Action mechanism of vinpocetine in improving learning and memory disorders in depressive rats after MECT / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To explore the action mechanism of vinpocetine in improving learning and memory disorders in depressive rats after modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT). 【Methods】 The models of depressive rats were constructed by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) method. A total of 30 rats with depression were randomly divided into depression group, MECT group, and MECT+vinpocetine (10 mg/kg) group, with 10 in each group. A total of 10 untreated healthy rats were enrolled as control group. The learning and memory ability were tested by Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test. The depression state was evaluated by sugar preference test. The brain slices of the hippocampus were prepared for electrophysiological experiments. The density of dendritic spine was detected by Golgi staining. The expressions of endocannabinoids related genes [diacylglycerol lipase (DAGLα), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and endocannabinoid type-I receptor (CB1R)] were detected by qPCR and Western blotting. The lentivirus was injected to downregulate the expressions of CB1R and DAGLα in the hippocampus. After re-modeling and treatment, behavioral tests were performed. 【Results】 Compared with control group, sugar preference, spatial exploration time, relative discrimination index, long-term potentiation (LTP), density of dendritic spine, expressions of DAGLα and CB1R were decreased, while escape latency and MAGL were increased in depression group (P<0.05). Compared with depression group, sugar preference, escape latency, and MAGL were increased, while spatial exploration time, relative discrimination index, LTP, density of dendritic spine, expressions of DAGLα and CB1R were decreased in MECT group (P<0.05). Compared with depression group, sugar preference, spatial exploration time, relative discrimination index, LTP, density of dendritic spine, expressions of DAGLα and CB1R were increased, while escape latency and MAGL were decreased in MECT+vinpocetine group (P<0.05). Compared with MECT group, sugar preference, spatial exploration time, relative discrimination index, LTP, density of dendritic spine, expressions of DAGLα and CB1R were increased, while escape latency and MAGL were decreased in MECT+vinpocetine group (P<0.05). The down-regulation of DAGLα or CB1R by lentivirus could inhibit the improvement effect of vinpocetine on behavioral performance of depressive rats after MECT. 【Conclusion】 Vinpocetine can significantly improve learning and memory disorders in depressive rats after MECT, which may be related to regulating the expressions of endocannabinoid-related genes and enhancing synaptic plasticity.

Electroencephalograph network connectivity of working memory disorder in frontal lobe epilepsy pa-tients / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the possible electroencephalograph network connectivity mech-anism of working memory disorder in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy ( FLE). Methods Seventeen adult FLE patients were enrolled as the case group and 22 normal adults were selected as the control group. The behavioral data and 34-channel electroencephalographs were recorded in the working memory behavioral par-adigm. The directed transfer function was used to construct the causal connectivity brain network of theta band of working memory delay period. Two-sample t-test or tˊ-test was used to analyze the differences in be-havioral and frontal causal connectivity between the two groups. Results (1) Compared with control group, working memory behavioral data of FLE group showed significantly lower correct rate ((92. 778±4. 399)%, (96. 258±2. 470)%,tˊ=-2. 925,P<0. 01),and significantly longer reaction time ((978. 586± 65. 161) ms,(798. 671±196. 207)ms,tˊ=4. 023,P<0. 001). (2) Compared with control group,causal connectivity of FLE group showed significantly reduced whole brain ( tˊ=-6. 008, P<0. 001), Fz channel ( tˊ=-7. 703,P<0. 001),frontal region (tˊ=-14. 667,P<0. 001),frontal-temporal interval ( t=-14. 467,P<0. 001),and frontal-central interval (t=-3. 501,P<0. 001). The causal connectivity of frontal-occipital in-terval had no significant difference( t=1. 056,P=0. 281). Conclusions Working memory disorders were found in FLE patients. The abnormal causal connectivity of frontal brain network in theta band may be one of its potential neurophysiological mechanisms.

