Medication rule and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating metabolism-associated fatty liver disease based on bioinformatics technology / 数字中医药（英文）

@#[Objective[ To analyze the main syndrome types, medication rules, and core prescription characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and to predict the anti-MAFLD mechanism of core formula, so as to provide references for the clinical application of TCM and the development of new drugs. [Methods] Literature research on TCM in treating MAFLD was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database since the establishment of the database to July 2022. Excel 2019 and Chinese Medicine Inheritance Computing Platform (V3.0) were used for frequency analysis, association rule analysis, and cluster analysis of effective prescriptions. The key components, targets, and action pathways of anti-MAFLD core formulas were predicted by network pharmacology. Finally, the interactions between the obtained core components and their core targets were verified reversely by molecular docking technology. [Results] A total of 218 articles were screened and selected, including 352 prescriptions, involving 270 traditional Chinese herbs. The drugs were used a total of 3 901 times, and a total of 10 915 cases were collected, among which the prevalence rate was higher in males. The main types of TCM syndrome included intermingled phlegm and blood stasis syndrome, liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome, and damp-heat in liver and gallbladder syndrome, among which Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus), Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma), Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) were the most frequently used. The properties of Chinese medicine primarily encompassed thermal characteristics, with a predominant emphasis on cold and warm; the flavors of herbs were predominantly characterized by bitterness and sweetness, while the majority exhibited tropism towards the spleen and liver meridians. The drugs were primarily classified based on their efficacy in tonifying deficiencies, promoting diuresis and moistening, enhancing blood circulation and removing blood stasisheat-clearing, etc. The association rules were employed to derive a set of 20 core drug pairs, while cluster analysis was utilized to identify three distinct groups of core drug combinations. Network pharmacological showed that the main components of the core formula “Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus) - Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) - Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma) - Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) - Fuling (Poria)” in the treatment of MAFLD were quercetin, apigenin, puerarin, luteolin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, tanshinone IIA, emodin, paeonol, etc., which involved RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (AKT1), cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma (PPARG), and other key targets. The molecular docking results showed that the core components had good binding to lipid and atherosclerosis, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway-associated proteins. [Conclusion] The main principles of TCM for the treatment of MAFLD involve soothing the liver and strengthening the spleen, eliminating phlegm and dampness, clearing heat and dampness, as well as promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. The core formula may exert anti-MAFLD effects mediated through multiple components, targets, and signaling pathways. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of TCM in the treatment of MAFLD, and serves as a reference for further exploration of new drugs against MAFLD.

Medication Rules of Pinelliae Rhizoma Processed Products in Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Insomnia Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze and summarize the medication rules of different Pinelliae Rhizoma processed products in the syndrome differentiation and treatment of insomnia using data mining. MethodThe literature on the treatment of insomnia with Pinelliae Rhizoma was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP， and PubMed databases over the past 10 years. An Excel database was constructed to record the prescriptions of different Pinelliae Rhizoma processed products in the treatment of insomnia. SPSS 26.0 software was used for frequency analysis of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes related to insomnia， compatibility of drugs， drug effects， and properties. SPSS 26.0 was also used for cluster analysis， factor analysis， and IBM Modeler 18.0 plugin for association rule analysis of the core compatibility of different Pinelliae Rhizoma processed products and combinations. ResultAfter applying inclusion and exclusion criteria， 125 relevant articles were finally included. The commonly used processed products of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the treatment of insomnia were Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum， Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Zingibere et Alumine， and Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Alumine. Among them， Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum was the most frequently used. All three processed products of Pinelliae Rhizoma were often used for insomnia with such TCM syndromes as phlegm-heat disturbing the heart， phlegm-dampness obstructing the interior， and liver Qi stagnation. The compatible drugs were sweet， bitter， and pungent in flavor， cold in nature， and acted on the lung， spleen， heart， and liver meridians， with functions of nourishing deficiency， clearing heat， and calming the mind. The common prescriptions used were Wendantang， Chaihu Longgu Mulitang， Banxia Xiexintang， and Xiaochaihutang， with doses ranging from 6 to 30 g. The core drug combinations were Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum-Poria-Ziziphi Spinosae Semen， Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Zingibere et Alumine-Jujubae Fructus-Codonopsis Radix， and Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Alumine-Scutellariae Radix-Bupleuri Radix. ConclusionThis study， for the first time， analyzed and summarized the compatibility and prescription application rules of commonly used processed products of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the treatment of insomnia from the perspective of TCM syndrome differentiation， which provides a theoretical basis for the rational， safe， and effective use of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the treatment of insomnia in TCM.

