Analysis on the application of medical force in Shenzhou manned spaceflight missions and enlightenment for medical service support with new regions and new types / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To summarize the practice and experience of medical service support for Shenzhou manned spaceflight mission, and to explore the accurate medical service support strategy with new regions and new types.Methods:A systematic summary was made from the force command, action framework, technical support, and the practice and experience in the application of medical support force for Shenzhou manned flight mission were sorted out.. Furthermore, the key and difficult problems of the new domains with new types of military medical service support were analyzed, and the scheme and significance of establishing the accurate support mode of the new medical service support force were proposed.Results:The Shenzhou emergency rescue mission was an elite combat supported by a large platform. It was an important basis to realize accurate medical service support by the experience of utilizing the medical force of Shenzhou emergency rescue and the strengthening of war-building mode optimization.Conclusions:This paper systematically summarizes the experience and characteristics of medical force application in Shenzhou manned spaceflight missions, and provides new ideas and methods for future diversified and accurate s medical service support with new regions and new types.

Dr. Aníbal Zambrano: un médico peruano con corazón de oro / Aníbal Zambrano, M.D: a Peruvian physician with a heart of gold

RESUMEN El objetivo del artículo es describir y analizar la trayectoria de vida y las contribuciones humanitarias del Dr. Zambrano, médico egresado de la Escuela de Medicina de San Fernando, quién fue presidente del Centro de Estudiantes de Medicina en una época políticamente álgida en la educación universitaria pública. Emigró a los Estados Unidos en 1970, bajo el contexto de crisis sociopolítica económica en el Perú y en el mundo, donde se convirtió en un renombrado médico internista y cardiólogo del St. Luke's Hospital. A pesar de su lejanía, mantuvo un lazo estrecho con el Perú organizando múltiples misiones médicas para el beneficio de poblaciones vulnerables, capacitación al personal médico e implementación tecnológica del Hospital Regional de Cajamarca. En 2011 se inauguró el Centro Médico Educativo en Chincha, siendo Zambrano uno de los líderes para su construcción. A pesar de padecer una enfermedad invalidante dedicó hasta los últimos días de su vida a brindar ayuda a los más necesitados. Su trayectoria de vida nos muestra un ejemplo de compromiso con el Perú y de un ejercicio de la medicina comprometida con la solidaridad y el desarrollo de la medicina en su país de origen.

ABSTRACT The objective of the article is to describe and analyze the life trajectory and the humanitarian contributions of Dr. Zambrano, a physician who graduated from San Fernando Medical school, and was president of the Center for Medical Students at a politically critical time in public university education. He emigrated to the United States in 1970, in the context of sociopolitical crisis in Peru and the world, where he became a renowned internist and cardiologist at St. Luke's Hospital. Despite the distance, he maintained a close relationship with Peru, organizing multiple medical missions for underserved populations, training medical personnel, and providing technological implementation to Cajamarca Regional Hospital. In 2011, the Educational Medical Center was inaugurated in Chincha, with Zambrano being one of the leaders for its construction. Despite suffering from a disabling illness, he dedicated until the last days of his life, providing help for those most in need. His life trajectory shows us an example of commitment to Peru and practice of Medicine committed to solidarity and the development of Medicine in his country of origin.

The militarization of responses to COVID-19 in Democratic Latin America / A militarização das respostas à COVID-19 nas democracias Latino-americanas / La militarización de las respuestas a la COVID-19 en las democracias latinoamericanas

Abstract Latin America has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting its governments to take action. In this context, countries within Latin America have used their armed forces for an array of tasks to serve citizens. But how militarized is the response to COVID-19 in Latin America? This paper proposes a typology of tasks provided by the armed forces as a response to COVID-19. The descriptive findings allow us to map these tasks, attributing scores to the fourteen Latin American democracies. We also show evidence for the potential consequences of some tasks. Policing the streets to enforce stay-at-home orders may lead to the military committing human rights violations, assuming eminently civilian posts to manage the public health crisis can result in long term implications for the civil-military balance that are detrimental to the democratic control over the military.

Resumo A América Latina foi gravemente afetada pela pandemia global COVID-19, o que estimulou a resposta dos seus governos. Nesse contexto, esses países têm utilizado suas forças armadas para uma série de tarefas a serviço dos cidadãos. Mas quão militarizada é a resposta à COVID-19 na América Latina? Este artigo propõe uma tipologia de tarefas solicitadas a esses militares em resposta à COVID-19. Os resultados descritivos nos permitem mapear as várias tarefas que os militares estão sendo encarregados de fazer, atribuindo notas às quatorze democracias latino-americanas. Também mostramos evidências das consequências potenciais de algumas tarefas. Pode-se observar que há risco de violação dos direitos humanos quando militares são encarregados de policiar as ruas para fazer cumprir as ordens de permanência em casa. Ainda, quando os militares assumem cargos eminentemente civis na administração da crise de saúde pública vislumbram-se implicações de longo prazo em relação ao equilíbrio civil-militar, o que prejudica o controle democrático sobre os militares.

