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Os implantes dentários osseointegrados representam uma parte da reabilitação oral, sendo uma alternativa cada vez mais utilizada na Odontologia a fim de substituir dentes perdidos. À semelhança das doenças periodontais, o fator etiológico das doenças periimplantares é o acúmulo de biofilme ao redor dos implantes dentários. Esta patologia também é classificada de acordo com os tecidos acometidos por ela, em mucosite e periimplantite. Para um correto tratamento e sucesso na terapia periimplantar, o diagnóstico deve ser baseado na sua etiologia e, seu tratamento segue variando de acordo com cada caso e estágio da doença. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o tratamento de um caso de periimplantite por meio da descontaminação da superfície do implante através de uma cirurgia de acesso. Paciente leucoderma, com 56 anos, sexo feminino, procurou atendimento no curso de graduação em Odontologia do centro Universitário da Serra Gaúcha FSG, com queixa de sangramento/supuração, dor e edema na região dos dentes 15 e 16, reabilitados com implantes, e exposição de componentes protéticos. A paciente foi diagnosticada com periimplantite. O plano de tratamento proposto foi de promover a descontaminação da superfície do implante por meio de acesso cirúrgico. Com base no caso clínico apresentado, foi possível concluir que a técnica de tratamento utilizada foi eficaz para a resolução da periimplantite, no período de acompanhamento do estudo (90 dias), demonstrando melhora nos parâmetros clínicos e radiográficos(AU)
Osseointegrated dental implants represent a part of oral rehabilitation, being an increasingly used alternative in Dentistry in order to replace lost teeth. Similar to periodontal diseases, the etiological factor of peri-implant diseases is the accumulation of biofilm around dental implants. This pathology is also classified according to the tissues affected by it, in mucositis and peri-implantitis. For a correct treatment and success in peri-implant therapy, the diagnosis must be based on its etiology, and its treatment continues to vary according to each case and stage of the disease. The present work aims to report the treatment of a case of peri-implantitis through the decontamination of the implant surface through an access surgery. Caucasian female patient, 56 years old, sought care at the graduation course in Dentistry at Centro Universitário da Serra Gaúcha FSG, complaining of bleeding/suppuration, pain and edema in the region of teeth 15 and 16, rehabilitated with implants, and exposure of prosthetic components. The patient was diagnosed with peri-implantitis. The proposed treatment plan was to promote decontamination of the implant surface through surgical access. Based on the presented clinical case, it was possible to conclude that the treatment technique used was effective for the resolution of periimplantitis, in the follow-up period of the study (90 days), demonstrating improvement in clinical and radiographic parameters(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Decontamination , Peri-Implantitis/therapy , Dental Implantation , Dental Implantation, Endosseous , Dental Plaque , MicrobiotaABSTRACT
Abstract In the human gut, there is a metabolically active microbiome whose metabolic products reach various organs and are used in the physiological activities of the body. When dysbiosis of intestinal microbial homeostasis occurs, pathogenic metabolites may increase and one of them is trimethyl amine-N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO is thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic heart diseases, and cerebrovascular events. TMAO level is also associated with renal inflammation, fibrosis, acute kidney injury, diabetic kidney disease, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, the effect of TMAO on various kidney diseases is discussed.
Resumo No intestino humano, existe um microbioma metabolicamente ativo cujos produtos metabólicos alcançam diversos órgãos e são utilizados nas atividades fisiológicas do corpo. Quando ocorre disbiose da homeostase microbiana intestinal, os metabólitos patogênicos podem aumentar, e um deles é o N-óxido de trimetilamina (TMAO). Acredita-se que o TMAO tenha um papel na patogênese da resistência à insulina, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, doenças cardíacas ateroscleróticas e eventos cerebrovasculares. O nível de TMAO também está associado à inflamação renal, fibrose, lesão renal aguda, doença renal diabética e doença renal crônica. Nesta revisão, discute-se o efeito do TMAO em diversas doenças renais.
