Umbilical cord milking in newborns: scoping review

Objective: To map the available evidence on umbilical cord milking in newborns. Material and Method: Scoping Review based on the protocol proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. A search for full-text articles published in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WOS and CINAHL was carried out using the following keywords: infant, newborn, umbilical cord milking, placental transfusion and umbilical cord blood. Results: The results indicated umbilical cord milking has superior benefits to the immediate cord clamping, among the main ones are higher levels of Hemoglobin, Hematocrit and Serum Ferritin, and reduction of complications in preterm newborns, such as intraventricular hemorrhage and the need for blood transfusion. When compared to delayed cord clamping, it has similar benefits, but milking is considered a faster method of placental blood transfusion. Conclusions: Umbilical cord milking has similar potential to delayed cord clamping. Therefore, it can be an alternative for obstetric nurses and midwives when delayed cord clamping cannot be performed in order to ensure the benefits of placental transfusion to the neonate.

Objetivo: Mapear la evidencia disponible sobre la ordeña del cordón umbilical en recién nacidos. Material y Método: Revisión de Alcance con base en el protocolo propuesto por el Instituto Joanna Briggs. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos de texto completo publicados en MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WOS y CINAHL utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: lactante, recién nacidos, ordeña cordón umbilical, transfusión placentaria y sangre de cordón umbilical. Resultados: La ordeña del cordón umbilical tiene beneficios superiores al pinzamiento inmediato del cordón, entre los principales se encuentran: mayores niveles de hemoglobina, hematocrito y ferritina sérica y reducción de complicaciones en recién nacidos prematuros, tales como hemorragia intraventricular y necesidad de transfusión sanguínea. En comparación con el pinzamiento tardío del cordón, tiene beneficios similares, pero la ordeña se considera el método más rápido de transfusión de sangre placentaria. Conclusiones: La ordeña del cordón umbilical tiene potencial similar al pinzamiento tardío del cordón, por lo tanto, puede ser una alternativa para enfermeras obstétricas y parteras cuando no se puede realizar el pinzamiento tardío del cordón para asegurar los beneficios de la transfusión placentaria al neonato.

Objetivo: Mapear as evidências disponíveis sobre a ordenha de cordão umbilical em recém-nascidos. Material e Método: Revisão de escopo baseada no protocolo proposto pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. A busca de artigos completos publicados na MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WOS e CINAHL foi realizada utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: lactente, recém-nascido, ordenha do cordão umbilical, transfusão de placenta e sangue do cordão umbilical. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que a ordenha do cordão umbilical tem benefícios superiores ao clampeamento imediato do cordão, entre os principais estão: níveis mais elevados de hemoglobina, hematócrito e ferritina sérica e redução de complicações em recém-nascidos pré-termo, como hemorragia intraventricular e necessidade de transfusão sanguínea. Quando comparado ao clampeamento tardio do cordão umbilical, tem benefícios semelhantes, mas a ordenha é considerada um método mais rápido de transfusão de sangue da placenta. Conclusões: A ordenha do cordão umbilical tem potencial semelhante ao clampeamento tardio do cordão umbilical, portanto, pode ser uma alternativa às enfermeiras obstetras e parteiras quando o clampeamento tardio do cordão não pode ser executado a fim de garantir os benefícios da transfusão placentária ao neonato.

The influence of umbilical cord milking on important clinical outcomes of preterm infants / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Placental blood transfusion can be achieved by delayed cord clamping and umbilical cord milking.The World Health Organization has proposed delayed cord clamping as the standard care for newborns that do not require resuscitation.In recent years, umbilical cord milking has become an alternative to delayed cord clamping due to the short duration, quick recovery of the fetus after delivery, and similar effect on placental blood transfusion to that of the delayed cord clamping.This study aims to summarize the research results of the two intervention methods, and their potential benefits and risks, aiming to provide references for the optimal umbilical cord cutting.

The influence of the superior mesenteric artery blood flow on umbilical cord milking of premature infants assessed by Doppler ultrasound / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between the dynamic changes of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) blood flow after umbilical cord milking (UCM)detected and feeding tolerance in premature infants.Methods:This was a prospective study a total of 88 premature infants delivered in Shanghai Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital from June 2018 to February 2020 were randomly divided into UCM group(45 cases) and early cord clamping group (ECC group, 43 cases). SMA blood flow indexes 15 min before the first feeding (prefeed) and 60 min after the first feeding (post-feed) were detected using the GE Voluson 730 Ultrasound Machine, including the peak systolic velocity (PSV), time-averaged mean velocity (TAMV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI). The gestational age, birth weight, the weight at discharge, SMA blood flow indexes, time to achieve enteral nutrition, length of stay and incidence of complications between the two groups were analyzed using t test, Chi- square test or Fisher′ s exact test. Results:(1)There were no significant differences in the gestational age, birth weight, the mother′s hemoglobin before deliver, and the incidence of complications between UCM group and ECC group (all P>0.05). (2) Except for RI, all SMA blood flow indexes were higher in UCM group than those of ECC group.However, only prefeed TAMV[(24.74±11.47) cm/s vs.(20.24±7.71) cm/s], post-feed TAMV[(42.11±15.74 )cm/s vs.(28.31±9.99) cm/s] and TAMV change before and after feeding [(13.89-20.86) cm/s vs.(5.31-10.82) cm/s]were detected to be significantly higher in UCM group than those of ECC group (all P<0.05). (3) Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that the gestational age, birth weight, PSV elevation and PI reduction were negatively correlated with the length of adequate feeding (all P<0.05). (4) The time to achieve enteral nutrition[(11.75±7.36) d vs.(13.38±8.12) d] and the incidence of feeding intolerance [13.3% (6/45 cases) vs.20.9%(9/43 cases)] were lower in UCM group than those of ECC group, although no significant differences were detected (all P>0.05). Conclusions:UCM increases the hemoglobin level in premature infants, which is beneficial to feeding tolerance of premature infants by improving SMA blood flow.

