Trombose de veia porta não associada à cirrose - desafio terapêutico / Non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis - therapeutic challenge

Resumo A trombose de veia porta (TVP) é uma doença na qual ocorre trombose desde os ramos intra-hepáticos da veia porta, podendo se estender até a veia esplênica e/ou veia mesentérica superior, estando associada, na maioria das vezes, à cirrose hepática. A TVP não associada a cirrose é rara. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar dois casos de TVP não associados à cirrose, que foram tratados com anticoagulação e tiveram evolução clínica satisfatória.

Abstract Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a disease in which thrombosis occurs from the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein, and may extend to the splenic vein and/or superior mesenteric vein. It is most often associated with liver cirrhosis. PVT not associated with cirrhosis is rare. The aim of this article is to report two cases of PVT in which it was not associated with cirrhosis. Both were treated with anticoagulation and clinical progress afterwards was good.

AN UNUSUAL CASE OF PORTAL, SPLENIC AND MESENTERIC VENOUS THROMBOSIS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE ABDOMEN

@#Porto-spleno-mesenteric vein thrombosis is a rare, life-threatening condition of extrahepatic portal venous system thrombosis. We report a rare case of a 49-year-old lady with late presentation of acute portal vein thrombosis in a non-cirrhotic liver with an incidental finding of left adnexal teratoma. She presented with a one-week history of severe abdominal pain associated with vomiting and diarrhea. She gave no history of prior risk for venous thromboembolism or liver diseases. Physical examination revealed a tender mass extending from suprapubic to left iliac fossa. Abdominal computed tomography scans showed a well-defined fat-containing left adnexal mass, likely a benign teratoma, with no involvement of surrounding structures or calcification. There was evidence of porto-splenic-mesenteric vein thrombosis with liver infarction, bowel and splenic ischemia. Management of the extensive thrombosis causing multi-organ failure includes resuscitation, supportive care and treatment of thrombosis. Treatment options include early anticoagulation and if feasible, thrombolysis

Establishment of a rat model of superior mesenteric venous thrombosis / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To establish a rat model of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis by vein ligation and to simulate the pathological process of the disease, and to provide the basis for studies of its pathogenesis and treatment.Methods Ninety-six SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group A (sham operation group), group B (strangulation group) and group C (simple group), 32 rats in each group.Rats in group A were only opened the abdominal cavity but not blocked the blood supply.The rats were sacrificed at 8, 24, 48 and 72 h after operation.The rats in groups B and C were subjected to establish the strangulation and simple models by superior mesenteric vein thrombosis, respectively, and were sacrificed at 8, 24, 48 and 72 h after modeling.Histological changes (H&E staining) in the rat intestinal tissues were evaluated by a pathological scoring system.The levels of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) and α-glutathione S-transferase (α-GST) were detected by ELISA.Results The rat model of mesenteric vein thrombosis was successfully established, with a success rate of 100% (96/96).The pathological analysis revealed that compared with the group A, different degrees of blood stasis and injuries were observed in the intestinal tissues of groups B and C, and the injury were gradually increased in the group B, while gradually reduced in the group C.The degrees of blood stasis and injury were positively correlated with the scope of ligation.The result of ELISA showed that the serum levels of IFABP and α-GST of the rats in groups B and C were significantly higher than those in group A (P < 0.05), and the degree of elevation was positively correlated with the scope of ligation.Conclusions In this study, the rat model of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis is successfully established by vein ligation.This model is simple and easy to operate with a high success rate, and can be used in related research.

Catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy for acute superior mesenteric vein thrombus: comparison between via venous route and via arterial route / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To compare the clinical effects of catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy for acute superior mesenteric vein thrombus (SMVT) between via superior mesenteric vein (SMV) route and via superior mesenteric artery (SMA) route. Methods The clinical data of 32 patients with acute SMVT, who were treated with catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy at the Central Hospital of Shengli Oil Field, were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 32 patients, percutaneous transhepatic catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy via SMV route was performed in 23 (SMV group), and percutaneous transhepatic catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy via SMA route was carried out in 9 (SMA group). Results After the treatment, the clinical symptoms were significantly improved in 28 patients, including 22 of SMV group (95.7%) and 6 of SMA group (66.7%). CT angiography showed that the blood flow became almost complete patency in 17 patients of SMV group (73.9%) and in only 3 patients of SMA group (33.3%). Both the thrombolysis procedure time and X-ray exposure time of SMV group were obviously longer than those of SMA group. Conclusion Both via SMV and via SMA catheter-directed thrombolytic therapies are effective treatment for acute SMV thrombosis. The former is more effective, while the manipulation of the latter is technically simpler.

Combination of Surgical Thrombectomy and Direct Thrombolysis in Acute Abdomen with Portal and Superior Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis

Portal vein (PV) thrombosis (PVT) is a rare condition with development of thrombosis in the PV and its branches. Further extension to the splenic and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) causes intestinal infarction, with a reported mortality of up to 50%. A variety of treatments for PVT exist including anticoagulation, thrombolysis, surgical thrombectomy, insertion of shunts, bypass surgery, and liver transplantation. We experienced a case of successfully treated by surgical thrombectomy with direct thrombolysis into the thrombosed-PV and SMV. A 31-year-old male presented worsening abdominal pain for one week. Preoperative contrast enhanced computed tomography scan revealed complete PVT extending to splenic vein and SMV. The PV was accessed surgically and opened by thrombectomy; visual inspection confirmed proximal and distal flow. Urokinase was administered directly into the inferior mesenteric vein with successful decrease in thrombus burden. The complete angiography showed complete dissolution of thrombosis in PV and SMV.

Terapia endovascular de enfermedades trombóticas hepáticas / Endovascular management of thrombotic liver disease

Budd-Chiari syndrome and porto-spleno-mesenteric thrombosis are less prevalent patologies, but related to high morbimortality, that present in context of chronic hepatopathies, myeloproliferative neoplasms and other prothrombotic conditions. Review of local experience and of current available literature of endovascular management of last five years was made. In relation to Budd-Chiari syndrome, early anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparines and transition to oral anticoagulation with K vitamin antagonists was recomended, also managing subyacent pathology, identifying and treating portal hypertension signs and endovascular therapy with angioplasty or Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS), depending on the thrombus extension. For portal vein thrombosis the same scheme was recommended, with emphasis in treating portal hypertension signs in chronic cases. Endovascular approach includes localized thrombolisis, thrombectomy and TIPS in previous non-effective therapy. We propose a management algorithm of these diseases.

El síndrome de Budd-Chiari y la trombosis venosa porto-espleno-mesentérica son patologías de baja prevalencia, pero de gran morbimortalidad asociada, que se presentan en contexto de hepatopatías crónicas, neoplasias mieloproliferativas y otras condiciones protrombóticas. Se revisó casuística local y literatura disponible del abordaje endovascular de estas patologías en los últimos cinco años. En relación al síndrome de Budd-Chiari, se recomienda la anticoagulación precoz con heparinas de bajo peso molecular y traslape con antagonistas de vitamina K, tratar la patología subyacente, identificar y tratar signos de hipertensión portal y realizar terapia endovascular con angioplastia o instalación de Shunt portosistémico transyugular (TIPS) según la extensión del compromiso. Se recomienda un esquema similar para la trombosis porto-espleno-mesentérica, con énfasis en manejo de hipertensión portal en los casos crónicos. El abordaje endovascular incluye la trombolisis localizada, trombectomía y TIPS en caso de fracaso del tratamiento previo. Se propone un algoritmo de manejo de dichas patologías.

Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion: Comparison of Ancillary CT Findings between Arterial and Venous Occlusions and Independent CT Findings Suggesting Life-Threatening Events

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ancillary CT findings between superior mesenteric artery thromboembolism (SMAT) and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis (SMVT), and to determine the independent CT findings of life-threatening mesenteric occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study was approved by the institution review board. We included 43 patients (21 SMAT and 22 SMVT between 1999 and 2008) of their median age of 60.0 years, and retrospectively analyzed their CT scans. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, management, surgical pathology diagnosis, and outcome. We compared CT findings between SMAT and SMVT groups. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the independent CT findings of life-threatening mesenteric occlusion. RESULTS: Of 43 patients, 24 had life-threatening mesenteric occlusion. Death related to mesenteric occlusion was 32.6%. A thick bowel wall (p < 0.001), mesenteric edema (p < 0.001), and ascites (p = 0.009) were more frequently associated with SMVT, whereas diminished bowel enhancement (p = 0.003) and paralytic ileus (p = 0.039) were more frequent in SMAT. Diminished bowel enhancement (OR = 20; p = 0.007) and paralytic ileus (OR = 16; p = 0.033) were independent findings suggesting life-threatening mesenteric occlusion. CONCLUSION: The ancillary CT findings occur with different frequencies in SMAT and SMVT. However, the independent findings indicating life-threatening mesenteric occlusion are diminished bowel wall enhancement and paralytic ileus.

Efficacy of thrombolytic therapy on superior mesenteric vein thrombosis by percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization / 中国综合临床

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization and thrombolysis on superior mesenteric vein thrombosis.Methods The treatment and therapeutic efficacy of 15 cases of patients with superior mesenteric vein thrombosis underwent percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization and thrombolysis from January 2000 to April 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization was performed successfully in 15patients,without pneumothorax,bile leakage and intra-abdominal hemorrhage after catheterization.Eleven patients had good thrombolytic effect,with majority or complete recanalization on superior mesenteric vein,portal vein and splenic vein.The rate of recanalization Was 73.3％,total mortality was 13.3％.The total amount of urokinase was not more than 500 million U,and there was no cases with systemic bleeding.From 6 months to 36months follow-up,there was no increased portal vein system thrombosis and recurrent cases.Conclnsion Thrombolysis technique of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization is easy to master,and with good effect of local infusion thrombolytic therapy and lower complication rate.It's a selectable treatment for superior mesenteric vein thrombosis.

Trombosis mesentérica venosa: Factores de riesgo, diagnóstico y resultados en el manejo quirúrgico / Venous mesenteric thrombosis: risk factors, diagnosis, and results of surgical management

Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de pacientes con trombosis mesentérica venosa. Sede: Hospital de Tercer Nivel. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo, Análisis estadístico: Porcentajes como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 8 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente durante un periodo de 5 años. Cinco de los pacientes tenían antecedentes o factores asociados a trombosis. El síntoma más común en la mayoría fue dolor abdominal de más de tres días de evolución. En todos, la trombosis mesentérica venosa se clasificó como secundaria y fue necesario realizar resección intestinal del segmento afectado. Seis pacientes tuvieron buena evolución y permanecieron con manejo anticoagulante. Dos pacientes fallecieron por complicaciones embólicas pulmonares. Conclusiones: La trombosis mesentérica venosa es una entidad rara con sintomatología vaga. Antecedentes del paciente, sospecha diagnóstica y estudios de imagen son los factores más importantes para realizar el diagnóstico al que es infrecuente llegar antes de la operación. La cirugía con resección del segmento afectado conlleva a resultados aceptables.

Objective: To report our experience with patients with mesenteric vein thrombosis managed surgically. Setting: Third level health care hospital. Design: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Statistical analysis: Percentages as summary measure for qualitative variables. Patients and methods: During a 5-year period, eight patients with mesenteric vein thrombosis were managed surgically; five of them had known risk factors for the development of venous thrombosis or had previous events of thrombosis at other sites. Abdominal pain was the predominant symptom, in most cases of three or more days. All had secondary vein thrombosis and required resection of the affected bowel. Six of them survived and were kept on anticoagulation therapy. Two patients died due to pulmonary embolism. Conclusions: Mesenteric vein thrombosis is a rare entity with vague symptoms. Medical history of the patient, clinical suspicion, and radiological studies are the most important factors for diagnosis; this latter is rarely attained preoperatively. Surgical management with resection of affected bowel leads to acceptable outcomes.