Baicalin attenuates Aβ25-35 induced learning and memory disorders in mice and its possible mechanism / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of baicalin on Aβ25-35 induced learning and memory deficits and changes in autophagy-related genes in mice so as to explore the related mechanisms of Alzheimer disease (AD) treatment . METHODS C57 mice were administered with 3μL Aβ25-35 3 mmol·L-1 by intracerebroventricular injection to establish an AD model. Baicalin was given by intracerebroventricular injection at the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg · kg-1 for 15 d, respectively. The total distance and the central grid residence time were measured in the open-field test. The escape latency and the time to reach the platform were monitored in the Morris water maze trial. The autophagic vacuoles in the hippocampus of the mice were observed by transmission electron microscopy before the protein expressions of microtu?bule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin1 in brain tissue were analyzed by Western blot?ting assay. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 could reduce the total distance from (3984±321)cm to (2790±306)cm and extend central grid residence time from (3.6±1.2)s to (8.8±2.9)s in the open-field test. The escape latency of water maze also increased from (22.0 ± 1.9)s to (38.8 ± 2.2)s. Autophagic vacuoles or late autophagic vacuoles and increased Beclin1 and LC3 and protein level were observed in the hippocampus after Aβ25-35 injection. Intraperitoneal injection of Baicalin 50 and 100 mg · kg-1 for fifteen consecutive days extended the total distance in open-field test to (3705 ± 337)cm and (3968 ± 448)cm, respectively, while the central grid residence time was reduced to (5.6 ± 1.8)s and (3.9±1.5)s, respectively. The total time taken to reach the platform in water maze test was reduced to (28.6± 1.9)s, (22.9 ± 1.7)s. Mitochondrial swelling, vacuolar membrane structure or autophagic vacuoles were visible in the hippocampus. LC3 and Beclin1 protein expression was significantly up-regulated(P<0.01). CONCLUSION Baicalin shows protective effect against Aβ25-35 induced learning and memory deficits, and this effect may be related to the activation of autophagy in the mouse hippocampus.

Clinical study on acupoint massage in improving cognitive function and sleep quality of elderly patients with hypertension / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective:To investigate the effects of acupoint massage on cognitive function and sleep quality in elderly patients with hypertension. Methods:A total of 68 elderly patients with hypertension were enrolled, and their ages were all over 60 years old. They were divided into a control group and a treatment group by simple random method, with 34 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were treated by routine psychological health guidance and sleep knowledge education, while patients in the treatment group were treated by acupoint massage on the base of the interventions given to the control group. Both of their treatment courses were 3 months. Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores before and after treatment were recorded and compared. Results:Two groups’ PSQI scores before treatment had no significant difference (P>0.05). After 3 months of treatment, their PSQI scores were statistically different (P0.05), but there was a significant difference after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion:Acupoint massage for elderly patients with primary hypertension can improve their sleep quality and enhance their cognitive function, thus it is worthy of being applied in clinical nursing work.

Subjective memory complaints in the elderly: a sign of cognitive impairment?

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive impairment in the elderly is frequently overlooked by general practitioners. The use of subjective memory complaints as a sign of cognitive impairment by the general practice is controversial. METHODS: Elderly individuals (N = 248) were asked whether they had memory complaints and underwent a cognitive impairment screening. Subjects classified as exhibiting “probable cognitive impairment” underwent a complete cognitive evaluation, and the final diagnoses were established by expert consensus. RESULTS: A total of 147 patients presented with subjective memory complaints, and 43 were further classified as demented or “cognitively impaired not demented”. Subjective memory complaints presented a sensitivity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION: Subjective memory complaints are an indicator for cognitive impairment screening. .

The Brain MRI and MRA Findings of Patients Who Visited Memory Disorder Clinic in a General Hospital

BACKGROUND: With the ageing population, number of dementia patients is on the rise, as well as the public interest. The population who would visit memory disorder clinic will also grow. The diagnostic significance of brain MRI in dementia lies in idetifying hippocampal atrophy or ischemic lesions. However, patients visiting memory disorder clinic are mostly old-aged with multiple vascular risk factors, raising the risk of cerebrovascular abnormalities. The authors set out to evaluate the need for cerebrevascular imaging in patients who visited memory disorder clinic. METHODS: The study recruited patients who visited the memory clinic in Seoul medical center between July 2011 and June 2012. Among those, patients who had taken the neuropsychiatric test and had both brain MRI and MRA taken were included for analysis. In brain MRI, severities of white matter hyperintensities and presence of cerebral infarction were assessed. In brain MRA, intra- and extra-cranial arterial stenosis and presence of aneurysm were noted. RESULTS: A total of 173 patients was included, and 64 were men. The mean age was 71+/-9.4 years, and the mean education period was 7+/-5.2 years. In brain MRI, white matter hyperintensities were observed in 113 patients (65.3%), and cerebral infarction was present in 57 patients (32.9%). In brain MRA, 88 (50.9%) patients showed more than one stenotic segment in intracranial vessel or proximal ICA and 6 patients (3.5%) were diagnosed with unruptured aneurysm. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of white matter hyperintensities or stenosis of cerebral vessels on magnetic resonance imaging is very high. Therefore, brain MRI and MRA should be included in diagnostic work up for dementia in patients who are old aged and have multiple vascular risk factors. It would provide clinicians with valuable information in making treatment decisions and prevention of future cerebrovascular accident.