Influence of umbilical cord milking versus delayed cord clamping on the early prognosis of preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks: a Meta analysis / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the influence of umbilical cord milking versus delayed cord clamping on the early prognosis of preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks.@*METHODS@#PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Weipu Database, and SinoMed were searched for randomized controlled trials on umbilical cord milking versus delayed cord clamping in preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks published up to November 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two researchers independently performed literature screening, quality evaluation, and data extraction. Review Manger 5.4 was used for Meta analysis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 11 articles were included in the analysis, with 1 621 preterm infants in total, among whom there were 809 infants in the umbilical cord milking group and 812 in the delayed cord clamping group. The Meta analysis showed that compared with delayed cord clamping, umbilical cord milking increased the mean blood pressure after birth (weighted mean difference=3.61, 95%CI: 0.73-6.50, P=0.01), but it also increased the incidence rate of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (RR=1.83, 95%CI: 1.08-3.09, P=0.02). There were no significant differences between the two groups in hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood transfusion rate, proportion of infants undergoing phototherapy, bilirubin peak, and incidence rates of complications such as periventricular leukomalacia and necrotizing enterocolitis (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Compared with delayed cord clamping, umbilical cord milking may increase the risk of severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks; however, more high-quality large-sample randomized controlled trials are needed for further confirmation.

Intact- versus cut-umbilical cord milking in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the early effects of intact-umbilical cord milking (I-UCM) and cut-umbilical cord milking (C-UCM) for the prevention of anemia of prematurity in preterm infants.Method:From January 2019 to October 2019, C-section delivered infants with gestational age <34 weeks were randomly assigned into I-UCM group and C-UCM group. Hematological parameters at different timepoints after birth, iron status, incidence of anemia within 7 d after birth, blood transfusions, transcutaneous bilirubin levels and the total duration of phototherapy were collected and analyzed.Result:A total of 60 cases were enrolled, including 30 in I-UCM group and 30 in C-UCM group. I-UCM group had significant higher levels of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and serum iron on admission ( P<0.05). Comparing with C-UCM group, Hb and Hct were significantly higher in I-UCM group at 7 d and 14 d after birth ( P<0.05). Lower prevalence of anemia within 1 week [3.3% (1/30) vs. 33.3% (10/30), P<0.05] and less blood transfusions during hospitalization [13.3% (4/30) vs. 56.7% (17/30)] were noted in I-UCM group. No statistically significant differences existed between the two groups in phototherapy duration and the peak bilirubin levels ( P>0.05). Conclusion:I-UCM can provide more placental transfusion at birth to increase Hb levels and iron storage to prevent and reduce anemia in preterm infants.

Risk factors associated with intramammary colonization with Mollicutes in dairy cattle from Southeast Brazil / Fatores de risco associados à colonização intramamária por Mollicutes em bovinos leiteiros do Sudeste brasileiro

ABSTRACT: Bacteria of Mollicutes Class are associated with intramammary infection and decrease in milk production. This study investigated the occurrence of Mollicutes and elucidated their risk factors in dairy herds from Southeast Brazil. For this, milk samples from 387 lactation cows from Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Mollicutes. Species of Mycoplasma were investigated in Mollicutes positive samples by PCR, including Mycoplasma bovis, M. alkalescens, M. bovigenitalium, M. bovirhinis, M. arginini and A. laidlawii. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to collect data on possible risk factors, which were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square test followed by odds ratio (P≤0.05). Mollicutes were reported in 21% (4/19) of the herds and 4% (16/387) of the animals, while 1% (5/387) were positive for M. bovis and 3% (11/387) for M. arginini. All samples were negative to the other agents. Herds with more than 150 animals [OR=3.51 (95% CI 1.11-11.08)], manual milking [OR=9.97 (95% CI 2.80-35.49)] and not-milking animals with mastitis last [OR=6.54 (95% CI 1.92-22.29)] were risk factors. The presence of these conditions may favor intramammary infection by Mollicutes in dairy herds from Southeast Brazil. This is the first report of M. bovis in Rio de Janeiro and M. arginini in the studied states.