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OBJECTIVE@#The aim of this study was to assess the impact of bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitute, bisphenol F (BPF), on the colonic fecal community structure and function of mice.@*METHODS@#We exposed 6-8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to 5 mg/(kg∙day) and 50 μg/(kg∙day) of BPA or BPF for 14 days. Fecal samples from the colon were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing.@*RESULTS@#Gut microbiome community richness and diversity, species composition, and function were significantly altered in mice exposed to BPA or BPF. This change was characterized by elevated levels of Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 and Oscillibacter and decreased levels of Prevotella 9 and Streptococcus. Additionally, pathways related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism showed substantial enrichment.@*CONCLUSION@#Mice exposed to different BP analogs exhibited distinct gut bacterial community richness, composition, and related metabolic pathways. Considering the essential role of gut bacteria in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, our study highlights the intestinal toxicity of BPs in vertebrates.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Mice , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Mice, Inbred C57BL , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Benzhydryl Compounds/toxicity , Bacteria/genetics , PhenolsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulatory effects of couplet medicinals of Atractylodes macrocephala-Aucklandia lappa on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） in the diarrhea-type irritable bowel syndrome （IBS-D） rats with spleen deficiency. METHODS The IBS-D rat model with spleen deficiency was induced by intragastric administration of Senna alexandrina combined with restraint stimulation. The model rats were divided into model group， positive control group （pinaverium bromide 1.5 mg/kg）， A. macrocephala-A. lappa low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （0.7， 1.4， 2.8 g/kg）， with 6 rats in each group. Another 6 healthy rats were taken as the blank control group. The blank control group and the model group were given normal saline intragastrically， and other groups were given relevant drug liquid intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 14 days. The general characteristics of rats and fecal water content were observed， and intestinal sensitivity [evaluating by abdominal wall withdrawal reflex （AWR） threshold] and the intestinal propulsion rate were determined. The serum levels of 5- hydroxytryptamine（5-HT）and SP were detected， and the pathological changes of colon tissue were observed； the protein expressions of 5-HT-3 receptor（5-HT3R）， 5-HT4R and 5-HT transporter（SERT） in colon tissue of rats were detected. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed for the feces of rats in blank control group， model group and A. macrocephala-A. lappa high-dose group； the contents of acetic acid， propionic acid and butyric acid in the feces of the rats were determined. RESULTS Compared with the model group， the body weight after 7 and 14 days of medication， fecal water content， AWR threshold， and the protein expressions of 5-HT4R and SERT in colon tissue were increased significantly in the A. macrocephala-A. lappa medium-dose and high-dose groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； serum contents of 5-HT and SP， intestinal propulsion rate （except for A. macrocephala-A. lappa medium-dose group）， the protein expression of 5-HT3R in colon tissue were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）； diarrhea relief， mental state recovery， and partially recovery of the structure of colon tissue were all found； moreover， the diversity and species number of gut microbiota were reduced in A. macrocephala-A. lappa high-dose group and the content of butyric acid in fecal samples was significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The compatibility of A. macrocephala and A. lappa can improve intestinal motility and sensitivity of IBS-D model rats with spleen deficiency， and alleviate diarrhea. This may be related to improving changes in intestinal microbiota structure， reducing 5-HT expression and butyric acid content， and increasing 5-HT4R and SERT expression.
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Rheumatoid arthritis （RA） is a systemic autoimmune disease with local joint pain as the main clinical manifestation. It is one of the diseases specifically responding to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. The occurrence of RA is not only related to innate factors like genetic disorder but also associated with environmental factors， such as diets and microbial infection. The intestine， a vital human organ with digestive and immune functions， is a place where microorganisms colonize and exert intestinal metabolism-improving， barrier-protecting， and immunomodulatory effects. As the research on the onset and treatment of RA is deepening， the potential relationship of intestinal structural and functional abnormalities with the pathogenesis and progression of RA has been revealed. As clinical and experimental studies indicated， joint inflammation coexists with the impaired barrier function， imbalanced immune cells， and disordered gut microbiota. The theory of the gut-joint axis in the pathogenesis， progression， and treatment of RA is highly consistent with the holistic view in TCM. The recent pharmacological studies have shown that Chinese medicine prescriptions and active components can inhibit inflammation， protect joints， and maintain the intestinal function. This article summarizes the basic connotation of the gut-joint axis in RA and the mechanism by which TCM protect the intestinal barrier and modulate the immunity by regulating the gut microbiota structure and improving microbial metabolism in the treatment of RA. This review gives insights into the future research on the gut-joint axis in RA.