Resumen América Latina se ha visto gravemente afectada por la pandemia mundial de COVID-19, lo que ha llevado a sus gobiernos a tomar medidas. En este contexto, estos países han utilizado sus fuerzas armadas para una serie de tareas al servicio de la ciudadanía. Pero ¿qué tan militarizada es la respuesta a la COVID-19 en América Latina? Este artículo propone una tipología de tareas solicitadas a esas fuerzas armadas como respuesta a la COVID-19. Los hallazgos descriptivos permiten mapear las diversas tareas que se les han asignado a los militares, atribuyendo puntajes a las catorce democracias latinoamericanas. También mostramos evidencia de las posibles consecuencias de algunas tareas. Al vigilar las calles para hacer cumplir las órdenes de confinamiento, los militares pueden cometer violaciones a los derechos humanos, al asumir puestos eminentemente civiles para gestionar la crisis de salud pública, puede haber implicaciones a largo plazo para el equilibrio cívico-militar que son perjudiciales para el control democrático sobre los militares.

Dr. Washington Rosell Puig: un profesor ejemplar / Washington Rosell Puig: an outstanding professor

José Martí escribió: "No se alcanza lo grande sino por medios grandiosos"; de esta forma se describe la obra del Dr. Washington Rosell Puig, quien a lo largo de su vida profesional representa un gran ejemplo para generaciones de médicos. Durante la vida estudiantil colaboró activamente en actividades estudiantiles, fue fundador de las milicias universitarias; una vez graduado y realizada la especialidad de cirugía, se trasladó al ICBP Victoria de Girón para incorporarse a la docencia por la necesidad de profesores de Medicina en el país, ante el éxodo de médicos. Participó en la batalla de Playa Girón, en la lucha contra bandidos en El Escambray y en numerosas misiones internacionalistas, entre las que se destacan la primera misión internacionalista en Argelia y la fundación de la Universidad de Yemen. Fundador del PCC en la Universidad de La Habana. Ocupó numerosos cargos de dirección en Ciencias Médicas y recibió numerosas distinciones y condecoraciones. Contribuyó en eventos científicos tanto nacionales como internacionales, se destacó por sus publicaciones, entre las que se hallan las realizadas sobre medios de enseñanza y las de carácter pedagógico. Ha estado presente en tribunales de especialidad, elaboración de materiales para la docencia y en cursos de carácter pedagógico para la superación docente. Fue miembro de numerosas sociedades científicas y Profesor Consultante.

José Martí wrote: "Success is not achieved except for grandiose means". This way, we describe the work of Dr. Washington Rosell Puig who represents an example for the generations of doctors throughout his professional life. During his life as a student, he actively collaborated with student activities; he founded the university militias; after graduating from the university and finishing the specialty of Surgery, he started working at "Victoria de Girón" Institute of Basic and Pre-Clinical Sciences joining the teaching staff because of the necessity of teachers of Medicine in the country, after the exodus of doctors. He participated in the battle of Playa Girón, the fight against bandits in Escambray, and several internationalist missions among which the first international mission in Algeria and the foundation of the University of Yemen stand out. He was the founder of the Communist Party of Cuba in the University of Havana. He held numerous management positions in the Medical Sciences and obtained many distinctions and awards. He made his contributions to both national and international scientific events; stood out for his publications, among them, the ones about teaching resources and those of teaching and pedagogic character. He has been member of different boards of examiners of the specialty, and has participated in the development of teaching materials and pedagogical courses for teaching improvement. He was member of several scientific societies and a Consultant Professor.