RESUMO: Bactérias da Classe Mollicutes estão associadas à infecção intramamária e diminuição da produção leiteira. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de Mollicutes e elucidar seus fatores de risco em rebanhos leiteiros do sudeste brasileiro. Para isso, amostras de leite de 387 vacas em lactação dos estados de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo foram submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detectar Mollicutes. Espécies de Mycoplasma foram investigadas nas amostras positivas por PCR, incluindo Mycoplasma bovis, M. alkalescens, M. bovigenitalium, M. bovirhinis, M. arginini e A. laidlawii. Foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para a coleta de dados sobre possíveis fatores de risco, que foram avaliados pelo teste de Qui-Quadrado de Pearson seguido de odds ratio (P≤0.05). Mollicutes foram detectados em 21% (4/19) dos rebanhos e 4% (16/387) dos animais, enquanto 1% (5/387) destes foram positivos para m. bovis, 3% (11/387) para m. arginini, sendo todas as amostras negativas para os demais agentes. Rebanhos com mais de 150 animais [OR=3,51 (95% IC 1,11-11,08)], ordenha manual [OR=9,97 (95% IC 2,80-35,49)] e ausência de linha de ordenha [OR=6,54 (95% IC 1,92-22,29)] foram considerados fatores de risco. A presença dessas condições pode favorecer a infecção intramamária por Mollicutes em rebanhos leiteiros no sudeste do Brasil. Este é o primeiro relato de M. bovis no Rio de Janeiro e M. arginini nos estados estudados.

Idade à puberdade e características reprodutivas de novilhas mestiças F1 Holandês x Gir com fenótipos divergentes para consumo alimentar residual / [Age at puberty and reproductive characteristics of F1 Holstein x Gyr crossbred heifers with divergent phenotypes for residual feed intake]

A relação da eficiência nutricional com a idade e o peso à puberdade e as características reprodutivas foram estudadas em 35 novilhas F1 Holandês x Gir, em ensaios usando o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) nos períodos pós-desaleitamento (PD) e pós-puberdade (PP). Novilhas PD (P<0,0001) e PP (P<0,001) foram ranqueadas como de alta, intermediária e baixa eficiências e apresentaram CAR de -0,259 -0,014 e 0,346kg/dia e -0,848 -0,096 e 0,842kg/dia, respectivamente. Novilhas PD diferiram (P<0,05) na idade à puberdade entre ranques de alta, intermediária e baixa eficiências, em média, aos 339,7; 346,4; 315,3 dias, respectivamente. Os pesos à puberdade de novilhas PD com alta, intermediária e baixa eficiências foram, em média, de 321±28,1kg e não diferiram (P>0,05) entre CAR. Não foi verificada correlação entre diâmetro folicular, taxa de crescimento do folículo, número de ondas foliculares no ciclo estral e taxa de gestação à primeira IA com o CARPD ou CARPP. Novilhas F1HG selecionadas para CAR com baixa eficiência podem ter idade à puberdade 10 dias a mais, quando comparadas às novilhas de alta eficiência para CAR. Não foi verificado que novilhas selecionadas para alta ou baixa eficiências alimentares, usando CAR, tivessem algum impacto negativo sobre características reprodutivas avaliadas.(AU)

The relationship between nutritional efficiency and age and weight at puberty and reproductive traits was studied in 35 F1 Holstein x Gyr heifers, in trials using residual food consumption (CAR) in the post-weaning (PW) and post-pubertal (PP) periods. PD heifers (P<0.0001) and PP (P<0.001) were classified as high, intermediate and low efficiencies and presented CAR of -0.259 -0.014 and 0.346kg/day and -0.848 -0.096 and 0.842kg/day, respectively. PD heifers differed (P<0.05) in age at puberty between high, intermediate and low efficiencies, on average, at 339.7, 346.4 and 315.3 days, respectively. The weight at puberty of PD heifers with high, intermediate and low efficiencies were, on average, 321±28.1kg and did not differ (P>0.05) between CAR. No correlation was found between follicular diameter, follicle growth rate, number of follicular waves in the estrous cycle and pregnancy rate at 1st AI with the CARPD or CARPP. F1HG heifers selected for CAR with low efficiency can be aged at puberty 10 days longer when compared to high-efficiency heifers for CAR. These results did not show that heifers selected for high or low food efficiency, using CAR, had negative impact on the reproductive characteristics evaluated.(AU)

Puente miocárdico largo en la arteria descendente anterior como causa de síndrome coronario agudo / Long myocardial bridging in the left anterior descending artery causing acute coronary syndrome

RESUMEN Las arterias coronarias principales generalmente tienen un trayecto epicárdico. En algunos casos, pequeños segmentos de éstas se introducen en el interior del miocardio formando los denominados puentes miocárdicos. Esta particularidad anatómica puede producir un estrechamiento sistólico súbito del trayecto tunelizado (fenómeno de milking) y afectar el flujo coronario tanto en sístole como en diástole, con la consiguiente reducción de la reserva coronaria. Afecta principalmente a la arteria descendente anterior en sus segmentos medio y distal. Su presentación clínica puede ir desde un cuadro anginoso hasta la muerte súbita. Hasta el momento, parece ser, que el uso de betabloqueadores y anticálcicos es la opción terapéutica más efectiva en los casos sintomáticos. Se expone un caso en el que un síndrome coronario agudo fue la forma de presentación de esta variante anatómica y el oportuno diagnóstico angiográfico permitió realizar los reajustes terapéuticos necesarios para mejorar la sintomatología del paciente.