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ObjectiveTo explore the possible mechanism of the Yiqi Jiedu formula （YQ） in treating ischemic stroke （IS） from the perspective of the microbial-gut-brain axis （MGBA）. MethodRats were randomly divided into five groups， with six in each group， including sham surgery group， model group， and low， medium， and high dose YQ groups （1， 5， and 25 mg·kg-1）. Except for the sham surgery group， all other groups were established with a middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） model using the thread occlusion method. The success of modeling was determined through neurobehavioral scoring， and the protective effect of YQ on IS was evaluated. Then， the changes in gut microbiota before and after MCAO modeling and YQ administration were compared using 16S rDNA sequencing technology， and the possible biological pathways related to the effect of this formula were analyzed. The expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-17A （IL-17A）， and interleukin-10 （IL-10） in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot was used to detect the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin in brain and intestinal tissue， and hematoxylin-eosin staining （HE） was used to observe pathological changes in the cerebral cortex and colon， so as to validate the possible mechanism of action. ResultYQ significantly improved the neurobehavioral score of MCAO rats （P<0.01） and played a good regulatory role in intestinal microbial disorders caused by enriched pathogens and opportunistic pathogens during the acute phase. Among them， significantly changed microorganisms include Morgentia， Escherichia Shigella， Adlercreutzia， and Androbacter. Bioinformatics analysis found that these bacteria may be related to the regulation of inflammation in the brain. Compared with the blank group， the detection of inflammatory factors in the serum of IS model rats showed an increase in inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17A （P<0.01） and a decrease in the content of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the content of inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17A in the serum of the treatment group decreased （P<0.05）， and that of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 increased （P<0.01）. The expression results of barrier proteins ZO-1 and Occludin in brain and intestinal tissue showed that the expression levels of both decreased in IS model rats （P<0.05）， while the expression levels of both increased in the treatment group （P<0.05）. ConclusionAcute cerebral ischemia can lead to an imbalance of intestinal microbiota and damage to the intestinal barrier， and it can increase intestinal permeability. YQ can regulate intestinal microbiota imbalance caused by ischemia， inhibit systemic inflammatory response， and improve the disruption of the gut-blood brain barrier， preventing secondary cascade damage to brain tissue caused by inflammation. The MGBA may be an important mechanism against the IS.
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Oligoasthenozoospermia is the main cause of male infertility， with complex and diverse causes. Currently， there are still some unclear causes of oligoasthenozoospermia in clinical practice， known as idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology， it has been found that intestinal microbiota disorder may be an important promoting factor for the onset of oligoasthenozoospermia. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that "deficiency of kidney essence" is the core pathogenesis of oligoasthenozoospermia. In clinical practice， the method of tonifying the kidney and strengthening the essence has a significant therapeutic effect on oligoasthenozoospermia， but its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Based on the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine and molecular biology research， it has been found that there is a similarity between "kidney essence" and intestinal microbiota. During the onset of oligoasthenozoospermia， the disorder of intestinal microbiota has similarities with the pathogenesis of "deficiency of kidney essence" in traditional Chinese medicine. Moreover， traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying the kidney and strengthening the essence can regulate the disorder of intestinal microbiota， which may be one of the effective mechanisms for the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia with the Bushen Yijing method. Based on this， this article explored the mechanism of Bushen Yijing method of traditional Chinese medicine in treating oligoasthenozoospermia from the perspective of intestinal microbiota， so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia with traditional Chinese medicine.
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Berberine (BBR) is the main pharmacological active ingredient of Coptidis, which has hypoglycemic effect, but its clinical application is limited due to its poor oral bioavailability. Polyphenols, derived from cinnamon, are beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The combination of both may have an additive effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of combined medication in diabetic rats. The modeling rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (berberine group, cinnamon group, combined group, metformin group, diabetic control group) and normal control group. The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (approval number: HMUIRB2022003). The subjects were given orally, and the control group was given equal volume solvent and body weight was measured weekly. Thirty days after administration, oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity test were performed, and fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated serum protein (GSP), and serum insulin (INS) levels were detected; high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect intestinal microbiota structure; real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) expression levels. The results showed that, compared with the diabetic control group, the levels of FBG (P < 0.01) and GSP (P < 0.01) in the combined group were lower, and the insulin resistance was improved, which was better than that in the berberine group. Combined treatment increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Prevotella and Lactobacillus, reversed the decrease in Lactobacillus in the berberine alone induction group, and the combination of the two could promote the expression of TGR5 and GLP-1. In summary, the combined application of cinnamon and berberine can regulate glucose metabolism better than the application of berberine alone. Berberine combined with cinnamon can improve the function of pancreatic islet β cells in diabetes mellitus type 2 rats by changing the intestinal microbiota, increasing the expression of TGR5 and GLP-1 proteins, and thereby better regulating glucose metabolism.