¿Qué es una Buena Elección?: El Uso de los Informes de las Misiones de Observación Electoral para Evaluar los Procesos Electorales Latinoamericanos (2013-2016) / O que Seria uma Boa Eleição? O Uso dos Informes das Missões de Observação Eleitoral na Avaliação dos Processos Eleitorais Latino-americanos (2013-2016) / What Constitutes a Good Election? Employing Reports on Electoral Observation Missions to Evaluate Latin American Electoral Processes (2013-2016) / Qu'est-ce qu'une Bonne Élection? L'Usage des Rapports des Missions d'Observation Électorale pour Évaluer les Processus Électoraux Latino-américains (2013-2016)

RESUMEN Aún cuando las elecciones son el corazón de la democracia representativa, todavía no existe consenso respecto a qué es una buena elección ni tampoco se ha garantizado que las prácticas políticas que se desarrollan cumplan con criterios de calidad, legitimidad y credibilidad siguiendo los parámetros establecidos internacionalmente. En muchos países considerados democráticos las elecciones conviven con irregularidades, malas prácticas y problemas de gobernanza electoral. Este artículo propone definir una "buena elección" como aquella que satisface tres condiciones necesarias: a) respeta los estándares internacionales de integridad electoral (procedimiento); b) garantiza el ejercicio de una serie de derechos políticos (contenido) y c) satisface las expectativas de la ciudadanía respecto al modo en que se organizan las elecciones y se consiguen sus objetivos (resultado). Tras evaluar los Informes de las Misiones de Observación Electoral de la Organización de los Estados Americanos de 18 elecciones en América Latina (2013-2016), se evidencia que aunque se han incrementado los niveles de calidad de las elecciones en dos dimensiones claves (organización técnica y respeto a los derechos políticos), aún existen problemas en cuanto a los resultados así como también en relación al contenido.

RESUMO Ainda que as eleições sejam o coração da democracia representativa, não existe consenso acerca do que é uma boa eleição e tampouco há garantias que as práticas políticas desenvolvidas atendam a critérios de qualidade, legitimidade e credibilidade, em conformidade com os parâmetros internacionalmente estabelecidos. Ademais, em muitos países considerados democráticos, as eleições envolvem irregularidades, práticas incorretas e problemas de governança eleitoral. Este artigo define uma "boa eleição" como aquela que satisfaz três requisitos imperativos: a) respeito dos padrões internacionais de integridade eleitoral (procedimento); b) garantia do exercício de uma série de direitos políticos (conteúdo); e c) satisfação das expectativas dos cidadãos com respeito à forma de organização das eleições e ao alcance dos seus objetivos (resultado). Após avaliação dos Relatórios das Missões de Observação Eleitoral da Organização dos Estados Americanos referentes a 18 eleições na América Latina (2013-2016), evidencia-se que, embora os níveis de qualidade das eleições tenham sido elevados em duas dimensões-chave (organização técnica e respeito pelos direitos políticos), ainda persistem problemas em termos de resultados, assim como em relação ao conteúdo.

ABSTRACT Although elections lie at the heart of representative democracy, a lack of consensus remains on what constitutes a good election, as do guarantees that the political practices developed meet quality, legitimacy, and credibility criteria set by internationally-established parameters. Elections in many countries considered to be democratic are also rife with irregularities, cases of malpractice, and problems with electoral governance. The following article suggests defining a "good election" as one which necessarily satisfies three conditions: a) respect for the international standards of electoral integrity (procedure); b) a guaranteeing of the exercise of a series of political rights (content), and c) a satisfying of citizens' expectations on the way in which elections are organized and their aims achieved (result). By means of an evaluation of Reports on Electoral Observation Missions (2013-2016) carried out by the Organization of American States, we demonstrate that although election quality levels increased in the period for two key facets (technical organization and that regarding political rights), problems remain in terms of the results, as well as in terms of content.

RÉSUMÉ Même si les élections constituent le cœur de la démocratie représentative, il n'existe néanmoins aucun consensus quant à ce qui constituerait une bonne élection et rien ne garantit que les pratiques politiques en œuvre répondent aux critères de qualité, légitimité et crédibilité promus au niveau international. En effet, dans de nombreux pays considérés comme démocratiques, les élections sont souvent l'occasion d'irrégularités, de mauvaises pratiques et autres problèmes de gouvernance électorale. Cette article propose de définir une « bonne élection ¼ comme un scrutin à même de satisfaire trois conditions préalables : a) le respect des normes internationales d'intégrité électorale (procédure) ; b) la garantie de l'exercice d'une série de droits politiques (contenu), et c) la satisfaction des attentes citoyennes quant à la façon dont sont organisées les élections et atteints leurs objectifs (résultat). À partir de l'évaluation des rapports des Missions d'observation électorale de l'Organisation des États américains relatifs à dix-huit scrutins tenus en Amérique latine (2013-2016), on a mis en évidence qu'en dépit de l'augmentation des niveaux de qualité des élections quant à deux dimensions clés (organisation technique et respect des droits politiques), il existe encore de nombreux problèmes quant aux résultats ainsi qu'au contenu.

