is a review of the varieties of presentation of typhus and its situation in Mexico.
ABSTRACT
Os autores relatam a ocorrência de Acidoproctus rostratus (Rudow, 1866), Holomenopon leucoxanthum (Burmeister, 1838), Trinoton aculeatum (Piaget, 1885), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758) e Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) em Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) e Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766); Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) em D. bicolor e Anaticola chaetodens (Eichler, 1954) em D. viduata . Diferenças significativas na prevalência foram encontradas entre T. aculeatum e T. querquedulae , tanto em D. bicolor quanto em D. viduata , sendo esse achado caracterizado como um evento potencial de colonização. Outras diferenças também foram encontradas para a prevalência e a abundância média de Anatoecus spp. entre D. bicolor e D. viduata. A ocorrência de Trinoton querquedulae em D. bicolor e D. viduata , de Anatoecus dentatus em D. bicolor e de Anaticola chaetodens em D. viduata ¸caracteriza novos hospedeiros para essas espécies de piolhos.(AU)
The authors report the occurrence of Acidoproctus rostratus (Rudow, 1866), Holomenopon leucoxanthum (Burmeister, 1838), Trinoton aculeatum (Piaget, 1885), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) in Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) and Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766); Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) in D. bicolor and Anaticola chaetodens (Eichler, 1954) in D. viduata . Significant differences in the prevalence were found between T. aculeatum and T. querquedulae in D. bicolor as well as D. viduata , which is characterized as a potential event of colonization. Significant differences were also found for the prevalence and mean abundance of Anatoecus spp. between D. bicolor and D. viduata. The occurrence of Trinoton querquedulae in D. bicolor and D. viduata , of Anatoecus dentatus in D. bicolor and Anaticola chaetodens in D. viduata characterize new hosts species to these species of lice.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Parasites , Anseriformes/parasitology , Phthiraptera , Lice InfestationsABSTRACT
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) that parasitize the globally threatened swan goose Anser cygnoides have been long recognized since the early 19th century, but those records were probably biased towards sampling of captive or domestic geese due to the small population size and limited distribution of its wild hosts. To better understand the lice species parasitizing swan geese that are endemic to East Asia, we collected chewing lice from 14 wild geese caught at 3 lakes in northeastern Mongolia. The lice were morphologically identified as 16 Trinoton anserinum (Fabricius, 1805), 11 Ornithobius domesticus Arnold, 2005, and 1 Anaticola anseris (Linnaeus, 1758). These species are known from other geese and swans, but all of them were new to the swan goose. This result also indicates no overlap in lice species between older records and our findings from wild birds. Thus, ectoparasites collected from domestic or captive animals may provide biased information on the occurrence, prevalence, host selection, and host-ectoparasite interactions from those on wild hosts.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bias , Birds , Asia, Eastern , Geese , Lakes , Mastication , Mongolia , Phthiraptera , Population Density , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) that parasitize the globally threatened swan goose Anser cygnoides have been long recognized since the early 19th century, but those records were probably biased towards sampling of captive or domestic geese due to the small population size and limited distribution of its wild hosts. To better understand the lice species parasitizing swan geese that are endemic to East Asia, we collected chewing lice from 14 wild geese caught at 3 lakes in northeastern Mongolia. The lice were morphologically identified as 16 Trinoton anserinum (Fabricius, 1805), 11 Ornithobius domesticus Arnold, 2005, and 1 Anaticola anseris (Linnaeus, 1758). These species are known from other geese and swans, but all of them were new to the swan goose. This result also indicates no overlap in lice species between older records and our findings from wild birds. Thus, ectoparasites collected from domestic or captive animals may provide biased information on the occurrence, prevalence, host selection, and host-ectoparasite interactions from those on wild hosts.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bias , Birds , Asia, Eastern , Geese , Lakes , Mastication , Mongolia , Phthiraptera , Population Density , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Aspectos relacionados com a epidemiologia de Lipeurus caponis foram estudados com o objetivo de determinar os principais fatores de risco para a ocorrência deste ectoparasito em granjas avícolas de postura no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Quatrocentos e trinta e um galpões de granjas de postura comerciais foram visitados no ano de 2012 para a coleta de amostras de ectoparasitos. Também foi aplicado um questionário sobre características ambientais e de manejo utilizado nos galpões de criação das aves. L. caponis foi encontrado em quatro dos 431 galpões estudados (0,92%). Os principais determinantes epidemiológicos foram investigados utilizando-se testes de Qui-quadrado, testes exatos de Fisher e modelos multivariados de regressão de Poisson. O tipo de instalação obteve uma Razão de Prevalência igual a 51,56, o que sugere que aves criadas sobre o solo possuem maior risco de infestação por L. caponis do que aves mantidas em gaiolas. Também foi verificado que a linhagem genética das galinhas foi um fator de risco e, provavelmente, algumas linhagens são mais predispostas a infestações. Além disso, a presença de criações de subsistência de galinhas domésticas nas adjacências dos galpões avícolas aumentou consideravelmente o risco de ocorrência de infestações por L. caponis nas galinhas poedeiras de granjas comerciais no estado de Minas Gerais.