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Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor in the digestive system， ranking third in incidence and second in the cause of death worldwide. In recent years， the incidence of colorectal cancer is on the rise， and the age of patients with colorectal cancer tends to be younger， with a heavy cancer burden. It is of great significance to prevent the occurrence， development， recurrence， and metastasis of colorectal cancer to reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. Patriniae Herba has the effects of clearing heat， removing toxins， eliminating carbuncle， and discharging pus and shows good therapeutic efficacy on inflammatory bowel disease， digestive tract tumors， pelvic inflammation， gynecological tumor， and so on. Patriniae Herba is often used in the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer， but its mechanism of action is not clear. Modern studies have found that Patriniae Herba contains triterpenoids， saponins， iridoids， flavonoids， and other chemical components， with antioxidant， anti-tumor， anti-bacterial， and other pharmacological effects. The main anti-tumor components of Patriniae Herba are flavonoids. The analysis of network pharmacology and the spectrum-effect relationship has suggested that quercetin， luteolin， apigenin， isoorientin， and isovitexin play a major role in inhibiting the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that flavonoids in Patriniae Herba can play an anti-tumor role in various ways， such as preventing precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer， inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells， blocking cancer cell cycle， promoting cancer cell apoptosis， and reversing drug resistance of colorectal cancer. The oral availability of flavonoids is low. The gut is the main metabolic site of flavonoids in the body， its metabolic pathway is closely related to gut microbiota. This paper reviewed the anti-tumor mechanism of flavonoids and their influence on gut microbiota to provide a reference for further research on the mechanism of Patriniae Herba against colorectal cancer and its clinical application.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by persistent and often progressive airflow obstruction， including airway abnormalities （e.g.， bronchitis and bronchiolitis） and chronic respiratory symptoms （e.g.， dyspnea， cough， and expectoration）. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the lung and large intestine are interior-exterior related. Therefore， COPD can be treated from both the lung and intestine by the methods of tonifying and invigorating lung， spleen， and kidney， dispelling phlegm， and expelling stasis. Gut microbiota plays a key role in human immunity， nerve， and metabolism and may act on COPD by affecting the structures and functions of lung and intestine tissue and regulating lung inflammation and immunity. TCM can restore the balance of gut microbiota， which is conducive to the recovery from COPD. For example， the treatment method of tonifying lung and invigorating kidney can regulate gut microbiota， alleviate pulmonary and intestinal injuries， and improve lung immunity. The treatment methods of dispelling phlegm and expelling stasis can regulate gut microbiota and reduce pulmonary inflammation. According to the TCM theory of lung and large intestine being interior-exterior related， this review elaborates on the connotation of TCM in the treatment of COPD by regulating gut microbiota， aiming to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of COPD via gut microbiota.
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Non-infectious chronic diseases in human including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), atherosclerosis (AS), neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, as well as malignant tumors may have some common pathogenic mechanisms such as non-resolved inflammation (NRI), gut microbiota dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondria dysfunction, and abnormality of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These pathogenic mechanisms could be the basis for "homotherapy for heteropathy" in clinic. Some commonly used clinical drugs, such as metformin, berberine, aspirin, statins, and rapamycin may execute therapeutic effect on their targeted diseases,and also have the effect of "homotherapy for heteropathy". The mechanisms of the above drugs may include anti-inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress, improvement of mitochondria function, and inhibition of mTOR. For virus infectious diseases, as some viruses need certain commonly used replicases, the inhibitors of the replicases become examples of "homotherapy for heteropathy" for antiviral therapy in clinic (for example tenofovir for both AIDS and HBV infection). Especially, in case of outbreak of new emerging viruses, these viral enzyme inhibitors such as azvudine and sofibuvir, could be rapidly used in controlling viral epidemic or pandemic, based on the principle of "homotherapy for heteropathy". In this review article, we show the research progress of the biological basis for "homotherapy for heteropathy" and the possible mechanisms of some well-known drugs, in order to provide insights and new references for innovative drug R&D.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is a multisystem disease associated with obesity， insulin resistance， and dyslipidemia and has a complex pathogenesis. Studies have shown that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with the onset of NAFLD， and traditional Chinese medicine treatment can improve the laboratory markers and clinical symptoms of NAFLD patients by regulating intestinal microbiota and its metabolites. This article elaborates on the association between NAFLD and gut microbiota， the involvement of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of NAFLD， and the possible mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine treatment in improving NAFLD from the perspective of gut microbiota， in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of NAFLD.