Research on the medication law of external application of TCM for psoriasis vulgaris based on modern articles / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the medication law of external application of TCM in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) by using data mining method.Methods:Clinical controlled trial literature about external application of TCM in the treatment of PV was retrieved from CNKI, VIP, WanFang, SinoMed, PubMed and Cochrane Library from the establishment of the databases to May 23, 2022. Prescriptions were extracted after screening. TCM inheritance computing platform V3.0 was used to analyze the property, taste, meridian, efficacy, use frequency, common medicinal pairs and the core combinations.Results:A total 186 prescriptions were included, involving 190 kinds of Chinese materia medica. The medicines were mostly bitter and cold in property and taste, mainly belonging to the liver and heart meridians. Heat-clearing drugs were mainly used, followed by blood circulation-activating and stasis-eliminating medicines, and tonic medicines. The ten most frequently used medicines were Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, Dictamni Cortex, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex, Kochiae Fructus, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Salviea Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Rehmannine Radix, and Arnebiae Radix; the 3 commonly used medicinal pairs were Sophorae Flavescentis Radix- Dictamni Cortex, Sophorae Flavescentis Radix- Cnidii Fructus, and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix- Kochiae Fructus; 4 combinations were obtained through evolution. Conclusions:External application of TCM for the treatment of PV is around the core pathogenesis of "heat toxin", mainly treating from the blood, including cooling blood and detoxifcation, activating blood circulation and removing stasis, nourishing the blood and moistening dryness. Clearing heat and drying dampness, dispelling wind and relieving itching are also valued. The treating thoughts can provide some references for clinical treatment.

The rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine compounds for diabetes based on the National Patent Database / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating diabetes based on the National Patent Database.Methods:In the patent search and analysis platform of the China National Intellectual Property Administration, search the invention patents of the TCM compounds for treating diabetes during January 1,2016-December 31,2020. The Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform (V2.3.5) was used to conduct the statistics of Chinese materia medica frequency, the nature and meridian entry, and the analysis of association rules. The cluster analysis and factor analysis were carried out with the SPSS 25.0.Results:A total of 490 TCM compound patents were included, which involve 791 kinds of Chinese materia medica. For each patent, the number of the Chinese materia medica types was rough 13-14 in average. Remarkably, thirty kinds of Chinese materia medica with high frequencies were obtained, where tonic Chinese materia medica accounted for the largest number, followed by the heat-clearing Chinese materia medica. Among these Chinese materia medica the categories of nature are mainly flat, cold and slightly cold, while the flavors are mostly sweet, bitter and pungent, which mainly belongs to the three meridians of lung, kidney and spleen. As for the results of statistical analysis, the association rule analysis indicated that there were 17 effective kinds of Chinese materia medica pairs, such as Rhizoma Dioscoreae-Astragalus Membranaceus and Radix Rehmanniae Recen-Astragalus Membranaceus. Seven Chinese materia medica groups were derived by the cluster analysis, and 11 common factors were extracted through factor analysis. Conclusions:The TCM compounds for treating diabetes are based on clearing heat and moisturizing dryness, nourishing yin and fluid, supplemented by invigorating spleen and removing dampness, dispelling phlegm and dissolving blood stasis, purging fire and detoxification. Notably, in clinical application, phlegm, blood stasis, heat toxin and other pathological products are supposed to be the focus, must identifying the both symptoms and root causes.

Medication rules of famous Beijing TCM doctor Wang Pei in the treatment of colon cancer based on data mining / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To explore the medication rules of Professor Wang Pei in the treatment of colon cancer.Methods:The medical records of Professor Wang Pei's outpatient treatment for colon cancer were collected, entered into the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Computing Platform V3.0, and the laws of the prescription's nature, flavor, meridian, drug frequency, drug combination, association rules, and cluster analysis were explored.Results:A total of 65 prescriptions were collected, including 150 Chinese materia medica. The medicinal properties of these Chinese materia medica are mainly warm, cold and flat, the tastes were mainly sweet, bitter and pungent, and the meridians were mainly liver, spleen and kidney meridians. Dampness category and blood circulation promoting and blood stasis category were mainly used, and the most frequently used drugs include Poria, Polyporus, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Astragali Radix, Curcumae Rhizoma, and the pairs of Polyporus- Poria, Astragali Radix- Astragali Radix Praeparata cum Melle, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba- Curcumae Rhizoma. Twenty nine high-related drug pairs were obtained from association rules, including Polyporus- Astragali Radix Praeparata cum Melle- Astragali Radix, Poria- Scutellariae Barbatae Herba- Polyporus, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba- Curcumae Rhizoma- Polyporus. The cluster analysis showed the combination of 6 types of medicines mainly focuses on strengthening the spleen and removing dampness, nourishing qi and promoting blood, clearing heat and detoxifying, and astringing the intestines to stop bleeding. Conclusion:Professor Wang Pei mostly discusses the treatment of colon cancer from "spleen dampness, rectification deficiency, heat toxin, blood stasis, bleeding", and the treatment is "invigorating the spleen and removing dampness, invigorating Qi and strengthening the body, clearing away heat and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and astringent intestines to stop bleeding", which is in line with the thought of Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment of tumors, strengthening the righteousness and eliminating pathogenic factors, and and can be used for clinical reference.

