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OBJECTIVE：To p rovide reference for improving the level of technological innovation and promoting the high-quality development of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province. METHODS ：A total of 452 people were interviewed by relevant departments of pharmaceutical industry ，industry associations ，pharmaceutical enterprises and some consumers in Fujian province. After sorting out the interview data ，based on the theory of causal loop diagram and problem basic model methods ，the key variables and problem basic models affecting the technological innovation system of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province were investigated . The leverage solutions and suggestions were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：The scientific and technological innovation environment ，managers’innovative ideas ，scientific and technological innovation motivation ，enterprise profits，product’s market competitiveness ，social organizations of pharmaceutical industry ，and industrialization of scientific and technological innovation achievements in the technological innovation system of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province were closely related to the technological improvement of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province. There were basic modes of “the rich getting richer ”for the technological innovation system of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province ，i.e. the investment of external resources on scientific and technological innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises was mostly concentrated in the pharmaceutical enterprises above designated size. At the same time ，due to the lack of industry-research-university interaction and the unsmooth achievement transformation channel ，some small and medium-sized pharmaceutical enterprises with the potential of scientific and technological innovation or with traditional advantages may form the problem basic model “to attend to trifles and neglect the essentials”. It is suggested that the subjects related to pharmaceutical industry should give full play to the role of various scientific and technological platforms ，strengthen the attention and support to innovative small and medium-sized pharmaceutical enterprises ， create and optimize the financial service environment for scientific and technological innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises ，and support pharmaceutical enterprises with innovation power and potential to carry out technological innovation projects.
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Individual dental age is used as an index of chronological age estimation and is an important indicator of the child's growth stage. Dental age does change greatly over time, but it changes constantly. And updating information about this change is important. The purpose of this study was to provide information about tooth eruption stage using diagnostic model analysis and to investigate tooth eruption sequence and estimate chronological age based on this information.Tooth eruption stages were measured on a diagnostic model from 488 patients in 5 – 13 year old children. Based on the information on eruption stage, eruption sequence in maxilla was first permanent molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, first premolar, canine, second premolar and second permanent molar. Eruption sequence in mandible was first permanent molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar and second permanent molar. There were significant differences between males and females in the eruption stage of canine, first and second premolar, and second molar at several ages. The chronological age of male and female was estimated by the coefficient of determination of 0.816, 0.826 respectively.
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Child , Female , Humans , Male , Bicuspid , Incisor , Mandible , Maxilla , Molar , Tooth Eruption , ToothABSTRACT
The professionalism view of qualified person and some reasonable proposals for the promotion of the professionalism are put forward. The necessity of the professionalization of qualified person and the effective measures of perfecting the professionalization are studied by the comparative analysis between home and abroad combined with the game model analysis. Under the current national conditions, qualified person are repositioned, and after learning the advanced experience of the EU, the registration system is strictly carried out, which can promote the professionalism of qualified person and make relevant measures in order to restrict the behavior of qualified person.
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Objective To explore the Kano model analysis in the application of midwife outpatient service quality management. Methods Kano questionnaire was consisted of 24 items, including five parts, environment facilities, service evaluation, service technology, the team service, delivery service′quality. Using the Kano model analysis, the impact factors of the midwife outpatient service quality in five different quality attributes were determined. It included property and had the opposite answer to the question, charisma, essential properties and one property. Results By identifing the quality index classification of the pregnant women with satisfactory service quality to midwife outpatient service, attributable to a property were 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,14,20,21;attributable to mandatory attributes were 13, belonging to the charm of the property had 5,6,7,11,12,15,16,17,18,19,22,23,24. Midwives outpatient had most of charisma attribute, 54.2%(13/24) of the total;The second was one attribute, 41.7% (10/24) of the total. The technology level of midwife was essential attribute. Conclusions Kano mode analysis technology will be introduced to the midwife outpatient service quality management to provide decision reference for improving the quality of the hospital management level, improve maternal satisfaction, improve the obstetric operation efficiency.