Caracterización de niños operados por labio y paladar hendido en la orinoquía colombiana entre 2008 y 2014

La patología congénita de niños con labio y paladar hendido es frecuente en la región, pero no ha sido caracterizada en la Orinoquía. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características de los niños intervenidos en un programa quirúrgico de labio y paladar hendido en Villavicencio. Tipo de estudio: Corte transversal descriptivo. Criterios de inclusión: menores de 18 años operados por labio y paladar hendido. Escenario: Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio, Colombia. Temporalidad: enero de 2008 a junio de 2014. Se realizó una evaluación descriptiva de la distribución de las variables, análisis bivariado y un mapa de georreferenciación del sitio de procedencia de los pacientes. Resultados: Se encontraron 340 registros de niños intervenidos quirúrgicamente por labio y paladar hendido, mayormente de sexo masculino. La mayoría de los casos fueron procedentes de Villavicencio, pero también de otros municipios y departamentos circundantes. El 49% de los procedimientos fueron primarios y las niñas fueron intervenidas más tempranamente. Conclusión: El estudio permite caracterizar el número considerable de pacientes intervenidos, la mayoría de ellos de forma temprana, especialmente en los casos cercanos de Villavicencio y el Meta, aunque puede mejorarse la oportunidad a los primeros meses de vida.

Cleft lip and palate is the most frequent congenital pathology but it has not been characterized in the Colombian Orinoquia. The aim was to describe the characteristics of children that had surgery in a program for cleft lip and palate in Villavicencio. Design: cross-sectional descriptive trial. Children under 18 years old that had cleft lip and palate surgery at Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio from January 2008 to June 2014 were included. Distribution evaluation of the variables was performed, as well as a map with the housing location of patients Results: Three hundreds and forty records of cleft lip and palate surgeries were reviewed, mainly male children. Most of the cases were from Villavicencio, but also from other towns and states around. Fortynine percent were primary surgeries and female children had interventions earlier. Conclusions: the study established the considerable number of patients surgically operated, most of them in an early way, especially when they were close to Villavicencio and Meta, but opportunity can be improved to early months of life.

A patologia congénita em crianças com fenda labial e palatina é frequente na região, mas no tem sido caracterizada na Orinoquia colombiana. Objetivo: Descrever as características das crianças intervindos num programa cirúrgico de fenda labial e palatina na cidade de Villavicencio. Tipo de estudo: descritivo-transversal. Critérios de inclusão: pessoas menores de 18 anos operados por fenda labial e palatina. Lugar: Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio, Colômbia. Tempo: janeiro do 2018 até junho do 2014. Realizou-se uma avaliação descritiva da distribuição das variáveis, análise bivariada e mapa de georreferenciamento no ponto de procedência dos pacientes. Resultados: Encontrou-se 340 registros de crianças intervindos cirurgicamente pela fenda labial e palatina, sendo maior os processos no sexo masculino. A maioria dos casos foram feitos em Villavicencio, além de outras cidades menores. O 49% dos procedimentos foram primários e as meninas foram intervindas cedo. Conclusões: O estudo permite caracterizar o número de casos, pacientes intervindos, na maioria deles tiveram a cirurgia cedo, especialmente nos casos perto da cidade de Villavicencio e no estado do Meta, embora podem melhorar-se a oportunidade nos primeiros meses de vida.

Cooperación internacional ¿en qué estamos y hacia dónde vamos? / International cooperation. Where are we, and where are we heading to?

Unmet needs in global health are important issues, not yet solved by the international community. A variety of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and government institutions have tried to address this situation, developing multiple types of international cooperation (IC), such as humanitarian aid (HA), cooperation for development (CD) and medical missions (MM). In the last decades, we have witnessed an exponential growth in the creation and participation of these projects. Moreover, in the last 20 years, Chile has experimented a real paradigm switch, from a receiver to a provider of IC. Due to the recent surge in interest and relevance of the topic, we performed a narrative revision of the literature related with IC. In the present article, we characterize the different types of IC, with emphasis in MM: we address the risks, controversies and ethical problems associated with these activities. We finally propose some guidelines for the future development and promotion of MM.

Kanho Kyokwaseo (Textbook of Nursing), the First Published Korean Nursing Books / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to extend the knowledge about two volumes of Kanho Kyokwaseo (Textbook of Nursing) published in 1908 and 1910. METHODS: The books were investigated from the first to the last pages and compared with other textbooks published during the same period. RESULTS: The origin of these books was from Hubinyaoshu (Manual of Nursing) published in China in 1904. They were translated by Edmunds, a missionary nurse from America, and Chang Chai-Sun, a teacher at the first nursing school in Korea, along with inspection by Korean teachers who were fluent in English. Kanho Kyokwaseo are user-friendly textbooks in that they are written mainly in Hangul; Chinese and English are added in cases of explicating western scientific terminology and medical terminology, with notes at the top, on the left, and on the right of the page. The contents emphasize reporting and submission to supervisors and doctors. Surgical nursing occupies the largest chapter. Disinfection and hygiene, the advantages of western modern medicine, are dealt with repeatedly and importantly. CONCLUSION: Kanho Kyokwaseo was widely used as the first and only nursing textbook published before Japanese occupation and as a publication having upgraded the level of textbooks.