ABSTRACT Coronary arteries usually run along the outer surface of the heart. In some cases, small segments of them take a "tunneled" intramuscular course forming the so-called myocardial bridging. This anatomical feature may lead to a sudden systolic narrowing of the "tunneled" segment (milking effect), thereby impairing coronary blood flow in both systole and diastole; which further reduces coronary reserve. Myocardial bridging mainly affects the middle-distal segments of left anterior descending (LAD) artery and may cause anything from chest pain to sudden death. So far, it seems that the use of beta-blockers and anti-calcium agents is the most effective therapeutic option for symptomatic cases. We now report a case where the clinical presentation of this anatomical feature was an acute coronary syndrome. Timely, accurate angiographic diagnosis allowed for adequate therapeutic adjustments to improve the patient's symptomatology

A randomised control trial comparing the efficacy of cord milking over the delayed cord clamping on serum ferritin level in preterm neonates at 6 weeks of age

Background: Perinatal iron deficiency has received little attention in the past. Umbilical cord milking is a type of placental transfusion, they serve to potentially enhance neonatal blood volume and consequently the iron stores after birth. Among the neonates, the preterm infants are sick and vulnerable babies who are already deprived of iron stores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cord milking on ferritin values amongst preterm neonates.Methods: This is a hospital based randomized control trial which included the babies born at 29-36 weeks of gestation. The babies were randomized to two intervention groups; cord milking and delayed cord clamping group. Detailed clinical history taken, including details of labour and clinical examination. Blood samples were analysed for ferritin as required at 6 weeks of post-natal age.Results: Neonates under cord milking group had higher ferritin values (249.04'21.93 ng/mL) as compared to those neonates under delayed cord clamping group (179.66'32.94 ng/mL) and this was statistically very significant (p= <0.001).Conclusions: In preterm neonates, umbilical cord milking results in improved iron status as shown by higher ferritin values at 6 weeks of life. UCM can be a used as placental transfusion strategy in preterm neonates for improving iron status and preventing anemia of prematurity.

Effects of Loose Housing Designs on Expressions of Milking Parlour Behaviours and Milk Yield of Crossbred Jersey Cows

Milking behaviour of dairy cows has serious impacts on their production efficiency. A number of genetic and environmental factors controls and influences milking behaviour of dairy cow. The aim of present study was to investigate the influence of housing comfort on expressivity of milking behaviours of cows in parlour, milk yield and compositions. Forty Jersey crossbred cows of similar production levels were selected and divided into 2 groups based on age, production and parity. Subsequently, cows were kept in two different types of loose house; each containing 20 animals. Two types of housing patterns were compared - (i) Traditional shed (T0) and (ii) Thermo-comfortable shed (T1). Impact of housing comfort significantly transformed the expressions of dairy cows behaviour even in milking parlour. Milking temperament scores and stepping during milking were significantly lower in cows kept in T1 compared to that of T0. Cows of thermo-comfortable shed showed more docile, calm and less nervous behaviour than those kept in traditional shed. Housing patterns significantly influenced daily milk yield (kg) being 2.86% more in T1 as compared to T0. Similarly milk compositions were better and significantly higher in T1 group of cows than that of T0. It was concluded that staying comfort of living by resignificantly modulated the expression of dairy cows behaviours even in milking parlour, demonstrated favourable milking temperament, reduced nervousness, enhanced milk yield and showed better milk compositions in Jersey crossbred cows

Comportamento de vacas da raça Holandesa em ordenha robotizada / Behaviour of Holstein cows in robotic milking

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de concentrado e de ordenha de vacas em lactação em sistema de ordenha robotizada (SOR) conforme a paridade. O experimento foi realizado de março a junho de 2014, em Castro, PR, com vacas da raça Holandesa, confinadas em free stall, ordenhadas automaticamente e classificadas de acordo com a ordem de parto (1, 2 e +3 partos). Os dados foram extraídos do software de gerenciamento, sendo consideradas as atividades de um dia por mês (24h), por quatro meses, no dia seguinte após a realização do controle leiteiro oficial. Os dados foram analisados por técnicas de análise multivariada (análise fatorial, canônica e de agrupamento), utilizando-se o pacote computacional SAS. O comportamento ingestivo de concentrado influenciou toda a atividade das vacas no SOR, sendo fundamental para o desempenho dos animais nesse sistema. A ordem de parto não influenciou o comportamento na ordenha, somente o comportamento ingestivo, devido à dominância social das vacas multíparas. As vacas mais produtivas apresentaram um comportamento ingestivo mais agressivo. Conclui-se que a ordem de parto influencia o comportamento ingestivo de concentrado, porém não interfere no comportamento de ordenha de vacas com maior paridade. No SOR, primíparas devem ser manejadas em grupo específico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess the ingestive behavior of concentrate and milking of dairy cows in automatic milking system (AMS) according to parity. The experiment was conducted from March to June 2014, in Castro, PR, with Holstein cows housed in a free stall, milked automatically, and classified according to the lactation order (1, 2 and +3 lactations). Data were extracted from the management software, considering the activities of one day a month (24 hours) for four months, the day after the official milk production control. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis (factorial analysis, canonical and cluster), using the statistical package SAS. The ingestive behavior of concentrate influenced the entire activity of the cows in the AMS, being a fundamental factor in the performance of animals in this system. Parity did not influence the milking behavior, only the ingestive behavior, due to the social dominance of multiparous cows. High-yielding cows had a more aggressive ingestive behavior. It was concluded that parity influenced the ingestive behavior of concentrate, but does not interfere in milking behavior in cows with higher parity. In the AMS, primiparous should be managed in a specific group.(AU)