Macroscopic Clinical Medication Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Esophageal Cancer in Recent Ten Years Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the macroscopic medication pattern of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in treating esophageal cancer （EC） and provide medication references for the clinical application of TCM in EC treatment. MethodRelevant literature on TCM treatment of EC was retrieved from three major Chinese databases： China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， and VIP. Information about Chinese herbal medicines was entered into Excel to establish a prescription database for EC. The data were standardized， summarized， and subjected to frequency analysis， association rules， and cluster analysis of medication in the prescriptions. Based on the TCM classification of EC syndromes， clinical indications corresponding to each syndrome were identified， and high-frequency drugs and drug pairs were analyzed correspondingly with syndromes. ResultA total of 136 prescriptions containing 240 Chinese herbal medicines were screened， with a cumulative frequency of 1 853 times. The top 5 frequently used Chinese herbal medicines were Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Poria， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Astragali Radix， and Pinelliae Rhizoma. In terms of functions， the Chinese herbal medicines were mainly deficiency-tonifying， urination-promoting and dampness-draining， deficiency-tonifying， deficiency-tonifying， and phlegm-resolving and cough and dyspnea-relieving ones. The statistical analysis of flavor， property， and meridian tropism showed that Chinese herbal medicines were mainly bitter and sweet， warm， cold， and neutral， and acted on the spleen， lung， and stomach meridians. Association rule analysis yielded nine potential drug combinations， and cluster analysis of high-frequency drugs resulted in four combination categories. The four TCM syndromes for EC corresponded to respective clinical indications， treatment drugs， and drug pairs. ConclusionTonifying deficiency， reinforcing healthy Qi， descending adverse Qi， resolving phlegm， activating blood， and resolving stasis are the basic principles of TCM treatment for EC， which are supplemented by clearing heat and dissipating mass while focusing on regulating and smoothing the qi movement. The drug combinations obtained from high-frequency drug and association rule analysis provide references for different TCM syndrome treatments of EC， offering valuable insights for clinical medication.

Analysis of medication rules of TCM for perimenopausal syndrome based on literature mining / 药学实践杂志

Objective To investigate the rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of PMS. Methods The literature related to PMS were collected from China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang database and Weipu database in the past 20 years, the herbal compound prescriptions for the treatment of PMS were screened and a relevant database were established and analyzed by SPSS. Results The relevant literatures contains 184 Chinese medicine prescriptions/proprietary Chinese medicines, 122 flavors of traditional Chinese medicines, and the drug categories were mainly tonic drugs, antipyretic drugs, astringent drugs, and tranquilizers. The core single-flavor Chinese medicines were Baishao(Radix Paeoniae Alba), Shudihuang(Rehmannia glutinosa ), Danggui(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Fuling (Indian Buead). The property and flavor covered sweet, bitter, cold, etc.; and the channel tropism belonged to the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen and meridians. The cluster analysis of high-frequency Traditional Chinese Medicine obtained two main combinations. Conclusion TCM treatment of PMS focused on replenishing qi, soothing the liver, nourishing the kidneys, nourishing blood and calming the heart, and then according to clinical compatibility with drugs such as soothing the nerves, clearing heat and removing dampness; most of its clinical treatment were Xiaoyaosan, Liuwei Dihuang pills, and Zhibo Rehmanniae decoction and other prescriptions which were added and subtracted.

Analysis of prescription and medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of the coronavirus disease 2019 based on traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support platform / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To analyze the rules of medication and principles of formulas for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support platform (V2.5).Methods:The clinical data, including gender, age, clinical symptoms, frequency of traditional Chinese medicine medication and prescription information, of patients with COVID-19 and asymptomatic infection who were admitted to Hebei COVID-19 designated hospital supported by medical team of First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine from January to March 2021 were collected. The information data were input into the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support platform (V2.5). The data mining and analysis were realized by the integrated association rules and complex entropy clustering analysis methods of the software, including the analysis of the frequency of each drug use, drug meridian, taste, and prescription rules, and the new prescriptions were developed.Results:A total of 564 patients (564 prescriptions) were enrolled, involving 200 Chinese herbs, including 357 cases of common COVID-19 and 207 cases of asymptomatic infection. The proportion of women with common COVID-19 was high, and the high incidence age group was 51-70 years old. There was no significant difference in gender of asymptomatic infection, and the high incidence age group was 1-20 years old. The main clinical manifestations of most patients were head heavy and cough, followed by low fever and cough with sputum, the main tongue coating and pulse pattern were similar in both types of patients. The frequency of traditional Chinese medicine used in patients with common type of COVID-19 from high to low was liquorice root (326 times), indian bread (264 times), pinellia tuber (263 times), bitter apricot seed (236 times), baical skullcap root (229 times), gypsum (205 times), agastache rugosus (201 times), dried tangerine peel (194 times), ephedra (184 times), and Chinese thorowax root (163 times), while that used by asymptomatic infection were baical skullcap root (174 times), liquorice root (142 times), medicated leaven (137 times), agastache rugosus (127 times), pinellia tuber (114 times), Chinese thorowax root (100 times), officinal magnolia bark (91 times), atractylodes rhizome (89 times), peony root (84 times), and milkvetch root (83 times). The two types of patients were mainly treated with warm, cold and flat drugs, and the nature and taste were mainly pungent, bitter and sweet. The meridian tropism of drugs was mainly lung, spleen and stomach. High frequency drug formulation mainly included drugs for resolving turbidity and detoxification. At the same time, seven new prescriptions for common COVID-19 and four new prescriptions for asymptomatic infection were developed.Conclusions:The primary reason for the COVID-19 occurrence and development is turbidity-toxin and the qi of plague, and resolving turbidity and detoxication are the basic treating principle. On the basis, for patients with common COVID-19, symptomatic treatment such as relieving exterior syndrome, clearing heat, resolving phlegm, and antitussive drugs should be taken into account at the same time, while the treatment of asymptomatic infections should focus more on supporting the body and eliminating the harmful pathogens.