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The interaction between microbes and the human immune system has long been a focus in biomedical research. Next-generation sequencing has revealed that in addition to gut microbiota， the respiratory tract also harbors microbial communities， forming an interconnected network with the gut microbiota through immune cells and active factors. This review aims to explore how the gut and lung microbiota regulate immune responses， including their roles in local and systemic immune modulation. It also delineates the immunological connections along the gut-lung axis. Further elucidating the influence of microbes on the immune system holds important clinical significance for understanding diseases and exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Objective To investigate the microbiota composition and diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Culex pipiens pallens, so as to provide insights into unraveling the pathogenesis of autogeny in Cx. pipiens pallens. Methods Autogenous and anautogenous adult Cx. pipiens pallens samples were collected at 25 ℃, and the hypervariable regions of the microbial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene was sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform. The microbiota abundance and diversity were evaluated using the alpha diversity index, and the difference in the microbiota structure was examined using the beta diversity index. The microbiota with significant differences in the abundance between autogenous and anautogenous adult Cx. pipiens pallens samples was identified using the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Results The microbiota in autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples belonged to 18 phyla, 28 classes, 70 orders, 113 families, and 170 genera, and the dominant phyla included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and so on. At the genus level, Wolbachia was a common dominant genus, and the relative abundance was (77.6 ± 11.3)% in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples and (47.5 ± 8.5)% in anautogenous mosquito samples, while Faecalibaculum (0.4% ± 0.1%), Dubosiella (0.5% ± 0.0%) and Massilia (0.5% ± 0.1%) were specific species in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples. Alpha diversity analysis showed that higher Chao1 index and ACE index in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples than in anautogenous samples (both P values > 0.05), and lower Shannon index (P > 0.05) and Simpson index (P < 0.05) in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples than in anautogenous samples. LEfSe analysis showed a total of 48 significantly different taxa between autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples (all P values < 0.05). Conclusion There is a significant difference in the microbiota diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens.
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ObjectiveTo discuss the effects of Cistanches Herba phenylethanoid glycosides （CHPhGs） on the intestinal mucosal barrier and gut microbiota in alcoholic liver disease （ALD） mice were discussed. MethodThe 36 C57BL/6N female mice were randomly divided normal group， normal group of CHPhGs， model group， and low， medium， and high-dose groups （175， 350， 700 mg·kg-1） of CHPhGs， with six mice in each group. The ALD mouse model was built using Lieber-Decarli alcohol liquid feed. The normal group and low， medium， and high-dose groups of CHPhGs were given CHPhGs by gavage daily. Serum aspartate aminotransferase aminotransferase （ALT）， alanine aminotransferase （AST）， triglycerides （TG）， and total cholesterol （TC） levels were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， lipopolysaccharide （LPS）， lipopolysaccharide-binding protein （LBP）， D-lactic acid （D-LA）， diamine oxidase （DAO）， and LBP of liver were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The levels of TG and TC in the liver were detected by colorimetry. Liver tissue was treated by oil red O and hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The microstructure of jejunum epithelial cells was observed by electron microscope. Jejunum and colon were treated by HE staining and alcian blue-periodate-scheff (AB-PAS) staining staining， and mucin 2 （Muc2） was treated by immunohistochemistry. The intestinal contents of the normal group， normal group of CHPhGs， model group， and high-dose group of CHPhGs were collected and sequenced. ResultThe ALD model was established successfully. Compared with the normal group， the levels of serum ALT， AST， and TG， as well as the levels of liver TG and TC in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Histopathology showed that compared with the normal group， the liver cells in the model group showed obvious steatosis. Compared with the model group， the levels of serum TG and liver TG and TC in the low， medium， and high-dose groups of CHPhGs decreased significantly （P<0.05）. The serum ALT， AST， TNF-α， IL-1β， LPS， and LBP in the high-dose group of CHPhGs were also significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The number of liver cells with steatosis in the high-dose group of CHPhGs was significantly reduced， and the microvilli structure of jejunum epithelial cells was basically intact. The expression of Muc2 was reduced in the colon， and the gut microbiota of the high-dose group of CHPhGs changed significantly （P<0.05）. Compared with the normal group， the Allobaculum was significantly up-regulated in the model group （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the abundance of Akkermansia in the high-dose group of CHPhGs was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The abundance of Akkermansia was negatively correlated with that of Allobaculum （r=-0.701， P<0.01）. ConclusionCHPhGs can reduce the intestinal barrier injury caused by ALD， which may play a protective role by regulating the abundance and structure of Akkermansia and Allobaculum and affecting the homeostasis of intestinal mucus.