Trombosis venosa portal extrahepática asociada a infección por citomegalovirus en una paciente con síndrome mielodisplásico: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis associated with cytomegalovirus infection in a female patient with myelodysplastic syndrome: report of a case and review of literature

La trombosis venosa portal extrahepática (TVPHE) ocurre en etapas tempranas de la vida como complicación de onfalitis, canulación de vena umbilical, sepsis intraabdominal, deshidratación y estados de hipercoagulabilidad. En la adultez, se describe la asociación a estados de hipercoagulabilidad, principalmente deficiencias de proteínas C y S, postraumática, manipulación portal, pancreatitis, así como obstrucción o invasión tumoral. En la mitad de estos casos, la etiología es desconocida. Hay reportes en la literatura de TVPEH asociada a procesos infecciosos severos como sepsis por Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, así como infección por Citomegalovirus; sin embargo estos reportes son muy escasos. Paciente femenino de 56 años de edad, con antecedente de síndrome mielodisplásico, quien acude por clínica de dolor abdominal difuso, ictericia obstructiva y trastornos en el funcionalismo hepático. Dentro de las evaluaciones efectuadas se realiza Ultrasonido Endoscópico (USE) con evidencia de trombosis venosa profunda portal y mesentérica superior con hipertensión portal, várices esofágicas y fundicas. Se plantea probable origen infeccioso por lo que se solicita serologia para CMV con niveles elevados de IgG, se inicia tratamiento antiviral con valganciclovir y betabloquenates con evolución satisfactoria luego de un año. Conclusión: A pesar de que la trombosis venosa portal asociada a la infección por CMV es un evento poco frecuente en individuos inmunocompetentes, el descarte de esta debe ser incluida dentro del plan diagnóstico de trombosis del lecho esplenoportal...

Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EHPVT) occurs in early stages of life as a complication of omphalitis, cannulation of the umbilical vein, intra-abdominal sepsis, dehydration, and hypercoagulable states, mainly C and S proteins deficiencies, post-traumatic, portal vein manipulation, pancreatitis, as well as tumor invasion or obstruction. Etiology is unknown in half of these cases. In the literature, there are reports of EHPVT associated with severe infectious processes such as sepsis by Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, as well as infection by Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Nonetheless, such reports are very scarce. Female patient aged 56, con antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome, who attends the clinic with diffuse abdominal pain, obstructive icterus, and liver function disturbances. Among the assessments performed, an Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) is carried out evidencing upper mesenteric and deep portal vein thrombosis with portal hypertension, esophageal and fundic varices. A probable infectious origin is stated, thus serology is requested for CMV with elevated levels of IgG; antiviral treatment is started with Valgancyclovir and Beta-Blockers with satisfactory evolution after one year. Conclusion: Despite the portal vein thrombosis associated with the infection by CMV is a rare event in immunocompetetnt persons, discarding it must be included in a diagnosis plan for splenic-portal bed thrombosis...

Intestinal Malrotation with Concurrent Portal Vein and Superior Mesenteric Vein Thromboses

Intestinal malrotation with volvulus is generally presented as a bilious vomiting and acute intestinal obstruction in the newborn period. It could compromise vascular supply of the small bowel secondary to torsion of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and without urgent surgical management, it could lead to detrimental outcomes such as transmural bowel infarction and sepsis. However, in chronic cases, it is rarely obstructs the vascular supply and propagates to an acute bowel infarction. Rarely, chronic malrotation with midgut volvulus may not reduce the mesenteric blood supply because of collateral vessels, and the chronically stagnated blood flow of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) favors thrombus formation within the lumen. The recommended treatment is Ladd's procedure and anticoagulation therapy. The authors present an unusual case of intestinal malrotation with chronic volvulus resulting in superior mesenteric vein and portal vein thrombosis in a 28-year-old patient.