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Objective: To anal yze the reasons for the increasing Chinese residents’ self-medication, and provide references for reasonable positioning and development of self-medication. Methods:Using the National Health Service Survey data (1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008), and use multivariate logistic regression analysis to study the influencing factors of self-medication. Results: Chinese residents’ self-medication have differences in the both time and space dimensions. The influencing factors of medical decision include the demographic characteristics of the diseased residents, medical insurance system, the available of specialized medical services space, family economic conditions, healthy living behaviors, daily health situation, two-week morbidity cognition and two-week morbidity outcomes etc. Conclusion: The alternative function of self-medication determines its reasonable development space. The increasing rate of Chinese residents’ self-medication has many influencing factors.
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Objective To Investigate the toughness mechanism of the hierarchical and eximious micro-nanostructures from shankbone biocomposite. Methods The hierarchical micro-nanostructures of a mature shankbone were observed with a scanning electronic microscope and then to explore the toughness mechanism of this shankbone by the analyses on the models with hierarchical micro-nanostructures. Results The shankbone was made from a kind of biocomposite with hierarchical micro-nanostructures, consisting of hydroxyapatite and collagen protein matters. The micro-nanostructural model analyses at different scales indicated that the multilayer microstructure of the bone increased its fracture energy and the crossed microstructure of the hydroxyapatite fiber sheets as well as its long and thin shape size enhanced the maximum pullout energy of the fiber sheets. Conclusions The hierarchical and eximious micro-nanostructures in the bone endow the shankbone with high fracture toughness, and can be applied to the design of biomimetic composites.
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OBJECTIVE: Intraoral noncompliance upper molar distalization techniques have gained in popularity and have subsequently found to be successful in Class II correction. The aim of the present study was to introduce a screw supported intraoral distalization appliance and investigate its efficiency. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects (11 females, 10 males; average age of 14.9 years) with Angle Class II malocclusion participated in this study. Two screws were inserted behind the incisive foramen and immediately loaded to distalize the upper first molars. An intraoral screw supported distalization appliance was used to distalize the upper molars in order to achieve a Class I molar relationship. Skeletal and dental changes were evaluated using cephalometric and three-dimensional (3D) model analysis. RESULTS: Upper molars were distalized 3.95 mm on average and a Class I molar relationship was achieved without any anchorage loss. The upper molars were tipped only 1.49degrees and the upper right and left molars were rotated only 0.54degrees and 0.74degrees respectively which were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The newly designed screw supported noncompliance distalization appliance was found to be an effective device for achieving bodily molar distalization without any anchorage loss.
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Female , Humans , Malocclusion , Malocclusion, Angle Class II , MolarABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effect of histopathologic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation(LT) on the prognosis of liver transplantation. Methods: The clinical data of 272 HCC patients, who had received liver transplantation, were retrospectively analyzed. The survival rates were analyzed using the actuarial life-table method. Multivariate and univariate COX proportional hazards model were used to investigate the correlation between histopathologic factors and survival time. Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the curves of accumulative survival rates and Log-rank tests were used to compare the curve of the survival rates. Results: Univariate analysis using a COX model revealed that scores of model of endstage liver disease(MELD), alphafetoprotein, size of tumor, capsule invasion, Eggel's classification, Edmonson-Steiner grade, microvascular invasion, regional lymph node metastasis and TNM staging were significantly related to the prognosis of the patient after LT(P<0.05). Multivariate COX model analysis showed that alphafetoprotein(RR:1.459, P=0.002), Eggel's classification(RR:1.617, P=0.004), microvascular invasion(RR:2.631, P<0.001) and MELD(RR: 2.194, P = 0.011) are independent factors of patient prognosis. Conclusion: Alphafetoprotein, Eggel' s classification, microvascular invasion and MELD are the independent prognostic factors of HCC patients after LT. More attention should be paid to the influence of MELD on prognosis of HCC patients after LT.