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AIMS: To evaluate the levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium in individuals with spinal cord injury and to identify related factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included men with spinal cord injury, living in the South Region of Brazil. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate socioeconomic data, life habits and health. The time elapsed since the spinal cord injury was considered. Vitamin D was evaluated in plasma via liquid chromatography; calcium and PTH were measured in serum by a colorimetric method and electrochemiluminescence respectively. For data analysis, linear regression and chi-square test were utilized. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The study included 39 paraplegic or tetraplegic men with spinal cord injury. The mean age was 35.52±9.78 years, and the mean time since injury was 6.09±5.55 years. The mean biochemical levels were: 19.0 ±6.98 ng/mL for vitamin D; 9.54±0.52 mg/dL for total calcium; and 34.81±10.84 pg/mL for parathyroid hormone. Individuals with sun exposure for more than two hours daily had higher vitamin D levels than those exposed up to one hour per day (p=0.001). Linear regression identified an inverse relationship between lesion time and vitamin D levels (regression coefficient: -0.424; p=0.029), while the other parameters did not show significant differences regarding the time elapsed since the lesion. Subjects with income above four minimum wages had higher vitamin D values (mean 25.67±5.45 ng/mL) when compared to those with income up to four minimum wages (mean 18.43±6.79 ng/mL) (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Levels of vitamin D were inversely correlated to the time elapsed since the spinal cord injury, probably due to insufficient sun exposure resulting from prolonged limitation of mobility. In addition, lower levels of vitamin D were associated to lower income. These factors may aggravate bone loss associated with decreased mobility resulting from spinal cord injury.
OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os níveis de vitamina D, hormônio paratireoide e cálcio em indivíduos com lesão medular e identificar fatores relacionados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluiu homens com lesão da medula espinhal, vivendo na Região Sul do Brasil. Foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar dados socioeconômicos, hábitos de vida e saúde. Foi investigado o tempo transcorrido após a lesão medular. A vitamina D foi avaliada no plasma por meio de cromatografia líquida; o cálcio e o hormônio paratireoideo foram dosados no soro por um método colorimétrico e eletroquimioluminescência respectivamente. Para a análise de dados, foram utilizadas regressão linear e teste do qui-quadrado. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 39 homens paraplégicos ou tetraplégicos com lesão da medula espinhal. A média de idade foi de 35,52±9,78 anos e o tempo médio de lesão foi de 6,09±5,55 anos. As médias dos níveis bioquímicos foram: 19,0±6,98 ng/mL para vitamina D, 9,54±0,52 mg/dL para cálcio total e 34,81±10,84 pg/mL para hormônio paratireoideo. Indivíduos com exposição ao sol por mais de duas horas por dia apresentaram maiores níveis de vitamina D do que os expostos até uma hora por dia (p=0,001). A regressão linear identificou uma relação inversa entre o tempo de lesão e os níveis de vitamina D (coeficiente de regressão: -0,424; p=0,029), enquanto os outros parâmetros não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao tempo decorrido desde a lesão. Os indivíduos com renda acima de quatro salários mínimos apresentaram maiores valores de vitamina D (média de 25,67±5,45 ng/mL) quando comparados com aqueles com renda até quatro salários mínimos (média 18,43±6,79 ng/mL) (p=0,021). CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de vitamina D foram inversamente correlacionados com o tempo decorrido desde a lesão da medula espinhal, provavelmente devido à exposição insuficiente ao sol resultante da limitação prolongada da mobilidade. Níveis mais baixos de vitamina D foram associados a menor renda. Estes fatores podem agravar a perda óssea associada à diminuição da mobilidade resultante da lesão da medula espinhal.
