Prevalence and Correlates of Nutritional Anaemia among Adolescent Girls of Distt. U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand

Aim: Present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and epidemiological correlates of anaemia among adolescent girls (AGs) of district U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand (India). Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted between March-November 2017 among 880 AGs (10-19 years) in 88 anganwadi (AWC) centers covering three blocks one each from rural, urban and tribal blocks of district U.S. Nagar. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, dietary and menstrual health data on AGs along with their anthropometric and heamoglobin (Hb) measurements. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed using R software between independent variables categorised under socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric, menstrual health and dietary characters versus the presence of anaemia. Independent variables which were found to be significantly associated with the presence of anaemia, in univariate analysis were further analysed through multiple regression analysis to find predictors of anaemia. Results: The mean age of the study population was 15.4 years. Prevalence of anaemia was found to be 83.18% among AGs with mean Hb value of 10.62±1.5g/dl. In univariate analysis, consumption of iron folic acid supplement (IFA), age, current school status, exposure to nutrition education on anaemia, mother’s literacy status, number of children in the family, abdominal obesity, behavior of skipping meals, number of meals per day, duration of menstrual flow and type of menstrual flow were significantly associated with anaemia in AGs. While multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of anaemia were non-exposure to nutrition education on anaemia AOR (95%CI) 1.76 (1.36, 3.12); mother’s illiteracy AOR (95%CI) 1.56(1.17,1.96) and long duration (>5 days) of menstrual flow AOR (95%CI) 1.45(1.25, 1.65), and these were significantly associated with increased odds of nutritional anaemia while consumption of IFA AOR(95%CI) 0.329(-0.04-0.71), scanty menstrual flow AOR (95%CI) 0.692(-0.45,0.95) and late adolescent age AOR (95%CI) 0.45(-0.03,0.94) showed a protective effect.

Dietary patterns in Mexico and obesity in children

his cross-sectional study aims to investigate food habits, socio-economic status and blood lipids profile in schoolchildren (10-11 years of age) living in a low-income area of Mexico (the city of Montemorelos), characterizing lipid concentrations among children obese and evaluating the impact of socio-economic factors and dietary habits on blood lipids profile of these children. Complete data were available for 156 children (78 boys and 78 girls), food habits and socio economic status were assessed using a questionnaire developed from the one previously used from the enKid study conducted on Spanish children. Food reported in the questionnaire was classified in four food groups (animal source food/legumes, grains/tubers, fruits/vegetables, fats/sweets), beverages were classified separately. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of: total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose. Children were found to eat fats and sweets more frequently than other food groups. The 59 children, found to be obese and overweight, presented significant higher blood lipid levels (except to glucose levels) than normal weight kids. Using random forests, we found out that food and beverage consumption plays a key role in influencing blood lipids profile in children overweight and obese. Given these observations, it's crucial to develop health care policies promoting healthy eating habits among schoolchildren taking into account the specific characteristics of this geographical area in Mexico(AU)

Este estudio transversal tiene como objetivo investigar los hábitos alimentarios, el nivel socioeconómico y el perfil de lípidos sanguíneos en niños en edad escolar que viven en una zona de bajos recursos en México, caracterizando las concentraciones de lípidos en niños obesos/sobrepeso y evaluar el impacto de los factores socioeconómicos y hábitos dietéticos en el perfil de lípidos de estos niños. Mediante un cuestionario utilizado previamente en el estudio enKid realizado con niños españoles lo realizaron en forma completa 156 niños (78 niños y 78 niñas), se evaluó los hábitos alimentarios y el estado socioeconómico. Los alimentos reportados en el cuestionario se clasifica en cuatro grupos de alimentos (alimentos fuente animal / legumbres, granos / tubérculos, frutas / verduras, grasas / dulces), las bebidas fueron clasificadas por separado. Se analizaron muestras de sangre para determinar las concentraciones de: colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicéridos, glucosa. Los 59 niños, obesos/sobrepeso, presentaron niveles de lípidos en sangre significativamente más altos que los niños de peso normal. Usando Selvas Aleatorias nos enteramos de que los alimentos y el consumo de bebidas juegan un rol clave para influir en el perfil de lípidos en la sangre en niños obesos/sobrepeso. Teniendo en cuenta estas observaciones, es crucial desarrollar políticas de salud que promueven hábitos alimenticios saludables entre los escolares, teniendo en cuenta las características específicas de esta área geográfica en México(AU)

Assessment of Menu Plan Prepared by Middle School Students According to Ordinary Meal Pattern and Single Serving Size / 대한지역사회영양학회지