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ObjectiveTo research the mechanism underlying the effect of raw and processed Aurantii Fructus Immaturus switched to Zhishi Shaoyaosan （ZSS） on constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome （C-IBS） rats via the brain-gut-microbiota axis. MethodEighty rats were randomly divided into the blank， model， positive drug （pinaverium bromide， 15.625 mg·kg-1）， raw ZSS， stir-fried ZSS， bran-fried ZSS， charcoal-fried ZSS and finished ZSS groups （3.75 g·kg-1）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the blank group， which received intragastric administration of 0.9% sodium chloride solution at room temperature， all other groups were administered the ice solution at 0 to 4 ℃ （2 mL·d-1， for a total of 14 d） to establish the C-IBS rat model. The fecal water content and the propulsion rate of small intestine were detected after 14 d of continuous drug administration. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP）， neuro-peptide Y （NPY）， calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP）， substance P （SP）， diamine oxidase （DAO） and D-lactic acid （D-LA） were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the changes in colonic pathological injury in each group. The expression levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， protein kinase A （PKA） and aquaporin-3 （AQP3） mRNA in colon tissues were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and the protein expressions of VIP and AQP3 in colon tissues were detected by Western blot. The content of short chain fatty acids （SCFAs） was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ResultCompared with the blank group， the fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of rat in the model group were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the levels of 5-HT， VIP， CGRP and SP in serum were significantly increased. Simultaneously， the NPY levels significantly decreased （P<0.01）， the levels of DAO and D-LA in plasma were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the mucosal epithelium of colon tissue was slightly damaged， with reduced goblet cells and significantly reduced luminal granules. The mRNA expression levels of AQP3， cAMP and PKA and the protein expression levels of AQP3 and VIP in colon tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The total amount of SCFAs in feces showed an obvious decreasing trend， with the contents of acetic acid， isobutyric acid， isovaleric acid， valeric acid and caproic acid decreased significantly， while the contents of propionic acid and butyric acid increased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the treatment groups increased the intestinal propulsion rate， improved the intestinal mucosal barrier function， and adjusted the level of serum brain-gut peptide in C-IBS rats （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression levels of AQP3， cAMP， PKA mRNA and VIP， AQP3 protein in colon tissue of rats in all treatment groups were increased. All the treatment groups had a significant downregulation of the content of SCFAs except for isobutyric acid in rat feces， and the effect of ZSS prepared by the bran-fried Aurantii Fructus Immaturus was superior than that of other ZSS. ConclusionThe raw and processed Aurantii Fructus Immaturus switched to ZSS could influence the brain-gut-microbiota axis to treat C-IBS rats and it is more reasonable to use bran-fried Aurantii Fructus Immaturus in ZSS.
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The domestic and international research progress on the regulation of gut microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ingredients and their impact on intestinal absorption and transportation were summarized, which provided assistance for subsequent clinical rational drug use targeting gut microbiota. Literature on the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal absorption and transportation in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the mechanism of TCM ingredients regulating gut microbiota on drug absorption and transportation was elucidated. Research has found that TCM ingredients alter gut microbiota, thereby affecting intestinal barrier function and absorption of transport proteins, which is of great significance for rational clinical medication.
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Early life is a critical window period that determines the growth and development of children, but this delicate and complex period is highly susceptible to the disturbance of various exogenous chemicals, which in consequence may lead to short-term or long-term adverse health effects in human beings. The massive use of antibiotics has contributed to widespread exposure in early life, along with the potentially adverse effects on child health, and has caused great concern in public health. This review summarized recent epidemiological studies on the population with early-life antibiotic exposure and associated health outcomes such as growth and development, allergies, and psycho-behavioral problems in children, as well as potential biological mechanisms underlying these associations. Current findings suggested that antibiotic exposure early in life, including pregnancy and infancy, is strongly associated with childhood allergic diseases (e.g., atopic dermatitis and asthma), growth and development (e.g., obesity and birth length), and childhood psycho-behavioral problems (e.g., autism and anxiety). It also suggested that antibiotic exposure may affect individual health through gut microbiota, thyroid function, inflammation factors, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic mechanisms. In the future, more large prospective birth cohorts should be established to determine the levels of internal exposure to different types of antibiotics at multiple time points in early life and to explore their associations with child health outcomes, as well as to further validate relevant mechanisms, aiming to provide high-quality scientific evidence for research on child health associated with environmental exposure in early life.