Trayectorias, misiones e identidades de la Universidad latinoamericana / Trajectories, missions and identities of the Latin American University / Trajetórias, atribuições e identidades da Universidade Latino-Americana

El presente artículo es fruto de la revisión y sistematización de la literatura como estado del arte, que intenta analizar el saber preexistente y lo acumulado en investigaciones con mayor relevancia y/o pertinencia sobre: ¿cuáles son las identidades de la universidad latinoamericana entre la razón, el mercado y el contexto? Busqué abordar las categorías identidad, misión, gestión, comunicación organizacional y publicitaria, que fueron la base para el rastreo bibliográfico que dio forma a una estructura categorial de análisis. El presente escrito evidencia la evolución y tránsito de la Universidad en Latinoamérica mostrando múltiples panoramas y realidades, en algunos casos contradictorios, pero que son propios de una universidad constituida por identidades plurales.

This article is the result of a literature review and systematization that aims to analyze the relevance and pertinence of accumulated research on the identities of the Latin American University between reason, the market and the context. The study examines the following categories: identity, mission, management, organizational communication and advertising, which formed the basis for the bibliographical review that shaped a categorical structure of analysis. This document evidences the development and transition of universities in Latin America, demonstrating multiple perspectives and situations that are sometimes contradictory but typical of a university that is composed of plural identities.

Este artigo é o resultado da avaliação e sistematização da literatura como o estado da arte, analisando, por meio do montante investigado, o que foi definido com maior relevância e/ou pertinência para compreender o conhecimento existente ante a pergunta: Quais são as identidades da universidade latino-americana a partir da razão, do mercado e do contexto?. Além disso, buscou-se abordar as categorias identidade, missão, gestão, comunicação organizacional e de marketing, que foram a base para o rastreamento bibliográfico que deu forma a uma estrutura categórica de análise. Este trabalho evidencia a evolução e o trânsito da Universidade na América Latina, mostrando panoramas e realidades múltiplas, por vezes contraditórias, mas que são típicas de uma instituição educativa composta por identidades plurais.

Conflicto armado en Colombia y misión médica: narrativas médicas como memorias de supervivencia / Armed conflict in Colombia and medical mission: medical narratives as survival memories

Antecedentes. Elaborar memorias que permitan afrontar la violencia ejercida contra la misión médica en el contexto del conflicto armado facilita la creación de estrategias de diálogo en busca de la reparación y el perdón en el marco del proceso de paz que se realiza en la actualidad. Objetivo. A través de las narrativas de los médicos colombianos entrevistados, identificar los casos que tipificaban una violación a los protocolos, tratados y normas del Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) en relación con la misión médica. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio con enfoque cualitativo hermenéutico adoptando los presupuestos teóricos de la función narrativa ricoeuriana, y analizando la trama del relato de la experiencia, las circunstancias, el tiempo y el sentido de la narración. Resultados. Se identificaron las siguientes tipologías de infracciones contra la misión médica: normas en el papel, violación a la neutralidad, actividades sanitarias o territorio de guerra, soledad del médico, victimas en busca de un refugio: la población civil y el médico, y la crudeza de la guerra. Entre las infracciones que se evidenciaron están la violencia que se ejerce contra las instalaciones de salud, los heridos y enfermos, el personal de salud y los medios de transporte sanitarios. Conclusiones. En el conflicto armado colombiano se han presentado violaciones que atentan contra la misión médica por parte de actores estatales y no estatales. Prevalece una falta de información y conocimiento del DIH y la misión médica. A pesar de esta circunstancia, los médicos que compartieron sus narrativas lograron solventar situaciones relacionadas con crímenes de guerra en la mayoría de los casos.

