ABSTRACT
Ceratitis capitata is one among the most destructive and economically important agricultural pests worldwide. Despite its economic significance, the population structures of this pest have remained relatively unexplored in the eastern Mediterranean basin. Using two mitochondrial markers, the present study aimed to examining the population genetic structure and diversity of C. capitata populations in Turkey, the region that covers a large part of the eastern Mediterranean area. Our results revealed that the Turkish Mediterranean fruit fly populations are characterized by low levels of genetic diversity and limited population differentiation. For comparison purposes, wemerged the sequences identified in the present study with the previously reported sequences from acrossthe world into the data matrix. The haplotype network showed that, unlike the African samples the Mediterranean samples and samples from the new world (America, Pacific region and Australia) did not show any clear pattern of geographical structuring, which indicates that the Mediterranean basin, particularly the eastern Mediterranean region populations, may have played a moreimportant role in the colonization of C. capitata populations to the new world. The results also revealed a close genetic relationship between the Turkish and Iranian populations, suggesting that the Iranian C. capitata populations probably originated from Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Influence of different tropical fruits on biological and behavioral aspects of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Tephritidae). Studies on Ceratitis capitata, a world fruit pest, can aid the implementation of control programs by determining the plants with higher vulnerability to attacks and plants able to sustain their population in areas of fly distribution. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of eight tropical fruits on the following biological and behavioral parameters of C. capitata: emergence percentage, life cycle duration, adult size, egg production, longevity, fecundity, egg viability, and oviposition acceptance. The fruits tested were: acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.), guava (Psidium guajava L.), soursop (Annona muricata L.), yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.), Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense L.), and umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.). The biological parameters were obtained by rearing the recently hatched larvae on each of the fruit kinds. Acceptance of fruits for oviposition experiment was assessed using no-choice tests, as couples were exposed to two pieces of the same fruit. The best performances were obtained with guava, soursop, and star fruit. Larvae reared on cashew and acerola fruits had regular performances. No adults emerged from yellow mombin, Malay apple, or umbu. Fruit species did not affect adult longevity, female fecundity, or egg viability. Guava, soursop, and acerola were preferred for oviposition, followed by star fruit, Malay apple, cashew, and yellow mombin. Oviposition did not occur on umbu. In general, fruits with better larval development were also more accepted for oviposition.
Influência de diferentes frutos tropicais em aspectos biológicos e comportamentais da mosca-das-frutas Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Tephritidae). Estudos em Ceratitis capitata, uma praga agrícola, pode auxiliar na implementação do programa de controle determinando as plantas com maior vulnerabilidade de serem atacadas e plantas capazes de sustentar sua população em áreas de distribuição da mosca. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de oito frutos tropicais em alguns parâmetros biológicos e comportamentais de C. capitata: porcentagem de emergência, duração do ciclo de vida, tamanho do adulto, produção de óvulos, longevidade, fecundidade, viabilidade dos ovos e aceitação de frutos para oviposição. Os frutos testados foram: acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), caju (Anacardium occidentale L.), carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.), goiaba (Psidium guajava L.), graviola (Annona muricata L.), cajá (Spondias mombin L.), jambo (Syzygium malaccense L.), and umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.). Os parâmetros biológicos foram obtidos colocando larvas recém eclodidas em cada fruto testado. Nos experimentos de aceitação para a oviposição, as moscas foram expostas a dois pedaços das mesmas frutas. A melhor performance foi obtida com goiaba, graviola e carambola. Larvas criadas no caju e na acerola tiveram performance regular. Nenhum adulto emergiu do cajá, jambo ou umbu. As frutas não influenciaram a longevidade dos adultos, fecundidade das fêmeas, ou viabilidade. Goiaba, graviola e acerola foram preferidos para oviposição, seguidos por carambola, jambo, caju e cajá. Oviposição não ocorreu em umbu. Em geral, frutos nos quais houve um melhor desenvolvimento larval, também foram mais aceitos para oviposição.
ABSTRACT
The importance of the protein ingestion during the adult stage on the mating success of males of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann was evaluated in experiments of laboratory and field cage. In laboratory, the effects of protein ingestion during the first four or 12 days of the male adult life was assessed by the following parameters: mating success (capacity of being chosen by the female) and the number of males that give out pheromonal signals. Some experiments of mating success had been carried through with males in different ratios. In these tests, the number of males which had ingested protein (an unique male) was remained constant and the number of males fed without protein was gradually increased from 1:1 to 1:5. In the field cages, the mating success experiments were done using a 1:1 ratio. The results showed that the protein ingestion in the first four days of life did not influence any of the analyzed parameters. When the period of ingestion of protein was extended to 12 days, protein-fed males fed produced more pheromonal signals and had a higher mating success when at a 1:1 ratio in laboratory and field cage assays. In laboratory, females randomly chose males in any other tested ratio (1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5), indicating that the female may lose the perception to identify the male who ingested protein in the first 12 days.