Study on the medication rule of TCM master Duan Fujin in the treatment of liver cirrhosis based on data mining / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the medication rule of Duan Fujin in the treatment of liver cirrhosis based on data mining method.Methods:By searching for and collecting the medical records of patients with liver cirrhosis treated by Traditional Chinese Medicine master Duan Fujin, counting the frequently used Chinese medicines and analyzing their association rules to carry out the system cluster analysis of frequently showed medicines, and to gain new prescriptions.Results:A total of 162 prescriptions of Professor Duan Fujin were collected, including 115 Chinese medicines, most of which are bitter and pungent in terms of taste. The medicines which are frequently used are Bupleuri Radix, Curcumae Radix, Poria, Trionycis Carapax, Glycyrrhizae Radix; the medicine pairs which are frequently appeared are Bupleuri Radix- Curcumae Radix, Bupleuri Radix- Poria, Curcumae Radix- Poria, Curcumae Radix- Trionycis Carapax, Bupleuri Radix- Trionycis Carapax, Curcumae Radix- Poria- Bupleuri Radix, Curcumae Radix- Trionycis Carapax- Bupleuri Radix, Curcumae Radix- Glycyrrhizae Radix- Bupleuri Radix, Bupleuri Radix- Chuanxiong Rhizoma- Curcumae Radix, Curcumae Radix- Trionycis Carapax- Poria, Bupleuri Radix- Trionycis Carapax- Poria. Cluster analysis shows that there are two new prescriptions: the first prescription plays the role of invigorating spleen and removing dampness, regulating qi and resolving phlegm, which is composed of Pinelliae Rhizoma, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Amomi Fructus, Aurantii Fructus, Poria, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, Arecae Pericarpium, Hordei Fructus Germinatus, Crataegi Fructus; the second prescription plays the role of invigorating Qi and activating blood circulation, Ruanjian Sanjie, which is composed of Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Astragali Radix, Trionycis Carapax, Ostreae Concha, Curcumae Radix, Corydalis Rhizoma, Persicae Semen, Toosendan Fructus, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Curcumae Rhizoma, Moutan Cortex, Hedyotis diffusa Willd. Conclusion:The treatment of liver cirrhosis by Duan Fujin's mainly focuse on soothing and promoting the liver qi, softening the hard and disperse the knot, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, strengthening the spleen qi and removing dampness.

Based on the National Patent Database to analyze the medication rule of Traditional Chinese Medicine compounds for the treatment of colorectal cancer / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:Based on the National Patent Database, this paper analyzes the medication rule of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compound patents for the treatment of colorectal cancer in the past 10 years.Methods:By searching for and extracted screening out TCM compound patents for the treatment of colorectal cancer and after the dada selection, data entry , data specifications, the compound patents database for the treatment of colorectal cancer was established. then used IBM SPSS Modeler and IBM SPSS Statistics software to perform frequency analysis, attribute analysis, association analysis and cluster analysis of TCM.Results:A total of 97 compound patents were included, including 411 TCM, among which the core medicines are Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma, Hedyotis diffusa, Astragali radix, Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, Scutellariae barbatae herba, Poria, etc. The medicine is mainly cold and warm; The medicine mainly tastes bitter and sweet; The spleen meridian is the main meridian. The cluster analysis result shows there are 7 categories, and the paired TCM with strong correlation includes Hedyotis diffusa- Scutellariae barbatae herba, Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma- Curcumae rhizoma, Astragali radix- Codonopsis radix and so on. Conclusions:Treating colorectal cancer should take those medicine which could invigorate the spleen and nurture the deficiency, such as Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma, Astragali radix, Codonopsis radix, while for clearing away heat, detoxifying, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, such as Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellariae barbatae herba, and Curcumae rhizoma. At the same time, it can be combined as appropriate, attacking and replenishing simultaneously, regulating qi and blood.