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using a digital model and cone beam computed tomograph (CBCT) image for model analysis. METHODS: Model analyses of CBCT images, plaster models, and digital models of 20 orthodontic patients with a permanent dentition with no proximal metal restorations, were compared. RESULTS: The average differences of tooth size measurements were 0.01 to 0.20 mm, and the average difference of arch length discrepancy measurements were 0.41 mm in the maxilla and 0.82 mm in the mandible. The difference in Bolton discrepancy measurements was 0.17 mm for the anterior region and 0.44 mm overall but with no statistically significant difference. When comparing CBCT images with plaster models, the average differences in tooth size measurements were -0.22 to 0.01 mm, and the average differences in arch length discrepancy measurements were 0.43 mm in the maxilla and 0.32 mm in the mandible. Difference in Bolton discrepancy measurements were 0.35 mm in the anterior region and 1.25 mm overall. CBCT images showed significantly smaller overall Bolton discrepancy measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were statistically significant differences in some model analysis measurements, the ranges of measurement errors of the digital model and CBCT images were clinically acceptable. Therefore, a digital model and CBCT image can be used for model analysis.
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Humans , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Dentition, Permanent , Mandible , Maxilla , ToothABSTRACT
Predicting the arch length discrepancy by simply comparing the available arch perimeter with tooth materials is merely a 2-dimensional analysis of the teeth movement. However, the real teeth movement takes place 3-dimensionally and is affected by various factors such as, the arch form, the curve of Spee and the axis of the incisors. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between the decrease in the arch perimeter and the horizontal positional change of the incisors after extraction of the 1st bicuspids, for more analytic evaluation of the arch length discrepancy at pre-treatment model analysis stage. In addition to that to evaluate the effect of the curve of Spee, teeth axis to the basal plane, and the incisional crowding to the treatment outcome. All patients were treated at the department of orthodontics, dental hospital, Yonsei university. Inclusion criteria for patients selection were as follows. -Angle classification I malocclusion with bialveolar protrusion -Extraction of 4 1st bicuspids -No tooth anomaly or prosthesis -No abnormal attrition -No ectopically erupted teeth -Angle classification I canine and molar relationship -Less than 3mm of crowding Model analysis of the above patients was performed and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. When the intercanine distance was maintained, the available space for the distal movement of the mandibular incisors after the extraction of the 4 1st bicuspids was larger than the space provided by the extraction of the 4 1st bicuspids. However the difference was less than 1mm. The more tapered the anterior arch form, the larger the difference. 2. Compared to the situation in which the intercanine distance was maintained, when the intercanine distance was expanded to meet the width of the posterior teeth, the incisors could move about 3mm more distally. 3. The positional difference of the incisal tip was insignificant whether the central incisors were moved by tipping or bodily movement. 4. When the anterior crowding was solved without changing the intercanine distance, the larger the anterior arch length was, the more the anterior movement of the incisors. 5. When the curve of Spee was levelled, the increase in the arch perimeter was less than half of the deepest curve of Spee.
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Humans , Axis, Cervical Vertebra , Bicuspid , Classification , Crowding , Incisor , Malocclusion , Molar , Orthodontics , Prostheses and Implants , Tooth , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Based on the structure characteristics of the stretcher base of WCY2000field ambulance,this paper sets up a finite element analysis model with twotypes of beam elements.The accuracies under twotypes of elements are discussed and model method of the same structure is presented.
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0.05). Conclusion: The measurements of molar distal movement on model are smilar to those on cephalometric radiograph.
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To fulfill the plane-beam junction, this paper applies the simplified finite element modeling to the plane-beam composite structures. The finite element modeling of the teleconsulting vehicle compartment and its model analysis are performed. The results show that the finite element model can improve the design of the compartment and lays a foundation for the realization of the engineerization and sequencing of compartment dynamic strength design.