Aspects related to the epidemiology of Lipeurus caponis were studied in order to determine the main risk factors for the occurrence of this ectoparasite in commercial laying hen flocks in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, analytical and sectional study was conducted for verifying these factors. Four hundred thirty-one laying poultry flocks were visited in 2012 year to ectoparasite sampling collection and application of a questionnaire about environmental and management characteristics in chicken houses. L. caponis was found in four of the 431 studied chicken houses (0.92%). The main epidemiological determinants for the occurrence of L. caponis were investigated using Chi-square Test, Fisher's Exact Test and multivariate Poisson regression models. Type of facilities obtained an Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) equal to 51.56, suggesting that poultry bred on the ground have a higher risk of infestation by L. caponis than fowls kept in cages. Also it was observed that chicken's genetic lineage was a marginal risk factor (IRR=1.8) and probably some lineages are more predisposed to infestations. Moreover, the presence of subsistence breeding of domestic chickens around the chicken houses (IRR= 106.89) increases extensively the risk of occurrence of infestations by L. caponis in commercial laying hen flocks from the State of Minas Gerais.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens , Epidemiology , Ectoparasitic Infestations , Ischnocera , PhthirapteraABSTRACT
To determine whether pinworm infections and head lice infestations spread among children in orphanages, 117 children from 4 orphanages in Busan-si and Ulsan-si, Korea, were examined for enterobiasis and head lice infestation between January and February 2014. The overall rate of Enterobius vermicularis egg positivity was 0.85%, whereas none of the children had head lice infestations. The rate of pinworm infection was much lower among the orphanage children compared to the rates observed in previous studies among kindergarten and primary school students. Moreover, the risk factors for enterobiasis were less frequent among these subjects than previously reported. The personal hygiene and health of the orphanage children were supervised by a regular, employed nurse through a health education program. In conclusion, pinworm infection was efficiently controlled among the children in orphanages, and this might be related to good personal hygiene practices in Korea.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Enterobiasis/epidemiology , Enterobius/genetics , Hygiene , Lice Infestations/epidemiology , Orphanages/statistics & numerical data , Pediculus/genetics , Prevalence , Republic of Korea/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The present paper reports the occurrence of Microlynchia pusilla in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) on Leptotila verreauxi approximans from a deciduous forest fragment located in the municipality of Macaíba. A specimen of L. v. approximans was collected in June 2012, wrapped in paper towels and kept under refrigeration in a plastic bag for later analysis of parasite fauna, taxidermy, and eventual storage in the Ornithological Collection of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). During the search for ectoparasites, a specimen of M. pusilla was found among feathers of the ventral region; it was collected and stored in the Entomological Collection 'Adalberto Antônio Varela-Freire' of the same university. This report extends the knowledge about geographical distribution and confirms the association of M. pusilla with hosts Columbiformes, contributing to the knowledge of the family Hippoboscidae in the country.