Discussion on medication rules of constipation in Guide to Clinical Practice with Medical Records based on data mining / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To explore the medication rules of Ye Tianshi in the treatment of constipation from his clinical records. Methods:The drugs in the prescriptions of intestinal obstruction and stool closure were collected in Guide to Clinical Practice with Medical Records. Then the frequency of the prescriptions and the herbs for the treatment,as well as the herbal natures, flavors and meridian belongings were analyzed by Excel, SPSS 22.0 and SPSS Modeler software. Results:The main syndrome types of Ye's treatment of fecal occlusive disease were internal accumulation of dampness and heat, deficiency of kidney Yang, hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency, deficiency of liver and kidney Yin, and dysfunction of lung. The medicinal properties were mainly warm, cold and flat, and the tastes were mainly sweet, pungent and bitter, and the meridians mainly belonged to spleen and stomach, lung, liver, kidney and heart. Armeniacae Semen Amarum, Angelica sinensis, Poria, Semen Platycladi, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim, Semen Persicae were often used. The commonly used drug pairs, included Armeniacae Amarum Semen and Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim, Armeniacae Amarum Semen and Radix Curcumae Aromaticae, Angelica sinensis and Semen Platycladi and so on. Conclusions:Ye Tianshi takes spleen and stomach as the center, pays attention to the important position of dampness pathogen in the pathogenic process, and pays attention to lung Qi purging, liver Qi drainage and bladder gasification. It provides new treatment ideas and methods, guiding future doctors.

Medication Rules of Clinical Prescriptions Containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo reveal the medication rules of the clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， and to provide a basis for the modern clinical application of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， the development of health products and the research and development of new drugs. MethodThe clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were retrieved from CNKI， Wanfang Data， and VIP， and then a basic database of prescriptions was established via the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance auxiliary platform （V2.5）， IBM SPSS V20， and Excel （Microsoft Office 2016）. The frequency and association rules of the medicines in prescriptions （compatible medicines） and the corresponding syndromes were then mined. ResultThe prescriptions were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 458 clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were collected， involving 388 Chinese medicines， and the total frequency of medicines reached 6 199. The core compatible medicines （frequency > 130） of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus included Poria （frequency of 222）， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma （217）， Paeoniae Radix Alba （196）， Bupleuri Radix （159）， and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium （142）. The Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus-compatible medicines with frequency > 49 were selected for further analysis， which included 34 medicines with the cumulative frequency of 3 131 （50.51% of the total frequency）. These medicines mainly have the functions of tonifying Qi， invigorating Qi， tonifying blood， alleviating edema and promoting urination， promoting digestion， and activating blood and relieving pain. They are mainly warm， cold， or mild-natured， taste bitter， sweet， or acrid， and have the tropism in the spleen， liver， stomach， or lung meridians. The association rule analysis demonstrated that 14 medicine combinations were commonly used， and the core combinations were Poria-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Paeoniae Radix Alba-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Bupleuri Radix-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Poria-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. The clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were mainly used to treat 52 diseases corresponding to 11 types of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes. Three representative syndrome types， including spleen and stomach syndromes， Qi-blood-body fluid syndromes， and gynecological syndromes were selected for further association rule analysis. In the treatment of spleen and stomach syndromes， the core compatible drugs were Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Poria， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Bupleuri Radix， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， and Pinelliae Ehizoma， which， together with Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， formed 25 commonly used medicine combinations （16 combinations composed of 2 medicines and 9 combinations composed of 3 medicines）. In the treatment of Qi-blood-body fluid syndromes， the core compatible drugs were Poria， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Astragali Radix， Hordei Fructus Germinatus， and Bupleuri Radix， which， together with Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， formed 23 common medicine combinations （17 combinations composed of 2 medicines， 5 combinations composed of 3 medicines， and 1 combination composed of 4 medicines）. In the treatment of gynecological syndromes， the core compatible medicines were Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Astragali Radix， Cyperi Rhizoma， and Poria， which constituted 25 common medicine combinations （15 combinations composed of 2 medicines and 10 combinations composed of 3 medicines）. ConclusionWe employed the traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） inheritance auxiliary platform to explore the compatibility of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus-containing clinical prescriptions and the corresponding TCM syndromes， which intuitively showcased the medication rules of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. Specifically， Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus was mainly combined with the medicines for tonifying Qi， invigorating Qi， tonifying blood， alleviating edema and promoting urination， promoting digestion， and activating blood and relieving pain to treat different TCM syndromes. While soothing liver， regulating Qi， harmonizing stomach， and relieving pain， the combinations tonify and activate blood， invigorate spleen， and resolve dampness. The findings are of great significance to the rational application of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， the development of health food， and the research of new drugs and will bolster the development of Chinese medicine industry.

Study on the rules of traditional Chinese medicine to promote wound healing based on data mining / 药学实践杂志

Objective To provide new ideas for promoting wound healing by digging and sorting out the medication rules in ancient classics and modern literatures. Methods The prescriptions for promoting wound healing recorded in literatures were collected to establish the database. The data mining technology was used for the analysis. Results 75 prescriptions and 203 traditional Chinese medicines were recorded in the ancient TCM literatures for promoting wound healing. The core medicines included frankincense, liquorice, angelica sinensis, angelica dahuricae, cortex phellodendri, myrrh, etc. They mainly belong to the class of clearing-heat drugs, promoting-circulation drugs, reinforcing drugs, relieving drugs, detoxification and tissue granulation drugs. Cluster analysis and association rule analysis were conducted for 16 core drugs. 4 cluster combinations ,15 groups of drug pairs and drug group association rules were obtained. Conclusion The prescription rules for wound healing mainly included clearing heat, promoting circulation, reinforcing, relieving, detoxification, and promoting tissue granulation. TCM wound treatment should be based on syndrome differentiation for fever, blood stasis, deficiency, anabrosis, exterior syndrome and poisoning.