A typology of corporate and family dairy farms in eastern Goiás, Brazil / Tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros familiares e patronais na região leste de Goiás

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify a typology of corporate and family dairy farms in eastern Goiás, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 170 farm operators in the municipalities of Cristalina, Luziânia, and Silvânia. Dairy farms were categorized into two groups, corporate and family farms. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis extraction. Four factors were identified: Milking management (F1), Production scale (F2), Productivity (F3), and Sociodemographic characteristics (F4). Corporate and family farms were then compared in terms of factor scores. Corporate farms scored higher on F1 and F2 and were characterized by larger production scale, greater adoption of milking management and hygiene practices; and consequently, greater alignment with institutional and market demands. These results indicated that corporate dairy farms in eastern Goiás have higher sustainability and are more likely to remain in business than family dairy farms.

RESUMO: Buscou-se analisar a tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros familiares e patronais, localizados na região leste do estado de Goiás. Foram aplicados formulários semiestruturados em 170 sistemas produtivos leiteiros nas cidades de Cristalina, Luziânia e Silvânia. Os sistemas leiteiros foram segregados em dois grupos G1: produtores familiares e G2 produtores patronais. Para as demais variáveis foi aplicada a técnica de Análise Fatorial Exploratória - AFE com método de extração de Componentes Principais - ACP. Quatro Fatores foram obtidos: F1- manejo de ordenha, F2 - escala de produção, F3 - produtividade e, F4 - social. Os grupos G1 e G2 foram comparados frente aos Fatores. Produtores de leite patronais (G2) apresentaram maiores resultados para F1 e F2 quando comparados com produtores de leite familiares (G1). Desta forma, entre os sistemas produtivos leiteiros analisados, aqueles classificados como patronais (G2) apresentaram maior escala de produção de leite, maior frequência na adoção práticas de manejo e higiene de ordenha e portanto, estão mais adequados as demandas institucionais e de mercado atuais.

Ocitocina na produção e composição do leite / Oxytocin application in production and milk composition

Objetivou-se analisar a aplicação da ocitocina influenciando na eficiência da ejeção do leite; ao ponto de ocorrer um aumento da produção e mudanças na composição. Foram utilizados 45 animais, durante 105 dias, divididos em três tratamentos, no tratamento 1 (T1) os animais receberam 0,5ml de soro fisiológico, logo após realizava-se a ordenha destes animais, sendo considerado o tratamento controle, no T2 os animais receberam ocitocina antes do início da ordenha, e logo após ordenhava-se estes animais; no T3 os animais receberam ocitocina ao final da ordenha e reordenhava-se estes animais. Para aferir a produção das vacas foram usados medidores de leite, com pesagens de produção realizadas quinzenalmente. Após aferido a produção de todos os animais, as amostras de leite foram coletadas e encaminhadas para as análises posterior. As variáveis físico-químicas do leite analisadas foram: porcentagem de gordura, lactose e proteína. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e posteriormente, ao teste de comparação de médias, com diferença estatística significativa de 5%. De acordo com os resultados obtidos a ocitocina influenciou na produção leiteira com um aumento na produtividade diária por animal, mas não se observou diferenças significativas nas médias de porcentagem de gordura, lactose e proteína do leite.

This study aimed to analyze the application of oxytocin influence in the milk ejection efficiency; as to occur an increase in production and changes in milk composition. 45 animals were used for 105 days, divided into three treatments, the treatment one received 0.5ml of physiological saline, in the treatment two were given oxytocin to the animals before the milking; and in treatment theree the animals received oxytocin at the end of milking. To measure the cow's milk production, milk meters were used, and were performed fortnightly. After measured the production of all animals, samples were collected and sent for analysis. The physico-chemical variables analyzed were: percentage of fat, lactose and protein. The results were submitted to ANOVA and subsequently the mean comparison test, with statistical significance of 5%. According to obtained results oxytocin influence the milk production with a significant increase in daily productivity per animal, but there was no significant difference in percentage of fat, lactose and milk protein.