Recurrent portal and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in a patient with idiopathic portal hypertension / 대한내과학회지

Idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) is characterized by portal hypertension and splenomegaly without portal vein obstruction or significant liver disease. Although IPH may occasionally be accompanied by portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EHPVT), recurrent PVT and EHPVT are very rare in IPH. Herein, we report the case of a 30-year-old male who developed IPH with recurrent PVT and EHPVT. Eleven years earlier, the patient had undergone splenectomy and endoscopic sclerotherapy due to hypersplenism and esophageal variceal bleeding, respectively. Ten years earlier, the patient had suffered recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding, which was treated via band ligation, and was diagnosed with IPH via portography and liver biopsy. Then, 8 years prior to presentation, the patient complained of acute abdominal pain and was diagnosed with PVT and EHPVT. After a 6-month course of anticoagulation therapy, the PVT and EHPVT resolved completely. However, 8 years later, he complained again of abdominal pain and was diagnosed with recurrent PVT and EHPVT.

Portal Vein and Superior Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis following Cholecystectomy and Choledochostomy

Acute thrombosis of the portal and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) due to inflammation of abdominal organs is a rare condition, but delayed diagnosis causes severe problems and serious long term complications. Therefore the early diagnosis and adequate management of the underlying disease and thrombus is very important. Here a case of an 84-year-old man with portal vein and SMV thrombosis on Doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) after cholecystectomy and choledochostomy by the 10th day is reported. The patient's condition improved without complication after the treatments with an anticoagulant regimen and antimicrobials. In the follow up, there was no thrombus on the CT or sign of a recurrent disease.

A Case of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura with Portal Vein and Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis / 대한혈액학회지

Henoch-Schonlein purpura is an immunologically mediated systemic leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small vessels that is characterized by symmetric nontraumatic, nonthrombocytopenic, painless palpable purpura on the lower extremities and buttock, arthralgias on usually the knees and ankles, gastrointestinal symptoms and glomerulonephritis. Although the jejunum and ileum are most frequently affected, any portion of gastrointestinal tracts may be involved. Generally, gastrointestinal manifestations of Henoch-Schonlein purpura are the edematous wall of involved bowel, submucosal hemorrhage and erosion. We experienced a 56-year-old man with Henoch-Schonlein purpura who initially presented acute abdominal pain with portal vein and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis.

A case report of suprerior mesenteric vein thrombosis associated with diverticulitis / 대한내과학회지

Mesenteric vein thrombosis is a rare disease that can be fatal, as it can cause ischemia or infarction of bowels. The mortality rate is 13~50%. The predisposing factors of mesenteric vein thrombosis are numerous, and one of them is diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is a rare disease and mesenteric vein thrombosis caused by diverticulitis has not been reported in Korea. We report a patient with superior mesenteric vein thrombosis associated with diverticulitis of ascending colon, and it was diagnosed by computed tomography and barium enema. After antibiotic therapy, the thrombosis was resolved and the patient was completely recovered.

A Case of Duodenal Ischemic Enteritis Due to Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Mesenteric vein thrombosis (MVT) is an infrequent but old form of acute mesenteric ischemia, various forms of which have been recognized through imaging techniques. Pre- viously, diagnosis was made only by a laparotomy or autopsy. MVT is an abdominal emergency that is rarely diagnosed early. Review of the literature has shown that most cases have been treated by intestinal resection, and a few by thrombectomy with or with- out resection. Most are primary thromboses, but some are related to thromboembolic dise- ases, sepsis, cirrhosis, coagulopathy, abdominal neoplasms, traurna, or use of oral contra- ceptives. We report a case of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis with acute ischemic bowel disease, diagnosed early through a duodenoscopy and definitively assessed by superior mesenteric angiography and computed tomography. The predisposing factor for this case was a pelvic abscess post placenta previa operation. The first symptoms were hematemesis and abdominal pain. An intestinal mucosal lesion and clinical symptoms were improved by only heparinization and symptomatic treatment without resection.