Analysis of Chinese Patent Medicines in 2020 Edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Part Ⅰ) for Cough of Children / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the functions and indications， formulation， dosage form and medication characteristics of Chinese patent medicines in the 2020 edition of<italic> Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （part Ⅰ） for treating cough of children， and to provide ideas for the clinical rational application and provide reference for the research and development of new cough medicines for children. Method:The name， dosage form， formulation， functions and indications， usage and dosage， and other information of Chinese patent medicines for cough were collected from the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia </italic>（part Ⅰ）， then relevant information was input into Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine v2.0， and data analysis and mining were carried out through the analysis module of prescription medication rule， VOSviewer 1.6.14 was used to make drug clustering network view of Chinese patent medicines for the treatment of exogenous wind cold， exogenous wind heat and phlegm heat cough. Result:In the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia </italic>（part Ⅰ）， a total of 75 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for treating cough of children were collected， including 34 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for adults and children， 41 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for children only. There were 7 types of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes， such as wind-cold attacking the lung， wind-heat invading the lung and phlegm-heat obstructing the lung. There were 45 Chinese patent medicines for treating exogenous cough， accounting for 60%， among which 35 kinds were used for exogenous wind-heat cough and 10 kinds were used for wind-cold cough. There were 30 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for treating internal injury cough， including 19 kinds of medicines for phlegm heat obstructing the lung， 4 kinds of medicines for phlegm dampness containing the lung and phlegm food stagnation， 2 kinds of medicines for Yin-deficiency lung heat， 1 kind of medicine for the lung and spleen Qi-deficiency. The formulation analysis showed that Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Platycodonis Radix， Scutellariae Radix， Armeniacae Semen Amarum and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium appeared frequently， which were mainly cold， bitter and sweet herbs， mainly belonged to the lung and stomach meridians. According to the analysis of administration and dosage forms， 71 kinds of Chinese patent medicines were administered through gastrointestinal tract， including 20 kinds of granules， 15 kinds of oral liquids， others included syrups， pills， capsules， tablets， powers， etc. Only 2 suppositories and 2 injections were administered by nongastrointestinal tract. The usage and dosage of most Chinese patent medicines were not clear. Conclusion:In the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia </italic>（part Ⅰ）， the main syndromes of Chinese patent medicines for cough of children are exogenous wind-heat and phlegm-heat obstruction in the lung. Most of the Chinese medicines are cold， bitter and sweet， and their meridians are mainly lung and stomach meridians. Scutellariae Radix， Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythiae Fructus are the most common medicines of exogenous wind heat syndrome. Perillae Folium， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and Ephedrae Herba are the most common medicines of exogenous wind cold syndrome. Meanwhile， Scutellariae Radix， Platycodonis Radix and Armeniacae Semen Amarum are the most common medicines of phlegm heat obstructing the lung syndrome. At present， the dosage forms of Chinese patent medicines used for treating cough of children are too few and the dosage labeling is not comprehensive， so it is necessary to further strengthen the research and development of new Chinese medicines suitable for characteristics of children.

Analysis on oral medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for prevention of COVID-19 / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To analyze the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19. Methods: The preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 published by national and provincial health and wellness committees, administrations of TCM, medical institutions at all levels, medical masters and Chinese medicine experts were collected to establish a database, manual screening was carried out according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and frequency statistics, association rule analysis. The mutual information method, entropy hierarchical clustering and other methods were improved through Excel and the TCM inheritance auxiliary platform V2.5 to mine the rules and characteristics of medication. Results: The selected 157 prescriptions contained a total of 130 TCMs. The top five TCMs with the highest use frequency were Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (86), Astragali Radix (80), Lonicerea Japonicae Flos (70), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (62), Saposhnikoviae Radix (60). In accordance with TCM efficacy classification, most of them were medicines for qi-tonifying (279), followed by medicines for clearing heat and drying dampness (163), dispelling pathogenic wind-cold (126), resolving dampness (111), as well as dispelling pathogenic wind-heat (99). The characteristics of four-natures of the selected medicines are as follows: most of them were cold (59), followed by warm (38) and mild (21). In terms of five-taste, most of them were sweet (26) and acrid-and-bitter (24), followed by sweet-and-bitter (20), bitter (20) and acrid (15). For the meridian attribution, the five-zang organs and six-fu organs were all involved, most of them attributed to lung meridian (80), followed by stomach meridian (57) and spleen meridian (40). Based on association rule analysis, 12 commonly used medicine combinations with two or three TCMs were found. The commonly used medicinal pairs included Astragali Radix and Saposhnikoviae Radix (51), Astragali Radix and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (46), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Saposhnikoviae Radix (43), Astragali Radix and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Saposhnikoviae Radix (38), Forsythiae Fructus and Astragali Radix (37), and so on. In addition, 14 core combinations of medicines were obtained by complex system entropy cluster analysis, on this basis, six new prescriptions were screened out based on unsupervised entropy hierarchical clustering analysis. According to The Catalogue of Edible Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials for Health Food, and New Resources of Food published by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, there are 35 species belonging to the group of edible traditional Chinese medicinal materials, 20 species belonging to the group of new resources of food, 31 species belonging to the group of traditional Chinese medicinal materials for health food, 19.11% of the preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 were composed of the medicines belonging to the above three groups. Besides, there are 11 toxic species, and 24.84% of the preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 contained toxic TCMs. Conclusion: We found that invigorating qi and resolving dampness were the main treatment used to prevent for COVID-19, combined with the methods for strengthening vital energy and eliminating pathogenic factors. Most of the preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 were treated in lung, spleen and stomach meridians. In the process of selecting prescriptions and using TCMs to prevent for COVID-19, the safety of preventive medicines was also emphasized. And the theory of “Preventive Treatment of Disease” was embodied in these preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19. For the prescriptions containing toxic TCMs, special attention should be paid to their safety in clinical application.

