Knowing the unknown in oral squamous cell carcinoma: An observational study

Introduction: Conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is relatively easy to diagnose on histopathology, as it comprises dysplastic epithelial cells with variable degrees of squamous differentiation. Different grading systems have been employed in grading OSCC based on its dysplastic features and host response. Some unusual features such as clear cell change, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), stromal hyalinization, stromal desmoplasia, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, tissue eosinophilia, giant cells, and tertiary lymphoid follicle formation are evident in OSCC histologically but have not yet been accounted in any grading systems of OSCC except perineural and vascular invasion. Aim: The aim of the present study was to identify these uncommon features and to correlate them with different grades of OSCC. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted on 100 histopathologically confirmed OSCC cases retrieved from the archives of our department. They were graded on the basis of Broder's grading system and were reviewed for the features mentioned above. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Clear cell change, EMT, foreign body giant cells, and tumor giant cells were observed in 13%, 20%, 1%, and 3% of cases, respectively. We found stromal desmoplasia in 15% and stromal hyalinization in 9% of cases. Tissue eosinophilia, tertiary lymphoid follicle formation, and perineural invasion were observed in 12%, 3%, and 2% of cases, respectively. Vascular invasion was not evident in any of the cases examined. Conclusion: The incidence of the unusual features was 7.8% in our study.

Observation on destroyed architecture of splenic lymphoid follicles in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum by immunohistochemistry / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To observe the destroyed architecture of splenic lymphoid follicles in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum by immunohistochemistry. Methods The mice infected with S. japonicum(20 cercariae/mouse)for 8 weeks were sacrificed,and the splenic samples were paraffin embedded and sliced. The sections were first stained by hematoxylin and eosin to observe the massive structure of splenic lymphoid follicles,and then B cells,follicular dendritic cells(FDC)and germinal center cells were labeled with anti-B220,anti-CD21 or anti-Ki67 antibodies respectively by immunohistochemistry to observe the distribution of the specific cells of lymphoid follicles. Results The results of HE staining showed that the structure of lym-phoid follicles in spleens of infected mice was blurred,the number and area of follicles were significantly reduced compared to those of the normal mice. The immunohistochemical staining showed that the splenic T/B lymphocyte segregation ,FDC network and germinal centers of the infected mice all disappeared. Conclusion The structure of splenic lymphoid follicles in the mice infected with S. japonicum is obviously damaged.

Growth and histological development of bursa of Fabricius in ducklings / 中国兽医学报

By measuring the absolute weight and growth index of the bursa of Fabricius and using routine H.E method,the growth and histological development of the bursa in 1 to 49 days duckling were studied.The results showed that the absolute weight of the bursa increased as the ducklings grew.The growth index of the bursa reached its peak at 21 days.The height and width of both the large plica and projection formed by the follicle-associated epithelium(FAE)enlarged gradually,the same as the lymphoid follicle area and cortex width.The results indicated that the bursa of Fabricius in duckling develops slowly from 1 to 14 days,and quickly from 14 to 35 days(especially from 21 to 28 days),then steadily from 35 to 49 days.Histologically,the duckling bursa has approached its maturation by the 28th day.

Expression of CCL18 (Dendritic Cell-Derived Chemokine) mRNA in Gastric Mucosa Infected with Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a major etiologic agent causing chronic gastritis, along with other features, including lymphoid follicles, surface epithelial degeneration with mucous depletion and intestinal metaplasia. To clarify the mechanism by which H. pylori induces gastric mucosal injury and development of lymphoid follicles, in this study we examined the expression of the iNOS, cagA, CCL3 and CCL18 mRNA in biopsy materials obtained from severe and mild chronic gastritis. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that the rate of iNOS expression in mucosa of severe or mild chronic gastritis was 95.7% or 92.9, respectively. The expression of cagA mRNA in mucosa of severe chronic gastritis was 63.8%, but cagA mRNA was not found in mucosa of mild chronic gastritis. The expression of CCL3 mRNA in mucosa of severe chronic gastritis was 95.7%, but CCL3 mRNA was not found in mucosa of mild chronic gastritis. The expression of CCL18 mRNA was 53.2% in lymphoid follicle of gastric mucosa, but CCL18 mRNA was found in gastric mucosa without lymphoid follicle (46.8%). The prevalence of expression of both cagA and CCL18 mRNA was 59.6% and cagA mRNA expression without CCL18 was 16.7% in lymphoid follicle of gastric mucosa. These results suggest that the expression of iNOS mRNA in both mild and severe chronic gastritis is very high, therefore, the NO pathway is suspected of being an important factor in the etiology of chronic gastritis. The expression of cagA mRNA in gastric mucosa is associated with severity of chronic gastritis. Almost all of the CCL18 mRNA positive gastric mucosa were also expressing cagA, therefore CCL18 mRNA expression is closely related to the cagA mRNA expression (p<0.0001).

A Case of Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia / 대한피부과학회지

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare benign tumor, characterized by marked proliferation of endothelial cells. ALHE shows histopathologic feature of extensive infiltrate of lymphocytes, histiocytes and numerous eosinophils, and occurs on the head and neck of young adults. We report a case of ALHE in a 49-year-old woman. Histopathologic examination revealed lymphoid follicles with germinal centers and proliferation of irregular capillaries with plump endothelial cells, sometimes atypical in appearance, protruding into the lumen of the blood vessels.