Background. Developing memorials to face violence against medical missions in the context of armed conflict facilitates the creation of dialogue strategies to seek for reparation and forgiveness within the ongoing peace process. Objective. Through the personal narratives of interviewed Colombian doctors, to identify the typical cases of violation of protocols, treaties and rules of the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in relation to medical missions. Materials and methods. A study was conducted with a qualitative hermeneutic approach by adopting the theoretical assumptions of the Ricoeurian narrative function, and analyzing the story plot of the experience, circumstances, time and sense of narrative. Results. The following types of offenses against the medical mission were identified: rules on paper, violation of neutrality, health activities or battlefield, the physician's loneliness, victims seeking refuge: civilians and the physician, and the harshness of war. Among the evidenced violations are the violence perpetrated against health facilities, the wounded and the sick, health staff and medical transportation. Conclusions. In the Colombian armed conflict, state and non-state actors have carried out violations that threaten medical missions. The lack of information and knowledge of the IHL and medical missions is prevailing. Despite this fact, in most cases doctors who shared their narratives were able to solve situations related to war crimes.

Resident Participation in International Surgical Missions is Predictive of Future Volunteerism in Practice

BACKGROUND: Interest in global health and international mission trips among medical student and resident trainees is growing rapidly. How these electives and international mission experiences affect future practice is still being elucidated. No study has identified if participation in international surgical missions during residency is a predictor of participation in international surgical missions in practice after training completion. METHODS: All trainees of our plastic surgery residency program from 1990 to 2011, during the implementation of optional annual international surgical missions, were surveyed to determine if the graduate had gone on a mission as a resident and as a plastic surgeon. Data were compared between graduates who participated in missions as residents and graduates who did not, from 1990 to 2011 and 1990 to 2007. RESULTS: Of Plastic Surgery graduates from 1990 to 2011 who participated in international missions as residents, 60% participated in missions when in practice, versus 5.9% of graduates participating in missions in practice but not residency (P<0.0001). When excluding last 5 years, graduates participating in international missions in practice after doing so as residents increases to 85.7%, versus 7.41% who participate in practice but not residency P<0.002. CONCLUSIONS: Results reveal plastic surgeons who participate in international surgical missions as residents participate in international surgical missions in practice at higher rates than graduates who did not participate in missions during residency. International missions have significant intrinsic value both to trainee and international communities served, and this opportunity should be readily and easily accessible to all plastic surgery residents nationwide.

Os hospitais universitários federais e suas missões institucionais no passado e no presente / Federal university hospitals and their institutional missions in the past and present

A definição de hospital universitário (HU) pressupõe a integração de ensino, pesquisa e assistência. Considerando essas atividades componentes da missão dos HUs, buscou-se analisar, na perspectiva dos gestores, como se configuram nessas instituições, na fundação e no presente. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de 13 dos 31 HUs gerais de universidades federais. Como material complementar, foram coletadas e analisadas informações oficiais extraídas dos sites dos 31 HUs. Por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo, foi observado que, apesar de a maioria dos HUs já ter introduzido formalmente a atividade de pesquisa junto às missões de ensino e assistência, na prática, o binômio ensino–assistência prevalece como marca dessas instituições.

The definition of a university hospital presupposes the integration of teaching, research and healthcare. Considering these activities constituent parts of university hospitals’ missions, an analysis was made from the administrators’ viewpoint of their place in these institutions at their founding and in the present day. Semi-structured interviews were held with the administrators of 13 of the 31 general hospitals run at Brazil’s federal universities. Parallel to this, official information was gathered and analyzed from the 31 university hospitals’ websites. Using a content analysis technique, it was found that although most of the university hospitals state that research is one of their missions, alongside teaching and healthcare, in practice teaching and healthcare take precedence.

Changes of Th17 cytokine in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by coke oven emission / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To find the infla mmation bio markers induced by coke oven e missions (COE),we investigated the changes of T helper 17 (Th17 )cytokines in hu man bronchial epithelial (16HBE)cells.METHODS 16HBE cells were exposed to organic extracts of COE collected fro m co-king plant at the concentrations of 5,10 and 20 mg·L -1 for 24 h or 5 d to establish short-term and long-term cell models,respectively.Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and infla mmatory da mage was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH).The cytokines in culture supernatant sa mples was detected by co mmercial hu man Th17 cytokine panel kit.RESULTS COE Can induce infla mmation in COE 20 mg·L -1 group and no expression on IL-17 F and IL-1 β.The concentration of IL-10 was 1 .25 ± 0.54,1 .39 ±0.13 and (1 .90 ±0.73)pg·mL -1 in COE 5,10 and 20 mg·L -1 group showing good con-centration-effect relationship (r=0.98,P <0.05 ).IL-23 expression was found only higher at 10 and 20 mg·L -1 and the concentrations were 3.38 ±3.90 and (1 .74 ±2.00 )pg·mL -1 ,respectively.In 16HBE cells treated by COE for 5 d,elevated expression of IL-17A was found in COE 5 and 10 mg·L -1 group,and there was statistically sigificant difference between COE 10 mg·L -1 and DMSO group (P<0.05).Elevated concentration of IL-17F of 10.2 ±1 1 .78 and (6.79 ±7.84)pg·mL -1 was found in COE 5 and 10 mg·L -1 group.The concentration of IL-10 was 1 .71 ±0.02,1 .49 ±0.25 and (2.82 ± 0.33)pg·mL -1 in COE 5,10 and 20 mg·L -1 group,respectively.We found increased IL-1 βexpression with concentration of 2.72 ±0.62,2.25 ±0.33 and (0.93 ±0.21 )pg·mL -1 in COE 5,10 and 20 mg·L -1 group with negative dose-response relationship.We also found more elevated TNF-αlevels in the 5 d than in the 24 h model with no COE specific relationship.CONCLUSION COE induces expression changes of Th17 cytokines profile in 16HBE cells,including IL-23 and IL-1 βfor early and long-term infla mmation,respectively.IL-10 may be a candidate marker for population study on COE induced infla mmatory injury.