It is important to prepare and execute the menu plan for proper and balanced intake of nutrients in the adolescence. This study investigated the new approach for planning menu by ordinary meal pattern based on cooked foods groups. The amounts of cooked foods in the menu plan assumed to be single serving size. The middle school second graders participated for the study. A total of 313 questionnaires were analyzed using CAN-pro 3.0 and SPSS WIN 12.0 program. The average content of energy in the menu plan was 2,453 kcal, the average ratios of energy contribution by carbohydrate, protein and fat were 54.3%, 17.9%, 27.8%, respectively. A total of 56.9% menu plans (94.9% of male and 8.7% of female students') were below the lowest limit of optimum carbohydrate energy ratio of 55%. A total of 29.1% menu plans (33.1% of male and 23.9% of female students') were exceed the highest limit of optimum fat energy ratio of 30%. The NAR of minerals and vitamins were all 1.0 except for calcium (0.92) and folate (0.88). When INQ of the individual cooked food groups were calculated, kimch was the highest in all minerals and vitamins examined, suggesting that kimch may be the best source for all minerals and vitamins, including calcium and folate with the minimum change in energy content. In conclusion, the menu plan by ordinary meal pattern in this study was low in carbohydrate, high in fat, and contained enough minerals and vitamins except for calcium and folate for middle school students.

Meal Patterns of Malaysian Adults: Findings from the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS)

Introduction: Meal patterns have received little attention in nutrition studies. The aim of this study is to present the findings on general meal patterns of Malaysian adults. Methods: The Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS), carried out in 2002 and 2003, involved 6,928 adults selected by stratified random sampling from all households by zone in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Results: In general, the results showed that most respondents (74.16%) ate three meals per day; 89.20% of the respondents consumed breakfast, while 88.57% consumed lunch and 91.97% consumed dinner with no significant difference in terms of sex. In Peninsular Malaysia, the Northern Zone had the highest number of people consuming breakfast compared to other zones. Meanwhile, the population in Sarawak had the largest proportion of people consuming lunch and dinner, but the smallest proportion of people consuming breakfast. A significantly higher number of the rural population consumed breakfast and lunch than urbanites; however there was no significant difference in dinner consumption. Generally, breakfast consumption increased with age whereby significant difference existed between the 18 to 19 years age group and the age group of 30 years and older. Lunch intake among the age groups showed no significant difference. In contrast, dinner consumption was significantly lower among the 18 to 19 years age group compared to all other age groups. Comparison among the ethnic groups showed that the Indian population had the lowest percentage of having breakfast and lunch while the Orang Asli had the lowest percentage of consuming dinner. However, the Orang Asli recorded the highest percentage for taking breakfast and lunch while the Chinese had the highest percentage of taking dinner. Conclusion: Considering that Malaysian adults consumed their conventional breakfast, lunch and dinner, these findings indicatethat Malaysians are maintaining their traditional meal patterns.

Change of Children's Meal Structure in Terms of Temporal and Spatial Dimensions : Analysis of the Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 1998 and 2009 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to characterize changes in the meal structure of Korean children in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions. The data of 1,891 and 1,627 school-aged children and adolescents extracted respectively from the 1998 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed by gender, age group, and residential area. From 1998 to 2009, the total eating events increased from 4.3 to 4.6 (p = 0.001); the average number of meal intake decreased from 2.8 to 2.7 (p < 0.001) while that of snack intake increased from 1.5 to 1.9 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of "3 meals a day" pattern tended to decrease while that of "2 meals a day" pattern increased over the years. Especially, the "2 meals a day" pattern with "lunch + dinner" increased from 13% in 1998 to 20% in 2009. The percentage of eating breakfast or dinner at home decreased over the years. These results indicate that over the last decade, "destructuration" occurred in Korean children's meal structure in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions. Especially, such alteration was more distinctive in male than female and in the high school-aged group than the elementary or middle school-aged groups. Overall, the difference of meal structure between genders and residential areas became smaller while the difference among age groups became larger over the years.

Energy intake and snack choice by the meal patterns of employed people

The aim of this study was to provide descriptive information on meal and snack patterns and to investigate snacks in relation to energy intake and food choice according to the meal patterns of employed people in Korea. 683 employed people (292 males, 391 females) were interviewed to collect one day dietary data by using 24-h dietary recall. A recorded day was divided into 3 meal and 3 snack periods by the respondent's criteria and the time of consumption. To analyze the eating pattern participants were divided as the more frequent snack eaters (MFSE) and the less frequent snack eaters (LFSE). They were also categorized into 6 groups according to the frequency of all eating occasions. The common meal pattern in nearly half of the subjects (47.6%) was composed of three meals plus one or two snacks per day. A trend of an increasing the number of snacks in between main meals emerges, although the conventional meal pattern is still retained in most employed Korean adults. Women, aged 30-39, and urban residents, had a higher number of being MFSE than LFSE. Increasing eating occasions was associated with higher energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes, with the exception of fat intakes. 16.8% of the total daily energy intake came from snack consumption, while the 3 main meals contributed 83.2%. Energy and macronutrient intakes from snacks in the MFSE were significantly higher than the LFSE. Instant coffee was the most popular snack in the morning and afternoon, whereas heavy snacks and alcohol were more frequently consumed by both of the meal skipper groups (< or =2M+2,3S and < or =2M+0,1S) in the evening. In conclusion, meal pattern is changing to reflect an increase of more snacks between the three main meals. Meal and snack patterns may be markers for the energy and macronutrient intakes of employed people in Korea.