The study of long term effects on the young infected by Toxoplasma gordii during mother's pregnancy / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To explore the long term effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy on memory and learning ability of her child and provide therapeutic strategy. Methods Middle-school students selected according to their mother's pregnant record of Toxoplasma gondii IgM, CAg were divided into three groups: healthy group (negative Toxoplasma gondii IgM, CAg in both mother's blood and umbilical cord blood), non infected group (positive in mother's blood, but negative in umbilical cord blood), infected group (positive in both mother's blood and umbilical cord blood). Infected group was subdivided into treated group (with special training) and untreated group. All objects wereevaluated their memory and learning ability with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) , Tower of Hanoi (TOH-1-TOH-d-TOH-s-TOH-2) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-1-WCST-d-WCST-s-WCST-2). Results The scores in items about calculation, recall and total of MMSE were significantly lower in untreated group than that in non infected group (P 0.05). Conclusions Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy damages the infected children's mental development. Early cognitive rehabilitation is very important for the infected children.

Therapeutic effects and quality of life in 37 glioma patients with postoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To evaluate treatment outcomes and quality of life (QOL) in glioma patients treated with postoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and to explore the possible clinical factors of affecting QOL. Methods From 2007 to 2009, 37 patients with low or high grade glioma were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were operated by tumor resection below microscopy. IMRT began at 2-4 week postoperstion with 2.0 Gy/fractior, 5 fractions/week and to shrink portal and to add dose to 50-60 Gy/25-30 fractions after 40-50 Gy. The gross tumor volume (GTV) was defined as preoperation T2WI MRI high sign area and postoperation tumor cavity for low grade glioma, and with preoperation T1WI MRI enhanced abnormity area and postoperation tumor cavity for high grade glioma. The clinical target volume ( CTV ) was defined as GTV with a margin of 1.5 cm for low grade glioma and a margin of 2.5 cm for high grade ghoma, the planning target volume (PTV) with CTV plus 0.4 cm margin for setup errors according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer ( EORTC ).The treatment outcomes and QOL were assessed. Results The half-year and one-year survival rates for all the patients were 100% and 79.2%, respectively. The median progression-free survival time was 10 months. The main side-responses after postoperative IMRT were fatigue and mild memory decline or cognitive disabilities, which were radiation dose-dependent. Conclusions Postoperative IMRT is an effective and safe modality of therapy for glioma patients.

Correlations between Event-related Potentials with Pictures Recognition and WMS-RC Scores in Patients with Memory Disorder Caused by Severe Traumatic Brain Injury / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study explored the possibility of using event-related potentials (ERP) for the measurement of picture-recognition memory and examined its correlation with the Chinese Wechsler Memory Scale-revised (WMS-RC) in patients with memory disorder caused by severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). The subjects included 20 sTBI patients with memory disorder and 22 healthy individuals. Memory function was measured by using WMS-RC. Behavioral and ERP responses were recorded on-line during performance on a battery of picture recognition and the responses were analyzed off-line for recognition memory effects. Mean memory quotient (MQ) of patients with sTBI was significantly lower than that of the control group. Mean reaction time (RT) was significantly longer and the mean correctness rate (CR) of picture recognition was significantly lower in sTBI group than that of the controls. In controls, the main components of average ERP of picture recognition includes two positive-going waves, designated as P170 and P500, that appear 170 ms and 500 ms after stimulation when the subject could later successfully recall and recognize the pictures. P500 amplitude of target stimulus was significantly higher than that of non-target stimulus. Compared to controls, P500 responses of sTBI group were significantly delayed in latency (P<0.001) and lower in amplitude (P<0.001). P500 latency showed significant negative correlation with MQ and the scores of "addition", "visual recognition", "picture recall", "visual reproduction" and "tactile memory" in WMS-RC. ERP of picture recognition provides a neurophysiological approach to directly assess memory impairment, and P500 may serve as a helpful index for memory disorder caused by sTBI in forensic practice.

Clinical characteristics of poststroke dementia patients with age of 60 years and older

Background: Dementia is one of the major causes of dependency after stroke. The prevalence of poststroke dementia (PSD)defined as any dementia occurring after stroke is likely to increase in the future.Objectives: This study have two purposes: 1) Clinical study of MCI and dementia after the first stroke of patients with age of 60 years and older; 2) Overview on clinical characteristics of memory disorders. Subjects and method: 30 patients with were diagnosed with the first ischemic stroke in Huu nghi hospital together with the same number in the control group were involved in this study. The subjects in the two groups were all satisfied with included/excluded criteria diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis of new - onset dementia or other mental disorders was determined using neuropsychological tests. Results: Many functions of the brain were impaired including: logical memory, visiospatial skills, executive function were statistically reduced in the research group compared to the control. However, language function was also impacted but not as much as others. The frequency of the poststrocke dementia in this study was 12.3% while the poststrocke mild cognitive impairment rate was 47%. Conclusions: Global cognitive functioning together with memory state was significantly declined in the ischemic stroke compared to the control group.