Investigação científica e política colonial portuguesa: evolução e articulações, 1936-1974 / Scientific research and Portuguese colonial policy: developments and articulations, 1936-1974

Aborda-se a evolução da política científica colonial desenvolvida pelo Estado português no século XX através do estudo de caso da Junta das Missões Geográficas e de Investigações Coloniais/do Ultramar. Órgão diretamente dependente do Ministério das Colônias/do Ultramar, sediado na metrópole, tinha como principal competência orientar os estudos científicos a realizar nos territórios coloniais sob soberania portuguesa. Apuram-se gênese e os desígnios da instituição, compreende-se a interação entre sua atividade e a política colonial, detectam-se os impactos da conjuntura internacional na trajetória e opções estratégicas da Junta. Dá-se particular atenção à fase iniciada no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, alinhada com a miragem do desenvolvimento e reativa ao avanço do movimento anticolonial.

The development of a colonial scientific policy by the Portuguese state in the twentieth century is investigated by studying the Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. Directly subordinated to the Ministério das Colônias/do Ultramar and based in Lisbon, this entity's main attribute was to coordinate the scientific studies to be undertaken in colonial territories under Portuguese rule. The aim is to identify the institution's origins and objectives, to understand how its activities tied in with colonial policies, to detect what impacts the international scenario had on its trajectory and its strategic options. Special attention is given to the period that started after the Second World War, which was aligned with the mirage of development and reacted against the progress of the anti-colonial movement.

Weaponization of the body and politicization of death

The paper examines the psychology f martyrdom through the analysis of death speeches, the final letters, wills, and testaments left behind by men in the Middle East who undertook suicidal missions in war. The author maintains that the human body is as much a social object as it is a biological entity, and death is as much a social event as it is a physical happening. The biologically living body may be symbolically dead, and the physically dead person may be more powerful than the living. A communication that a person makes while he or she is anticipating an impending death is an overloaded message, comparable to the first or the last dream in psychoanalysis. It may provide important clues not only to the person's immediate psychic experience, but also to one's characteristic mode of encounter with the object world. Final letters, near-death or suicide notes have a particularly demanding, commanding, and pleading quality. The author finds several modes of communication and metacommunication in the notes: disengaged, abstract, and intimate, each differently conveying their thoughts, fantasies, and relatedness to the world, God, justice, vengeance, death, immortality, loved ones, and enemies.

O artigo investiga a psicologia do martírio através da análise de discursos sobre a morte, cartas finais e testamentos deixados por homens do Oriente Médio que se empenharam em missões de suicídio nas guerras da região. O autor propõe que o corpo humano é tanto um objeto social quanto uma entidade biológica e que a morte é tanto um evento social quanto um acontecimento físico. Um corpo biologicamente vivo pode estar morto simbolicamente enquanto uma pessoa fisicamente morta pode ser mais poderosa do que os vivos. A comunicação que se faz enquanto se prepara para uma morte iminente é uma mensagem pesada comparável ao primeiro ou ao último sonho na psicanálise, pois poderá fornecer pistas valiosas não somente para a experiência psíquica imediata, mas, também, ao modo característico pelo qual se relaciona com o mundo dos objetos. Cartas finais, textos escritos em face de morte iminente, ou notas de suicídio, possuem uma qualidade especialmente exigente, de imploração. O autor encontra modos de comunicação e metacomunicação em tais escritos: podem parecer distantes, abstratos ou íntimos, e cada escritor transmite de modo diferente seus pensamentos, fantasias e relações com o mundo, com Deus, bem como com a justiça, a vingança morte, a imortalidade, os entes queridos e os inimigos.