Este trabalho registra a ocorrência de Microlynchia pusilla no estado do Rio Grande do Norte em Leptotila verreauxi approximans oriunda de um fragmento de floresta estacional decidual localizado no município de Macaíba. Um espécime de L. v. approximans foi coletado em junho de 2012, envolvido em papel toalha e conservado sob refrigeração em saco plástico para posterior análise da fauna parasitária, taxidermia e depósito na Coleção Ornitológica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Durante a busca por ectoparasitos foi encontrado um espécime de M. pusilla nas penas da região ventral, o qual foi coletado e depositado na Coleção Entomológica Adalberto Antônio Varela-Freire da mesma universidade. Este relato amplia o conhecimento sobre a distribuição geográfica de M. pusilla e confirma sua associação com hospedeiros Columbiformes, contribuindo para o conhecimento da família Hippoboscidae no país.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diptera , BrazilABSTRACT
Head louse infestation, or pediculosis capitis, caused by Pediculus humanus var. capitis, is a common health concern in pediatric age group. An itching of the scalp is the chief symptom, whereas presence of viable nits confirms the diagnosis of head louse infestation. Secondary bacterial infection with impetignization with cervical and occipital lymphadenopathy can complicate the clinical scenario with physician misdiagnosing pediculosis to a primary bacterial infection. Screening and treatment of all close contacts is necessary for an adequate management of pediculosis. Medical management of head louse infestation requires proper application of topical pediculicidal agents', chiefly permethrin lotion and wet combing with a fine toothcomb. Severe cases with high parasitic load justify the use of either oral cotrimoxazole or Ivermectin. Other described technique involves a single application of hot air for 30 minutes. Radical but culturally unacceptable method would be shaving of scalp in resistant cases. Environmental fogging with insecticides is neither necessary nor recommended.
ABSTRACT
Head louse infestation (HLI) is one of the most frequently occurring parasitic diseases in children. This study was conducted to investigate the socioeconomic and personal factors influencing HLI in the Republic of Korea. A total of 2,210 questionnaires about various factors related to HLI were obtained from children in 17 primary schools throughout the country. The rate of HLI was significantly lower in children who lived together with mother or in a family where both parents worked. In addition, HLI was lower in children whose fathers or mothers were public officers or teachers. However, HLI was higher in children who had small families and washed their hair less often. Education levels of parents and the number of children in family were not significant. Improvement of socioeconomic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for reducing HLI.
Subject(s)
Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Educational Status , Family , Lice Infestations/epidemiology , Pediculus/physiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Growing patterns of pediculocidal drug resistance towards head louse laid the foundation for research in exploring novel anti-lice agents from medicinal plants. In the present study, various extracts of Pongamia pinnata leaves were tested against the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis. A filter paper diffusion method was conducted for determining the potential pediculocidal and ovicidal activity of chloroform, petroleum ether, methanol, and water extracts of P. pinnata leaves. The findings revealed that petroleum ether extracts possess excellent anti-lice activity with values ranging between 50.3% and 100% where as chloroform and methanol extracts showed moderate pediculocidal effects. The chloroform and methanol extracts were also successful in inhibiting nymph emergence and the petroleum ether extract was the most effective with a complete inhibition of emergence. Water extract was devoid of both pediculocidal and ovicidal activities. All the results were well comparable with benzoyl benzoate (25% w/v). These results showed the prospect of using P. pinnata leave extracts against P. humanus capitis in difficult situations of emergence of resistance to synthetic anti-lice agents.
Subject(s)
Animals , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Insecticides/isolation & purification , Phthiraptera/drug effects , Millettia/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
Two new species of the genus Brueelia Kéler, 1936 are described of two species in the genus Phrygilus Cabanis, 1844 from Punitaqui, Coquimbo, IV Región, Chile: Phrygilus gayi (Gervais, 1834) and P. fruticeti (Kittlitz, 1833). Descriptions were made in a comparative form, adding comments on their relatives, as well as an account of all Brueelia species known to infest South American Emberizine finches.
Dos nuevas especies del género Brueelia Kéler, 1936 son descritas en dos especies de aves del género Phrygilus Cabanis, 1844 desde Punitaqui, Coquimbo, IV Región, Chile: Phrygilus gayi (Gervais, 1834) y P. fruticeti (Kittlitz, 1833). Las descripciones son hechas en forma comparativa agregando comentarios sobre sus especies afines, así como consideraciones de las especies conocidas de Brueelia que infestan fringílidos sudamericanos.
Subject(s)
Classification , Insecta , PhthirapteraABSTRACT
Registro de Pseudolynchia canariensis em dois gaviões caranguejeiros de vida livre atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Fundação RioZoo. Os dezenoves exemplares coletados foram identificados no Laboratório de Diptera da Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. O encontro de P. canariensis fora do hospedeiro natural (Columba livia), representa uma contribuição aos estudos da família Hippoboscidae, visto que não há registros sobre aves nativas do continente americano parasitadas por P. canariensis.