Ocitocina na produção e composição do leite / Oxytocin application in production and milk composition

Objetivou-se analisar a aplicação da ocitocina influenciando na eficiência da ejeção do leite; ao ponto de ocorrer um aumento da produção e mudanças na composição. Foram utilizados 45 animais, durante 105 dias, divididos em três tratamentos, no tratamento 1 (T1) os animais receberam 0,5ml de soro fisiológico, logo após realizava-se a ordenha destes animais, sendo considerado o tratamento controle, no T2 os animais receberam ocitocina antes do início da ordenha, e logo após ordenhava-se estes animais; no T3 os animais receberam ocitocina ao final da ordenha e reordenhava-se estes animais. Para aferir a produção das vacas foram usados medidores de leite, com pesagens de produção realizadas quinzenalmente. Após aferido a produção de todos os animais, as amostras de leite foram coletadas e encaminhadas para as análises posteriores. As variáveis físico-químicas do leite analisadas foram: porcentagem de gordura, lactose e proteína. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e posteriormente, ao teste de comparação de médias, com diferença estatística significativa de 5%. De acordo com os resultados obtidos a ocitocina influenciou na produção leiteira com um aumento na produtividade diária por animal, mas não se observou diferenças significativas nas médias de porcentagem de gordura, lactose e proteína do leite.

This study aimed to analyze the application of oxytocin influence in the milk ejection efficiency; as to occur an increase in production and changes in milk composition. 45 animals were used for 105 days, divided into three treatments, the treatment one received 0.5ml of physiological saline, in the treatment two were given oxytocin to the animals before the milking; and in treatment there the animals received oxytocin at the end of milking. To measure the cow’s milk production, milk meters were used, and were performed fortnightly. After measured the production of all animals, samples were collected and sent for analysis. The physicochemical variables analyzed were: percentage of fat, lactose and protein. The results were submitted to ANOVA and subsequently the mean comparison test, with statistical significance of 5%. According to obtained results oxytocin influence the milk production with a significant increase in daily productivity per animal, but there was no significant difference in percentage of fat, lactose and milk protein.

Advances in research on the effect of umbilical cord handling on anemic preterm infants / 国际儿科学杂志

Anemia of prematurity is one of the most common and serious problems affecting quality of life and survival of premature infants.Recent studies have found that delayed cord clamping or umbilical cord milking may prevent and control anemia of prematurity by providing a placental transfusion and elevating hemoglobin concentration.This review is a summary of current evidence on the effects of different umbilical cord handling on premature infants with anemia,with potential benefits and adverse effects discussed.

Comparison Of Umbilical Cord Milking And Delayed Cord Clamping On Haemoglobin And Haematocrit Levels In Term Neonates. A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Delayed umbilical cord clamping is an effective strategy and particularly relevant for infants living in low-resource settings with less access to iron-rich foods and thus are at greater risk of anaemia. Objective: To compare the effect of umbilical cord milking (UCM) and delayed cord clamping (DCC) on haematological parameters (serum ferritin & hemoglobin) at birth and at 72 hours in term neonates. Methods: This was an Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial conducted at Suvidha Mother and Child Nursing Home Talab Tillo Jammu over a period of 6 months. A total of 68 babies born at > 37 weeks of gestation were randomized in three groups, group I UCM alone (n=28) , Group II DCC alone (n=23) and Group III both UCC and DCC (n=17) using simple randomization technique . In milking group, Umbilical cord was milked 4 times towards the baby at a speed of 10 cm / sec . In Delayed Cord Clamping group cord was clamped and cut 2-3 cm distance from the umbilical stump after 3 minutes of birth. In Group III both procedures were done simultaneously. Statistical analysis: ANOVAwas used to compare mean difference of outcome between three intervention arms. Two tailed Pvalue of <0.05 was taken as significant. SPSS version 20.0 was used for data analysis Results: The baseline characteristics were mostly comparable in the all the groups. Maximum increase in Haemoglobin and PCV was seen in group II i.e delayed cord clamping . Mean haemoglobin and heamatocrit (PCV) levels at 72 hours of life neonates in group II (17.7g% and 55.4 ) and group III (17.3g% and 54) were comparable . Conclusion: Both the interventions i.e Delayed cord clamping performed alone or in combination with umbilical cord milking had comparable effect on hematological status in term neonates

Microorganismos aislados en cultivo bacteriológico de muestras de leche de vacas holstein clínicamente sanas / Microorganisms isolated in bacteriological culture from milk samples from clinically healthy holstein cows / Microrganismos isolados em cultivo bacteriológico de amostras do leite de vacas holandesas clinicamente saudáveis