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Male , Spinal Cord Injuries , Vitamin D , Paraplegia , Parathyroid Hormone , Social ClassABSTRACT
Objective: In order to describe the employment status of the first group of targeted admission medical graduates, evaluate the effects of targeted admission medical education program, find out the existing problems and provide relevant policy recommendations.Methods: This study conducted follow-up survey among 305 medical graduates and 315 clinical medical graduates in four medical colleges of the central and western regions.Data analyses of the contract fulfillment, their employment status, and their participation in the standardized residency training are carried out.Results: The contract fulfillment rate of rural-oriented medical graduates is 99.3%, while the percentages of rural-oriented medical graduates and clinical medical graduates are 90.7% and 2.8%, respectively.Their average monthly incomes are respectively 2,011 and 2,774 yuan, and their proportions of participating in standardized residency training are 77.8% and 43.3% respectively.From the findings it can be seen that the employment situation of the first group of targeted admission medical graduates in four medical colleges and universities is quite good, but the policy implementation process in terms of permanent post and income is less satisfactory.However, the way how medical graduates should participate in the standardized residency training is not yet clearly regulated.This paper recommends that medical colleges and universities should well coordinate with local health administrative departments and human resources and social security departments to systematically deploy medical graduates.At the same time, full consultations should be conducted to make appropriate arrangement for medical graduates to participate in standardized residency training.
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This paper investigate the effect of parents’ education background and family monthly income on the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of students with special needs in Kelantan, Malaysia. This cross-sectional method study was employed multistage random sampling to obtain information drawn from 130 participants from 10 selected school in Kelantan, Malaysia. Questionnaire was used to obtain parents’ education background, family monthly income and demographic variables. Students IQ were assessed using Comprehensive Test for Non-Verbal Intelligence (CTONI 2nd Edition). Data analysis involve independent sample t-test, one-way between group ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression. From analysis of IQ score, 63.8% of the special needs students scored very poor IQ, 12.3% scored below average and only 1.5% score average IQ. Significant mean difference were revealed between age group (p = 0.002), parents’ education (p = 0.018) and family monthly income (p < 0.05) on special needs students IQ. Post-hoc tukey shows significance between parents who never went to school, went to secondary school (p = 0.037) and university/college (p = 0.021). In term of family monthly income, significance difference were found between family with low and high monthly income (p < 0.05). Family monthly income (r = 0.393, p < 0.01) showed positive moderate correlation on special needs students IQ. After being forwarded by multiple linear regression, it was found that family monthly income (B = 3.605, p < 0.05) and age group of special needs students (B = 0.879, p = 0.002) were significant predictor for IQ score and explained 22.5% of the variance (R2 = 0.225, F (5,124) = 83.94, p < 0.05. Overally, majority of special needs students in current study have very poor IQ score. Further explanation are discussed on the paper.
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A eficácia do desempenho sexual, de um modo geral, depende de uma seleção rigorosa de parceiros feita pelos membros de cada espécie. Entre os humanos, o critério financeiro é um dos aspectos que caracterizam a diferença sexual na seleção de parceiros. Contudo, o comportamento sexual não pode ser definido apenas pelos aspectos característicos de pessoas heterossexuais, pois também existem relacionamentos homossexuais. A partir desta perspectiva, investigou-se, através de um website, as preferências de homossexuais e heterossexuais por renda mensal e desejo de ter filhos no parceiro. Constatou-se que os heterossexuais desejam mais ter filhos do que os homossexuais. Além disso, para ambas as orientações, a "renda mensal" não demonstrou ser um critério seletivo na hora de escolher um parceiro
The effectiveness of sexual performance generally depends on a selection made by rigorous partners members of each species. Among humans, the financial test is one of the aspects that characterize the sexual difference in the selection of partners. However, sexual behavior cannot be defined only by the characteristic aspects of heterosexual people, because there are also homosexual relationships. From this perspective, it was investigated, through a website, the preferences of homosexual and heterosexual by monthly income and partner's desire to have children. It was found that heterosexual's desire to have children is bigger than homosexuals. In addition, for both orientations, the "monthly income" not proved to be a selective criterion when choosing a partner
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Family Characteristics , IncomeABSTRACT
Objective To understand the influence of personal feature on nurses' professional identity.Methods Nurses of 6 military hospitals were assessed and analyzed by general data questionnaire,Nursing Professional Identity Scale.Results Nurses' professional identity in military hospital was on the moderate level.Nursing age,department,monthly income,position,gender entered into the regression equation of nurses' occupation,which affected positively nursing professional identity.Conclusions The military nursing managers should raise the income of nurses appropriately,especially pay attention to training of professional identity of seniority nurses and local recruitment nurses,and enhance master concept in order to increase their understanding and recognition of their occupation.