The record of Pseudolynchia canariensis on two Rufous Crab-Hawk in situ taken care of the Hospital Veterinarian of the RioZoo Foundation. The nineteen collected specimens had been identified in the Laboratory of Diptera, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. The findings of P canariensis out natural hosty (Columba livia) it represents a contribution to the studies of the family Hippoboscidae considering that it does not have records about native birds of the american continent parasitized by P canariensis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diptera/physiology , Hawks/parasitology , BrazilABSTRACT
A partir de 45 espécimes de Pseudolynchia canariensis examinados, foram encontrados 23 deles hiperparasitados por ácaros. É registrada a ocorrência de Myialges anchora e Ornithocheyletia hallae no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Dados sobre o grau de infestação desses hipoboscídeos, bem como a distribuição topográfica dos ácaros sobre o corpo desses insetos são brevemente discutidos.
Twenty three louse-flies, from a total of 45 specimens of Pseudolynchia canariensis examined, were found parasitised by mites of the species Myialges anchora and Ornithocheyletia hallae. These mites are recorded for the first time for the State of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. Data on levels of infestation, as well as on the topographical distribution of the mites on the body of the louse-flies are briefly discussed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mites/physiology , Brazil , Diptera/parasitology , Insect Vectors/parasitologyABSTRACT
Scabies and pediculosis are ubiquitous, contagious, and debilitating parasitic dermatoses. The tendency of high prevalence of pediculosis and scabies among school and preschool age children has prompted us to conduct a head louse and scabies prevalence survey among preschool nursery children in our district. A school-based, crosssectional study was performed, with 1,134 children chosen for evaluation. All cases were evaluated by physical examination and a detailed, structured questionnaire. The infestation was found in 14 (1.2%) of 1,134 children; 9 (0.8%) with pediculosis capitis and 5 (0.4%) with scabies. We found that infestations were more frequent in children with mothers whose education levels were low. This indicates the necessity of an improvement in the economic and sociocultural status of the community and the promotion of hygiene concepts and practices in order to improve health of preschool age children.
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Animals , Turkey/epidemiology , Scabies/epidemiology , Sarcoptes scabiei , Surveys and Questionnaires , Prevalence , Physical Examination/methods , Pediculus , Lice Infestations/epidemiology , Educational Status , Demography , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Phthiriasis palpebrarum is a rare disease in which crab lice infest the eyelashes. It can cause pruritic lid margins or unusual blepharoconjunctivitis and is difficult to diagnose and treat. We diagnosed and managed a case of phthiriasis palpebrarum in both upper eyelids, accompanied by nits, on the scalp of a 6 year-old female child. We removed the eyelashes, including lice and nits, by pulling with fine forceps without sedation. On the second month after treatment, all lice and nits were eradicated without recurrence and the eyelashes grew back. In conclusion, phthiriasis palpebrarum can be diagnosed by close examination of the eyelashes and eyelid margins with slit lamp and can be managed mechanically.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Eyelashes , Eyelid Diseases/therapy , Hair Removal/methods , Lice Infestations/therapy , PhthirusABSTRACT
El tifus exantemático es producido por la Rickettsia prowazekii y transmitido por el piojo del cuerpo. Ocurre como brotes o epidemias que tienen la potencialidad de afectar a un gran número de personas en semanas a meses. El Perú notifica más del 50% de los casos de tifus exantemático a nivel mundial. El sistema de vigilancia es considerado incompleto debido básicamente a los limitados recursos económicos, la dificultad en las comunicaciones y la existencia de pocos laboratorios con experiencia en el diagnóstico de rickettsias. El diagnóstico laboratorial confirmatorio adecuado, y la búsqueda activa de casos, posiblemente con apoyo de la comunidad, pueden contribuir a fortalecerlo.
Exanthematic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and it is classically transmitted by human body lice. It takes place in the form of outbreaks or epidemics, that potentially affect a large population in a matter of weeks or months. Peru reports more than 50% of the cases of exanthematic typhus worldwide. The surveillance system is considered incomplete, mainly due to limited economic resources, difficult communications and few laboratories with experience in rickettsial diagnosis. Adequate laboratory diagnosis and active case surveillance, possibly with community support, can contribute to strengthen the surveillance system.
ABSTRACT
The majority of the crab louse is found in pubic hairs, but some of them will colonize axillary hairs, eyelashes, eyebrows and occasionally scalp hairs. In children crab louse may colonize the eyelashes and scalp hairs. The authors found a crab louse, Phthirus pubis and their nits on the eyelashes and scalp hiars of 25-months-old female who complained of foreign body and itching sensation of her right upper lid. Treatment is accomplished by careful mechanical removal of the louse and nits followed by the epilation and application of antibiotic eyedrops or ointments. We report a case of Phthiriasis palpebrarum in children.