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de aislamiento de microorganismos de tipo infeccioso y ambiental en leche de un grupo vacas clínicamente sanas en dos diferentes tipos de ordeño. Para ello se utilizaron muestras de leche de 289 vacas ubicadas en hatos de cuatro municipios del Norte del departamento de Antioquia en diferentes sistemas de ordeño (manual y mecánico), a cada muestra de leche se le hizo cultivo bacteriológico para determinar la presencia de microorganismos. De 289 muestras de leche evaluadas, 193 (66,78%) fueron positivas para aislamiento de cualquier tipo de patógeno (ocho diferentes patógenosaislados), de las cuales 81 (28,02%) muestras provenían de ordeño manual y 112 (38,75%) pertenecían a ordeño mecánico, encontrando un mayor porcentaje de aislamiento de patógenos bacterianos en muestras de leche provenientes de sistema de ordeño mecánico (p=0,0236). El patógeno de mayor aislamiento fue el Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (antes clasificado como Corinebacterium sp), microorganismo que hace parte de la flora saprófita del animal, con presencia de manera individual en el 20,14% de las muestras analizadas y en confección con otros patógenos en 0,7% de las muestras. El microorganismo que siempre se reporta como mayor productor de mastitis subclínica en bovinos es el Streptococcus agalactiae, un patógeno infeccioso, que en el presente estudio se aisló del 12,50% de las muestras de leche. Se determinó el Odds ratio (OR), entre aislamiento de Streptococcus agalactiae y Score de Células somáticas (SCS) que fue estadísticamente significativo, indicando que cuando está presente este patógeno el SCS aumenta y los animales son más susceptibles a padecer mastitis.

Abstract A microbiological analysis was performed to determine the frequency of isolation of microorganisms of infectious and environmental type in milk from a group of clinically healthy cows in two different types of milking (manual and mechanical). To each sample of milk was made bacteriological culture to determine the presence of microorganisms. Of 289 milk samples evaluated, 193 (66.78%) were positive for isolation of any type of pathogen, of which 81 (28.02%) samples came from manual milking and 112 (38.75%) belonged to mechanical milking, finding a higher percentage of isolation of bacterial pathogens in milks coming from mechanical milking system (p = 0.0236). The most isolated pathogen was the Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, A microorganism that forms part of the saprophytic flora of the animal, with an individual presence in 20.14% and in coinfection with other pathogens in 0.7% of the samples. The most common microorganism of subclinical mastitis in cattle is Streptococcus agalactiae, which in the present study was isolated from 12.50% of milk samples. The odds ratio (OR) between the isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae and the Somatic Cell Score (SCS) was determined, which was statistically significant, indicating that when this pathogen is present the SCS increases and the animals are more susceptible to mastitis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de isoLamento de microorganismos de tipo infecciosos e ambientaL no Leite de um grupo de vacas cLinicamente saudáveL em dois diferentes tipos de ordenha. Para este fim utiLizaram-se amostras do Leite de 289 vacas LocaLizadas em rebanhos de quatro municipaLidades do Norte de Antioquia com dois tipos diferentes de ordenha (manuaL e mecânica), a cada amostra do Leite foi feito um cuLtivo bacterioLógico para determinar a presença de microorganismos. De 289 amostras do Leite avaLiadas, 193 (66,78%) foram positivas para o isoLamento de quaLquer tipo de agente patogênico (oito diferentes agentes patogênicos isoLados), das quais 81 (28,02%) amostras eram de ordenha manuaL e 112 (38, 75%) foram de ordenha mecânica, encontrando uma maior percentagem de isoLamento dos agentes patogênicos bacterianos nos Leites provenientes do sistema de ordenha mecânica (p = 0,0236). O agente patogênico mais isoLado foi Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (Corinebacterium sp), microrganismo que faz parte da flora saprófita do animaL, presentes individuaLmente em 20,14% das amostras anaLisadas, e em reLação com outros agentes patogênicos o 0,7% das amostras. O microrganismo que sempre se reporta como o maior produtor de mastite subcLínica em gado é o Streptococcus agalactiae, um agente patogênico infeccioso, que neste estudo foi isoLado no 12,50% das amostras do Leite. Foi determinado o Odds ratio (OR) entre o isoLamento de Streptococcus agalactiae e Pontuação das céLuLas somáticas (SCS), e foi estatisticamente significativo, indicando que quando o agente patogênico está presente, o SCS aumenta e os animais são mais susceptíveis à mastite.

Avaliação das condições físicas e sanitárias das fazendas de produção de leite caprino na área rural da região metropolitana de Natal, RN / Evaluation of the physical and sanitary conditions of goat milk farms in the rural area of the metropolitan region of Natal, RN