Cet article porte sur la psychologie du martyr analysant les discours de mort, les dernières lettres, volontés et testaments des participants de campagne d'attentats-suicides dans les guerres du Moyen Orient. L'auteur défend que le corps humain n'est pas qu'une entité biologique, mais aussi un objet social et que la mort est un événement autant physique que social. Tout comme le corps biologique vivant peut être mort symboliquement, la personne physiquement morte peut exercer plus de pouvoir que de son vivant. La communication d'une personne qui anticipe sa mort imminente est un message surchargé comparable au premier ou dernier rêve dans la psychanalyse. Il peut fournir d'importantes pistes non seulement sur l'expérience psychique immédiate de la personne, mais aussi sur la façon caractéristique de sa rencontre avec le monde des objets. Les dernières lettres, les billets de mort imminente ou suicidaires sont d'une qualité spécialement exigeante, ordonnante et suppliante. L'auteur y a recueilli plusieurs modes de communication et de métacommunication: détaché, abstrait et intime. Ces modes transmettent de façon différente les pensées des martyrs, leurs fantaisies, leur rapport avec le monde, Dieu, la justice, la vengeance, la mort, l'immortalité, leurs proches et leurs ennemis.

Revision Process of Mission of Medical School, Ewha Womans University, with the Change of Medical Environment and Educational System / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: With the changes to the medical environment and to the educational system, we aim to evaluate the current mission statement of the College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, and revise it. METHODS: To establish the new mission statement, a special committee, the School Mission Revision Committee(SMRC) and an advisory group were organized in 2003. The SMRC functioned through 4 stages of action composed of: investigation, draft development, surveillance of various opinions, and announcement. RESULTS: The revised, final mission statement was: "To contribute to Korea and to the international society by producing excellent woman-leaders in healthcare, who have professional medical knowledge and are humanitarians based on Christian principles." Three key words helped in the realization of this mission: compassion, professionalism, and service. Compassion: a noble physician who practices compassion toward mankind, caring for patients with compassion and the right attitude, and contributing to health promotion. Professionalism: a responsible physician who embodies professionalism, learning the necessary knowledge and skills, having the ability for self-development, and leading in various fields of medicine. Service: a respected physician who serves society, devoting to the community with excellent woman leadership skills and an open mind, and serving Korea and the international society. CONCLUSION: We expect that this new school mission will be helpful in clarifying the whole educational process and will resolve conflicts resulting from the change to the school system within a rapidly changing educational environment.

El desempeño de enfermería: Profesionalismo en el hospital Universitario. República de Haití / The infirmary acting. Professionalism in the University hospital. Republic of Haiti

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y longitudinal en 51 enfermeras recalificadas, seleccionadas mediante muestreo aleatorio simple de un universo en iguales condiciones, que prestaban servicios en el Hospital General Universitario de Port au Prince, República de Haití, entre mayo y octubre de 1999, con el objetivo de valorar el desempeño y profesionalismo en el grupo que recibió educación continuada por personal de Enfermería de Cuba. Los datos se recogieron mediante la observación y fueron plasmados en formularios que se aplicaron de forma individual. La información se procesó por medios computadorizados y se usó la prueba de diferencia de proporciones para su validación. El análisis de los resultados reveló que fue significativa la cifra de las enfermeras evaluadas con calificación satisfactoria en la autorregulación profesional con los estudiantes, equipo clínico, usuarios y demás enfermeras; en el desempeño, un alto número obtuvo una valoración satisfactoria, con relevante significación estadística, al igual que en las intervenciones de enfermería en las diferentes técnicas y procederes básicos para la atención al paciente y en el profesionalismo. Se concluyó que todos estos logros pudieron alcanzarse con la intervención de las autoras en el cumplimiento de la misión médica internacionalista en ese país(AU)

A prospective longitudinal study was made among 51 requalified nurses selected by simple random sampling from a group of nurses that worked under the same conditions at the University Hospital of Port au Prince, Republic of Haiti, between May and Ocotber, 1999, aimed at assessing the performance and profesionalism of the group that received continuing education from Cuban nursing personnel. Data were collected by observation and included in questionnaries that were individually applied. Information was processed by computer and the test of difference of proportions was used for its validation. The analysis of the results revealed that a significant number of nurses got a satisfactory evaluation in the professional self-regulation with students, medical team, patients and nurses. As to performance, nursing interventions in the different techniques and basic procedures for patient care and profesionalism, a considerable amount of nurses also had a good assessment with a remarkable statistical significance. It was concluded that all these achievements were possible thanks to the internationalist medical mission fulfilled by the authors in that country(AU)