Effect and mechanism of JianNao mixture on function of learning and memory in mice / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To observe the effect and mechanism of Chinese traditional medicine JianNao mixture on function of learning and memory in memory disorder mice. METHODS: Step down test, step through test and "Y" maze test were used to examine the function of learning and memory in memory disorder mice induced by scopolamine, sodium nitrite and alcohol, and in dementia model mice induced by D galactose and aluminum chloride. Cholinesterase activity in brain, LPO and SOD in blood were measured. RESULTS: JianNao mixture could promote both the learning and memory function in impaired acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of memory in memory disorder mice induced by scopolamine, sodium nitrite and alcohol, respectively. It also could reduce wrong times and prolong latency in mice's step through test, depress cholinesterase activity of brain in aluminum chloride model mice, reduce wrong times in mice's "Y" maze test, enhance SOD activity of whole blood and decrease LPO content of brain in D galactose model mice. CONCLUSION: JianNao mixture can improve the function of learning and memory in memory disorder mice. The mechanism may be due to improve the cholinergic function and the balance of free radical in vivo.

Quantitative EEG Changes during Verbal Memory Task Performance in Schizophrenia / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: Under the hypothesis that activated brain regions of patients with schizophrenia differ from those of normal subjects during memory task performance, this study was aimed to investigate topographic changes related to memory functions in schizophrenia. METHOD: Subjects of this study consisted of 20 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 19 normal controls who were matched for age, sex, and handedness. Quantitative EEG(QEEG) with 32 channels was recorded with eyes closed(EEG0) and open(EEG1) in a resting condition and during computerized verbal encoding(EEG2) and recognition(EEG3) tasks. RESULTS: During EEG1, 2, and 3, there was a decrease in alpha activity in both groups compared to EEG0 and the change in alpha activity of patients was significantly lesser than normal controls in the occipital region. Pairwise comparison showed that the alpha activity of normal controls significantly increased from EEG1 to EEG2 in the parietal region and from EEG1 to EEG3 in all regions except both frontal regions while those of patients did not change. The beta activity of normal controls significantly increased from EEG1 to EEG2 in both temporal regions and from EEG1 to EEG3 in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions while those of patients significantly increased only in the parieto-occipital region. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and thalamus are not appropriately activated during memory tasks in schizophrenia. It may be proposed that the learing of visually presented words in patients with schizophrenia depends on distinct memory process such as priming.

Memory Disorder in Schizophrenia / 수면정신생리

Memory disorder is the most consistent neuropsychological finding in schizophrenia and seems to be a stable trait in it. It is suggested that memory dysfunction found in patients with schizophrenia is primary to biological abnormalities, not secondary to attention deficits they have. Although temporal lobe structures including hippocampus and thalamus have traditionally been thought to be implicated regions for memory disorder in schizophrenia, recent studies indicate the possibility of abnormalities in the frontal lobe and the neural circuits between brain regions. Advanced research methods such as functional imaging technique are expected to produce more detailed informations about memory function in schizophrenia.

Research on Identify Method of Mild Cognitive Impairment / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective:To analyze identify method of mild cognitive impairment. Methods:The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Chinese Revised (WAIS-RC) and Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revised (WMS-RC) were examined in 150 patients with memory complaints. 63 individuals whose intelligence quotient (IQ) and memory quotient (MQ) over 85 were designated as normal elderly group;and 33 individuals whose IQ scores over 85 and MQ score between 70 and 84 as mild cognitive impairment(MCI-1) group; and 25 individuals whose IQ scores over 85 and MQ scores between 55 and 69 as MCI-2 group; 29 individuals whose IQ scores and MQ scores less than 85 and conformed with DSM-Ⅳ as Alzheimer disease group.Results: Picture short memory and mental control (B)showed the highest identification between the 2 MCI groups and normal elderly group. Besides, visual reproduction played an important role in mild memory decline (MCI-1) group. Tactile memory, logical memory and associated learning played an important role in moderate memory decline (MCI-2) group.Conclusion: Picture short memory and mental control (B) contribute to identify MCI speedily and effectively.