[{"text": "A caprinocultura leiteira no Nordeste é uma atividade que tem grande\r\ncontribuição para a agricultura familiar. Diante desse cenário esta pesquisa\r\nobjetivou realizar uma avaliação das fazendas de leite caprino na área rural\r\nda região metropolitana de Natal-RN, visando verificar as condições do setor,\r\npropondo apoio para uma melhor qualidade do leite. Inicialmente foram\r\nrealizadas reuniões com os produtores para esclarecimento sobre o projeto\r\ne adesão voluntária dos mesmos. O trabalho teve a aplicação de um questionário\r\nsocioeconômico, abordando variáveis relativas à propriedade e de um\r\nchecklist para verificação do processo de ordenha do leite caprino.Das 14\r\npropriedades visitadas, 36% tem de 5 a 10 anos de atividade, metade dos proprietários\r\npossui ensino superior completo e 72% deles utilizam apenas mão\r\nde obra contratada. Em relação à ordenha, 15% não higienizam os tetos dos\r\nanimais antes da mesma, 86% não realizam o pré-dipping e nenhum deles\r\ntem os funcionários capacitados. Observou-se que ações simples e de baixo\r\ncusto como a lavagem dos tetos dos\r\nanimais e a higiene correta do local\r\nde ordenha e dos ordenhadores são\r\nfatores que precisam ser trabalhados\r\ncom os produtores para melhorar a\r\nqualidade do leite produzido. Durante\r\nas visitas algumas orientações\r\nforam dadas aos produtores e posteriormente\r\nforam entregues relatórios\r\ncom sugestões de melhorias\r\nnas propriedades. A pesquisa conclui\r\nque os produtores de leite caprino na\r\nárea rural da região metropolitana\r\nde Natal-RN necessitam de melhorias\r\nem suas fazendas leiteiras e que\r\nprecisam de apoio e orientações de\r\ndiferentes instituições para ampliar\r\nconhecimentos e aumentar a qualidade\r\ndo leite caprino.(AU)", "_i": "pt"}]

Early effects of umbilical cord milking on hemoglobin, bilirubin and cardiac function in premature infants / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To investigate the impact of umbilical cord milking on hemoglobin, bilirubin and cardiac function in premature newborns, and the significance of prevention of anemia. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was performed in Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shanghai Jiading from July to November 2017 on neonates born0.05). Conclusion: Umbilical cord milking can increase the hemoglobin level to premature infants and reduce the incidence of anemia at discharge, and it does not increase the risk of cardiac insufficiency and hyperbilirubinemia. This practice has been shown to be simple and safe.

Influência da profundidade do úbere na limpeza dos tetos e na saúde da glândula mamária em ordenha robótica / Influence of udder depth on cleaning teats and health of the mammary gland in robotic milking

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da profundidade do úbere sobre a limpeza de tetos e a saúde da glândula mamária. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de março a junho de 2014, em Castro, PR. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas da raça Holandesa confinadas em free stall e ordenhadas em sistema de ordenha robotizada (SOR). As vacas foram divididas em quatro grupos com cinco animais cada (duas primíparas e três multíparas), com base na distância do piso do úbere em relação ao jarrete (úbere profundo, normal, pequeno e raso). Os dados, registrados eletronicamente, foram coletados mensalmente, por quatro meses, referentes à semana do controle leiteiro oficial. Para avaliar a efetividade da limpeza dos tetos, foram feitos swabs de dois tetos contralaterais (anterior direito e posterior esquerdo) antes e após a limpeza automática, bem como foram esfregadas toalhas umedecidas, uma vez, ao redor dos outros tetos. Uma amostra de leite foi coletada por vaca para determinar a contagem de células somáticas (CCS). Na análise multivariada, foi observada relação da profundidade do úbere com a limpeza de tetos avaliada por meio do escore de limpeza de tetos com toalhas umedecidas (ELTT). Os úberes levemente acima do jarrete (normal) apresentaram menor CCS e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) dos tetos. Os úberes rasos apresentaram maior diferença no ELTT. As vacas com úberes profundo e raso apresentaram menor efetividade na limpeza de tetos e na saúde da glândula mamária. Vacas com úbere normal apresentaram conformação e sanidade da glândula mamária e contaminação de tetos mais adequadas à ordenha robótica. Em fazendas que pretendem introduzir o SOR, é recomendado selecionar vacas com úbere com profundidade um pouco acima do jarrete. O impacto do SOR na CBT dos tetos está relacionado à condição de limpeza deles na pré-ordenha e das instalações. Portanto, a condição de ambiência das vacas é fundamental para a saúde da glândula mamária e a obtenção de um leite com alta qualidade.(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the depth of the udder on cleaning of teats and health of the mammary gland. The experiment was developed in the period spanning from March to June 2014, in Castro, PR. Twenty Holstein cows confined in free stall and milked in an automatic milking system (AMS) were used. The cows were divided into 4 groups with five animals (2 primiparous and 3 multiparous) based on the depth of the udder (udder depth: normal, small, and shallow). The electronically recorded data were collected monthly for four months, referring to the week of the official production milk control. To evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning teats, two contralateral teats were swabbed (right front quarter and left rear) before and after the automatic cleaning and once moistened towels were scrubbed around the other teats. A sample of milk was collected per cow to determine the somatic cell count (SCC). In the multivariate analysis relation of the udder depth with the teat cleaning was observed and evaluated through the teat cleaning with moistened towels score (TCTS). Udders slightly above the hocks (normal) had lower SCC and total bacterial count (TBC) of the teats. Shallow udders showed greater difference in TCTS. Cows with deep and shallow udders show less effective teat cleaning and health of the mammary gland. Cows with normal udders presented mammary gland conformation and health and contamination of teats most appropriate for robotic milking. On farms intending to introduce AMS it is recommended to select cows with udder depth which is a little above the hock. The impact of AMS on the TBC of the teats is related to the condition of cleaning of the teats pre-milking and housing conditions. Therefore, the condition of ambience of the cows is fundamental for the health of the mammary gland and obtaining high quality milk.(AU)