Analysis of the Medication Rule of Glycyrrhiza uralensis -containing Antitussive Prescriptions Based on 2015 Edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （Part Ⅰ） / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To explore the medication rul e of Glycyrrhiza uralensis -containing antitussive prescriptions （GUAP）， and to provide reference for the research and development of new antitussive drugs. METHODS ：The GUAP were collected from 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅰ）. The information of prescription name ，composition，flavor and meridian tropism，and functional indications were input into Excel 2018 software to establish the database. The frequency of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）was analyzed statistically. Cluster analysis was performed for high frequency TCM （frequency≥15）in GUAP by using SPSS Statistics 23.0 software；Apriori algorithm and association rules of SPSS Modeler 18.0 software were used to analyze the drug combination of high-frequency TCM in GUAP （support degree ≥15％，confidence degree ≥70％，lift degree ≥1）. New GUAP was sorted. Totally 60 mice were divided into model group （normal saline ），positive group （Codeine phosphate tablet ， 5 mg/kg），New prescription low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups （1.17，5.83，11.67 g/kg，by extractum ），with 12 mice in each group. They were given relevant medicine intragastricaaly once a day ，for consecutive 7 d. 1 h after last medication ，cough was induced by ammonia in mice for 30 seconds；the latent period of cough and the frequency of cough within 2 min were recorded，and the cough inhibition rate was calculated. RESULTS ：Totally 73 prescriptions involved 194 kinds of TCM ，with 11 ingredients of high-frequency TCM （G. uralensis ，Platycodon grandiflorus ，Semen Armeniacae ，Citrus reticulate ，Ephedra sinica ， Gypsum fibrosum ，Scutellaria baicalensis ，Mentha haplocalyx ，Pinellia ternate ，Poria cocos ，Peucedanum praeruptorum ），which were mainly pungent and mostly belonged to lung meridian. High-frequency TCM could be grouped into 5 categories. There were 7 two-item association rules （such as E. sinica →Semen Armeniacae ，G. fibrosum →Semen Armeniacae ）and 10 three-item association rules （such as G. fibrosum -Semen Armeniacae →E. sinica ，C. reticulate -P. grandiflorus →Semen Armeniacae ）. New GUAP contained G. uralensis ，P. grandiflorus ，Semen Armeniacae ，E. sinica ，C. reticulate ，G. fibrosum （mass ratio 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 3 ∶ 4）. Compared with model group ，the latent period of cough was prolonged and the frequency of cough within 2 min was decreased significantly in positive group and new prescription low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups （P＜0.01）. Compared with positive group ，latent period of cough was shortened significantly in new prescription low-dose and medium-dose groups ，while the frequency of cough within 2 min was increased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）；but there was no significant difference in latent period of cough， the frequency of cough within 2 min， cough inhibitory rate of new prescription high-dose group （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS：The new antitussive prescription was summarized by analyzing the medication rule of GUAP ，and was verified to have good antitussive effect ，which can provide reference for the development of new antitussive drugs.

Analysis of medication characteristics of 66 preventive formulae for COVID-19 in China / 中草药

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious threat to the lives and health of our people, but there is currently no clear target for therapeutic drugs. Therefore, prevention is of great significance for the prevention and control of COVID-19. The Health Management Administration of the different provinces and cities have successively released the “Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment Programs for New Coronavirus Pneumonia” in response to the epidemic situation, among them including preventive prescriptions, which showed the theoretical characteristics of “treating disease before its onset” of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and also showed the characteristics of medication in different provinces. Therefore, we collected 66 formulas for treating COVID-19 in China and studied the rules of TCM prevention in various provinces and autonomous regions, and unified the thinking of medication, which could provide a reference for the prevention of COVID-19a.