Analysis of Meal Habits from the Viewpoint of Regularity in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients / 당뇨병

BACKGROUND: The regular meal pattern with consistent day-to-day calorie and carbohydrate intake is one of the most important determinants of good glycemic control in diabetes. This study was aimed to investigate the meal pattern and their relationships with total energy intake, nutrients intake and glycemic and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: 1,084 subjects were divided according to glycemic status into three groups: the diabetes (DM), dysglycemia (DG) and normal (N). The meal frequency (MF), meal interval (MI) and daily intake of total energy, macronutrient and micronutrient were estimated with the 24 hours dietary recall from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) in 2001 and Eulji hospital. For analysis of meal pattern and it's relations with the nutrients intake, we regrouped into meal skipper (G1), non-meal skipper with unreasonable MI (G2), and non-meal skipper with reasonable MI (G3). RESULTS: 17.5% of DM, 21.8% of DG, 23.3% of N skipped at least one meal a day without significant difference across the groups. 55.9% of non-meal skipper had unreasonable MI. Meal was more regular in older age, lower educated person, employee, and female. G1 took higher fat, and more calories form snack and less micronutrient density, compared with G3 (P < 0.05). HbA1c, total cholesterol and triglyceride values were higher in G1 compared with other two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Many type 2 diabetics had the irregular meal patterns, which was associated with poor glycemic control, lipid profiles and less micronutrient density. This suggested that another treatment strategy might be required for those who had irregular lifestyle.

The Dietary Habits of the Nonagenarian Population in Longevity Belt in Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The dietary habits and eating behaviors of nonagenarian subjects over 90 years old in Korean representative longevity belts of Damyang, Gokseong, Kurye, Sunchang were evaluated. The subjects of the study were 91 elderly people (26 males and 65 females) over 90 years old and their dietary habits, food preferences and meal patterns were collected by individual interview. The percentage of subjects, who answered "very good" or "good" for their health status, was 65.9%. In this study, 55% of subjects were without chronic diseases, and there was no significance difference in gender. Many subjects had performed regular exercise and outdoor activity. The rate of eating together with their family was 79.1%. Most of subjects (91.2%) had a regular mealtime consuming three meals a day, and they had good appetite and pleasure of eating. The higher preference of food group was fruits (95.6%), legumes (94.5%), mushrooms (93.4%) and vegetables (92.3%), but the amount of intakes is higher in vegetables than the others. Eating with family, regular exercise and self-rated good health are improved their nutrient intakes. Most frequently consumed meal pattern was rice plus soup and side dishes. The side dish consumed frequently was Namul (blanch and seasoned vegetables). From this study, the nonagenarian populations in longevity belt in Korea have good dietary habits such as regular mealtime, constant amount of meal and eat with pleasure. They are taking Korean traditional meal pattern, providing enriched antioxidant vegetable foods. Also, it can be concluded that the amount and quality of diet in the long-lived elderly are responsible for the Korean traditional family system.

Nutrient and Food Intake of Koreans by the Economic Status and Meal Pattern Using 1998 Korean National Health Examination Nutrition Survey

The objective of this study was to investigate difference in the diet by the kind of meal and the economic status. Nutrient contents at each meals were compared and differences in food intake at different meal were analyzed by economic status. Data from the 1998 Korean National Health Examination Nutrition Survey were used. Using the poverty line based on the 1998 Korean minimum cost of living, the subjects (n = 10400) were classified into high class (36.1%), middle class (40.7%) and low class (23.1%). Most nutrient intakes were obtained for main meals regardless of economic status. For high class, breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks bring about 21, 29, 30 and 19 % of total energy intake, for middle class 22, 29, 30 and 19% and for low class 24, 30, 30 and 16%, respectively. The high-middle class people tend to get more food intakes and nutrients at dinner and snacks, while the low class at main meals. This result was associated with the consumption of a smaller number of meals and a greater number of snacks daily as the economic level was going up (p < 0.05). Meals contributed to energy, protein and fat intake, and snacks to water, retinol and vitamin C. The food intakes by food group were different at meals by economic class. Seaweed product were popular breakfast foods in both middle and low groups. Thus three meals such as breakfast, lunch and dinner still delivered most of the energy and most of the macro nutrients regardless of economic status.