ABSTRACT
The close link between metabolism and cell death has been getting more and more attention.Many metabolically related proteins play a key role in the programmed cell death pathway.Several proteins classically regulating cell death have been found to regulate metabolism.In addition,many metabolic intermediates are closely involved in the cascade of signal transduction pathways that influence cell death.Some metabolic checkpoints not only receive information from metabolic variables,but also transmit signals that regulate cell survival.Typically,these checkpoints respond to metabolic imbalances by activating an organelle specific or by initiating an adaptive response at the overall level of the cell,and attempts to establish a new homeostasis.However,when the metabolic disorders are extravagantly serious or prolonged in time,these checkpoints will initiate apoptosis or programmed cell death.The cross-regulation of cellular metabolism and death pathways was discussed,so as to provide clues for the development of novel pharmacological approaches by regulating the metabolism to block or induced cell death.
ABSTRACT
T cells are an important adaptive immune response arm that mediates cell-mediated immunity. T cell metabolism plays a central role in T cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and effector function. Specific metabolic programs are tightly controlled to mediate T cell immune responses, and alterations in T cell metabolism may result in many immunological disorders. In this review, we will summarize the main T cell metabolic pathways and the important factors participating in T cell metabolic programming during T cell homeostasis, differentiation, and function.