Preliminary study of medication rule of syndrome differentiation treatment for optic atrophy by TCM master Pin-zheng Liao based on data mining / 中草药

Objective: To dig out and analyze the medication rule of optic atrophy treatment by TCM master Pin-zheng Liao using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System, and summarize and explore its potential new prescription. Methods: A total of 90 TCM prescriptions for the treatment of optic atrophy by Pin-zheng Liao were collected. Based on frequency statistics, association rule, entropy clustering method rule analysis and other data mining methods, the law and characteristics of drugs were excavated. Results: A total of 113 herbs were included in 90 prescriptions, the most frequently used Chinese herbs were Lycium barbarum, Ganoderma lucidum, etc. Tonic drugs were used the most, the medicated herbs were usually sweet and peace, the Chinese herbs which belong to the liver channel were the most in channel tropism drugs. Seventeen combinations of commonly used drugs were obtained by association rule analysis. Based on entropy clustering method rule analysis, 10 potential new prescriptions were obtained. Conclusion: TCM master Pin-zheng Liao believes that optic atrophy is closely related to liver, spleen and idney. Blood stasis and vein obstruction is the main pathogenesis of the disease. The drugs with effects of activating blood circulation and dredging the meridians, tonifying liver and kidney were recommended for the treating.

Medication Rules and Pharmaceutical Care of 875 Cases of COVID-19Treated by Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:This paper analyzed the prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） for all patients diagnosed with novel coronavirus pneumonia（corona virus disease-2019，COVID-19）in Wuhan third hospital，analyzed the medication rules of the prescription，summarized the characteristics and thoughts of medication，and discussed the contents of TCM pharmaceutical care. Method:Use the data analysis software Excel 2007 and SQL server 2017 to perform statistical analysis for all inpatients in Wuhan Third Hospital from January 25，2020 to March 18，2020 who were treated by the prescriptions of TCM. The usage quantity，frequency，average dosage and dosage range of TCM were counted and compared with the dosage stipulated in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Result:In this study，a total of 875 patients were included in the treatment prescription，involving 233 TCMs，and 20 high-frequency herbs were obtained，which were mainly used to dissolve phlegm，relieve cough and asthma，and tonify body. In the analysis of the characteristics of TCM，it is mainly composed of plain drugs，followed by cold drugs and warm drugs. The main taste of medicine is bitter，followed by spicy and sweet. The main meridians were the lung meridians，followed by the spleen and stomach meridians. By using association rule analysis and complex network analysis，it was found that the correlation degree of Artemisiae Scopariae Herba，Amomi Fructus Rotundus，Akebiae Caulis，Talcum and Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus was very high，which could treat symptoms such as fever，cough，sputum，thirst，chest tightness and abdominal distension after COVID-19 infection. Conclusion:In this study，it was found that the core prescription for the treatment of COVID-19 in Wuhan Third Hospital was the addition and reduction of clearing damp agent，modified Ganlu Xiaodudan，and the reduction of expectorant modified Qingjin Jianghuotang，all the drugs were excess used than pharmacopoeia prescribed dosage. As a clinical Chinese pharmacist，we should distinguish the syndrome types according to the symptoms of the patients，and medication monitoring should be conducted from the aspects of usage and dosage of specific medication，processing product selection，compatibility，patient education，etc.

Research on Medication Rules of Depression Syndrome Based on Ancient Medical Records / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To analyze and excavate the medication rules of ancient physicians in the treatment of depression syndrome, so as to provide reference for clinical treatment of depression syndrome. Method::The ancient medical records of depression syndrome sorted out in Yian Leiju were retrieved and collated, the data of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions in medical records were extracted, the obtained data of TCMs in prescriptions were standardized, and the data mining function of the ancient and modern medical records cloud platform V1.5 was adopted to carry out frequency statistics, cluster analysis, association analysis and complex network analysis of TCM data, the common drugs used by ancient physicians for treatment of depression syndrome, properties and classifications of commonly used medicines, pairs of commonly used medicines and core prescriptions were obtained. Result::After screening, a total of 364 medical cases, 461 visits and 439 prescription data of TCM were included, involving 67 ancient books. A total of 607 Chinese medicines were involved, and the total frequency of medication was 4 127.High frequency medicines included Poria (186 times), Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (115 times), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (113 times), Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (101 times), Angelicae Sinensis Radix (98 times), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (94 times), etc. The main properties and flavors of commonly used Chinese medicines were warm, flat, bitter and acrid, which were mainly attributed to the four meridians of spleen, lung, heart and liver. Commonly used couplet medicines were Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Poria, Poria-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Poria-Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma-Poria, etc. The core prescription was based on the addition and subtraction of Danzhi Xiaoyaosan. Conclusion::In the treatment of depression syndrome, ancient physicians adopt the principles of invigorating the spleen, nourishing Qi and blood, soothing the liver and regulating Qi, nourishing the heart and tranquilizing the mind, giving consideration to both Qi and blood, and harmonizing the liver, spleen and heart.