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Background Salidroside (SAL) has a protective effect on multiple organ systems. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere may lead to disruptions in gut microbiota and impact intestinal health. The regulatory effect of SAL on the gut microbiota of mice exposed to PM2.5 requires further investigation. Objective To evaluate gut microbiota disruption in mice after being exposed to PM2.5 and the potential effect of SAL. Methods Forty male C57BL/6 mice, aged 6 to 8 weeks, were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, an SAL group, a PM2.5 group, and an SAL+PM2.5 group, each containing 10 mice. In the SAL group and the SAL+PM2.5 group, the mice were administered SAL (60 mg·kg−1) by gavage, while in the control group and the PM2.5 group, sterile saline (10 mL·kg−1) was administered by gavage. In the PM2.5 group and the SAL+PM2.5 group, PM2.5 suspension (8 mg·kg−1) was intratracheally instilled, and in the control group and SAL group, sterile saline (1.5 mL·kg−1) was intratracheally administered. Each experiment cycle spanned 2 d, with a total of 10 cycles conducted over 20 d. Histopathological changes in the ileum tissue of the mice were observed after HE staining. Colon contents were collected for gut microbiota sequencing and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) measurements. Results The PM2.5 group showed infiltration of inflammatory cells in the ileum tissue, while the SAL+PM2.5 group exhibited only a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared to the control group, the PM2.5 group showed decreased Shannon index (P<0.05) and increased Simpson index (P<0.05), indicating that the diversity of gut microbiota in this group was decreased; the SAL+PM2.5 group showed increased Shannon index compared to the PM2.5 group (P<0.05) and decreased Simpson index (P<0.05), indicating that the diversity of gut microbiota in mice intervened with SAL was increased. The principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed a significant separation between the PM2.5 group and the control group, while the separation trend was less evident among the control group, the SAL group, and the SAL+PM2.5 group. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) clustering tree results showed that the control group and the SAL group clustered together first, followed by clustering with the SAL+PM2.5 group, and finally, the three groups clustered with the PM2.5 group. The PCoA and UPGMA clustering results indicated that the uniformity and similarity of the microbiota in the PM2.5 group were significantly decreased. Compared to the control group, the PM2.5 group showed decreased abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes and Candidatus_Saccharimonas (P<0.05) and increased abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, genus Escherichia, genus Bacteroides, genus Prevotella, genus Enterococcus, and genus Proteus (P<0.05). Compared to the PM2.5 group, the SAL+PM2.5 group showed decreased abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, phylum Actinobacteria, genus Prevotella, and genus Proteus (P<0.05), and increased abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas (P<0.05). The PM2.5 group showed reduced levels of propionic acid, valeric acid, and hexanoic acid compared to the control group (P<0.05), while the SAL+PM2.5 group showed increased levels of propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and hexanoic acid compared to the PM2.5 group (P<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to PM2.5 can cause pathological alterations, microbial dysbiosis, and disturbing production of SCFAs in intestinal tissue in mice. However, SAL can provide a certain degree of protective effect against these changes.
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Objective To systematically evaluate the diversity of oral flora in patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, focusing on the oral flora diversity profiles of patients with pancreatic cancer. The studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of science, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases, and the search period was from the establishment of the database to July 15, 2023. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two researchers screened intensive review literature, extracted data and information, and carried out Meta-analysis using qualitative systematic review and Review Manager 5.4. Results Seven cross-sectional studies were reviewed, including 187 patients with pancreatic cancer and 440 healthy controls. The results of meta-analysis showed that the oral microbiota diversity Simpson index of patients with pancreatic cancer was reduced compared with that of healthy controls. Qualitative analysis showed that the relative abundance of Firmicute, Prevotella, Roseburia, and Streptococcus in patients with pancreatic cancer was higher than that in healthy people. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Neisseria, Haemophilus, porphyromonas, and Haemophilus parainfluenza in patients with pancreatic cancer was lower than that in healthy people. Conclusion Patients with pancreatic cancer have distinct oral flora, which has high relative abundance of Firmicutes, Prevotella etc. and low relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Neisseria, etc.