A Case of Cutaneous Bronchogenic Cyst with Lymphoid Follicles / 대한피부과학회지

We report a case of cutaneous bronchogenic cyst accompanied by many lymphoid follicles histopathologically. A 6-year-old boy had an erythematous macule with a pinpoint-sized opening intermittently draining mucinous material on the anterior chest. Histopathologic findings showed an irregularly folded cystic structure extending from the deep dermis to subcutis. It was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium interspersed with PAS-positive goblet cells. Groups of submucosal glands, a strand of smooth muscle, and, interestingly several lymphoid follicles consisting of many mononuclear cells were also seen.

Correlation between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Lymphoid Follicle Formation in Gastrectomy Specimens

Histopathologic studies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated chronic gastritis have been mostly undertaken with endoscopic biopsy specimens, often leading to an inappropriate evaluation of the gastric mucosal alterations. The purpose of this paper was designed to investigate the actual prevalence of lymphoid follicle formation by H. pylori infection using the resected stomachs. A total of 16 fresh gastrectomy specimens bearing gastric carcinoma were examined under the quick and gentle procedure, with which H. pylori was detected in 12 cases (75%) and lymphoid follicles in 14 cases (87.5%), while the detection rate of H. pylori remained 56.3% in the control group which comprised the same 16 resected stomachs and were examined by routine tissue preparation procedure without any special care. There was a significant correlation between the presence of H. pylori and lymphoid follicle formation (p=0.05), but no correlation was found between the grades of H. pylori and lymphoid follicles. The topographical distribution of H. pylori or lymphoid follicles in antrum and body gave no statistical difference. Similarly, there was no correlation between H. pylori infection and intestinal metaplasia, activity of chronic gastritis or histologic types of accompanying adenocarcinoma. We conclude that studies of the gastric mucosal change by H. pylori infection using the gastrectomy specimens provide a useful information for analysis of lymphoid follicle formation which is a consistent morphological characteristic of H. pylori infection.

Prevalence of Lymphoid Follicles in Helicobacter Pylori Associated Peptic Ulcer and Non-ulcer Dyspepsia in Human Stomach

To determine the prevalence of lymphoid follicles in Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) positive and negative gastritis and its relationship to age, biopsy site, gastritis activity, degree of gastritis, number of H. pylori and gastritis score in H. pylori associated gastritis, we examined the gastric tissue of patients with 121 nonulcer dyspepsia and 99 peptic ulcers. The gastritis score was obtained by adding together the figures for gastritis degree, gastritis activity and number of H. pylori. H. pylori was detected in 75.2% of nonulcer dyspepsia, 84.5% of gastric ulcers and 90.3% of duodenal ulcers. Lymphoid follicles were found in 63.3% of H. pylori associated gastritis and 4.7% of H. pylori negative gastritis, and there was a strong relationship between the prevalence of lymphoid follicles and H. pylori infection(P<0.01). Lymphoid follicles were found in 100% of H. pylori associated gastritis, showing severe chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, and strong relationship between the prevalene of lymphoid follicles and the degree of gastritis (P<0.01). There was no significant difference among lymphoid follicles, age, biopsy site, clinical diagnosis, gastritis activity and number of H. pylori. Lymphoid follicles were found in 58.3% of gastritis score 4, 67.6% of gastritis score 7 and 100% of gastritis score 9, and there was significant correlation between the prevalence of lymphoid follicles and a gastritis score(P<0.01, R=0.85). In summary, gastric lymphoid follicle is significantly associated with H. pylori infection and its presence in H. pylori associated gastritis is related to chronic inflammatory cell infiltration.

Gastric Lymphoid Follicles in Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Frequency, Distribution and Relationship to Inflammation in 331 Gastric Biopsy Material

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection is considered the most important cause of chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer. To determine the prevalence, distribution and it's relationship to degree of inflammation, gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 331 nonulcer dyspepsia(NUD) patients consisting of 52 H. pylori negative normal volunteers and 279 H. pylori infected patients. Lymphoid follicles, degree of acute and chronic inflammation(Grade 0 to 3), and degree of H. pylori(Grade 0 to 4) were observed. The prevalence of H. pylori in NUD was 84.29%. The lymphoid follicles were found in 138 patients(41.7%) and only 5 patients(l.5%) without H. pylori showed lymphoid follicles. There was strong a relationship between lymphoid follicles and degree of acute and chronic inflammation and intensity of H. pylori infection(P<0.001). Acute and chronic inflammation were more serious in the antrum than body in H. pylori infected patients. There was no relationship between lymphoid follicles and the site in the stomach of H. pylori infection(P<0.078), but the body portion had an increased frequency of lymphoid follicles compared to the in antrum. Our results indicate that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korea is higher than in Western people and the degree of acute and chronic inflammation are strongly correlated with the presence of lymphoid follicles. The lymphoid follicles are believed to be absent from the normal stomach and their presence is strongly associated with H. pylori infection. The fact there is an that increased frequency of lymphoid follicles in H. pylori infected patients, and that they are more prevalent in the body of the antrum, support the concept that H. pylori may be a precursor in the development of primary gastric lymphoma.