Fallo multiórganos por endocarditis infecciosa fulminante durante hemodiálisis / Multi-organs failure for infectious fulminating endocarditis during hemodialysis

Introducción: Al colocar el catéter venoso central en enfermos de insuficiencia renal crónica durante la hemodiálisis, la prevención es imprescindible para evitar la endocarditis infecciosa. El estafilococo dorado es un germen agresivo, que en enfermos inmunodeprimidos con fenómenos cardioembólicos pulmonares y sistémicos, ocasiona daños a funciones de órganos y sistemas. El fenómeno de fallo multiórganos es una complicación temida. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de endocarditis infecciosa agresiva, en un paciente en hemodiálisis. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina, de 31 años de edad, con diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa, con tratamiento oportuno, adecuado y multidisciplinario. Después de una mejoría, pasó a un deterioro marcado, falleció por fallo multiórganos, debido a septicemia y cardioembolismos múltiples. Comentarios: La resistencia de los gérmenes agresivos, se hace más frecuente. La vida de la enferma, inmunodeprimida y manipulada, se sitúa en riesgo significativo con fallo multiórganos(AU)

Introduction: When placing the central venous catheter in patients with chronic renal failure during hemodialysis, prevention is essential to avoid infective endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus is an aggressive germ, which in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary and systemic cardioembolic phenomena, causes damage to functions of organs and systems. The phenomenon of multi-organ failure is a feared complication. Objective: To present a case of aggressive infective endocarditis in a hemodialysis patient. Clinical case: Female patient, 31 years old, with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis, with timely, adequate and multidisciplinary treatment. After an improvement, he went on to a marked deterioration, died due to multi-organ failure, due to septicemia and multiple cardioembolisms. Comment: The resistance of aggressive germs becomes more frequent. The life of the patient, immunocompromised and manipulated, is at significant risk with multi-organ failure (AU)

Choque séptico con disfunción multiorgánica en paciente con pericarditis supurada y bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino sensible. Reporte de caso / Septic shock with multi-organ dysfunction in a patient with suppurative pericarditis and bacteraemia due to sensitive methicillin staphylococcus. Case report

RESUMEN Choque séptico con disfunción multiorgánica tiene una tasa de mortalidad mayor de 50%. Se presenta el caso de un varón que cursó con choque séptico con disfunción multiorgánica, secundario a bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino sensible, con foco de partida dérmico - partes blandas, quien presentó lesiones alveolo nodulares, pericarditis supurativa, lesiones embolicas a nivel dérmico, ocular y renal; recibió soporte en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, tratamiento antibiótico con oxacilina más vancomicina, pericardiectomia subtotal y drenaje pleural. Salió de alta estable para continuar tratamiento. Presentamos este caso para destacar la gravedad de la bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino sensible, con compromiso multiorgánico y así poder tomar medidas terapéuticas agresivas para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad por el mismo.

SUMMARY Septic Septic shock with multi organ dysfunction is associated with a mortality above 50%. We present here the case of a young male patient who presented with septic shock and multi organ dysfunctions secondary to methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus from a skin and soft tissue infection presenting with alveolar-nodular pulmonary lesions, purulent pericarditis and septic embolic lesions on the skin, eyes and kidneys. The patient was admitted to the ICU receiving antibiotic coverage with oxacillin and vancomycin, subtotal pericardiectomy and pleural drainage, and was discharged clinically stable. We present this case to draw attention to the severity of S. aureus bacteremia to initiate prompt aggressive therapeutic measures to ameliorate associated morbidity and mortality.

Factores relacionados con la falla multiorgánica en pacientes con peritonitis / Factors related to multi-organ failure in patients with peritonitis

RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación del pronóstico del paciente con peritonitis difusa secundaria es un reto para cirujanos e intensivistas. Objetivo: Identificar los factores relacionados con el riesgo de falla multiorgánica en pacientes con peritonitis difusa secundaria ingresados en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos (pacientes con peritonitis y falla multiorgánica n = 68) y controles (pacientes con peritonitis sin falla multiorgánica n = 47), en el periodo de 2017-2018. Se analizaron 64 variables que caracterizaron al paciente o a la peritonitis, y se calculó su asociación con el riesgo del paciente para presentar falla multiorgánica. Resultados: Las variables más asociadas a este riesgo fueron: riesgo anestésico 3 o más según la clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesia (odds ratio = 47,7), desequilibrio ácido-básico/ electrolítico (odds ratio = 22,6), hiperglucemia de 10 mmol/l o más en no diabéticos (odds ratio = 15,5), íleo paralítico reflejo persistente (odds ratio = 13,6), distrés respiratorio (odds ratio = 11,8), uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (odds ratio = 11,8), Sequential [Sepsis-Related] Organ Failure Assessment 4 puntos o más (odds ratio = 10,2), tratamiento con abdomen abierto (odds ratio =9,0), escala Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II 15 puntos o más (odds ratio = 8,9), shock séptico (odds ratio = 8,6). Conclusiones: Se identificaron los factores asociados a la presentación de falla multiorgánica, lo que hizo posible el diseño de una escala predictiva de esta falla en el paciente con peritonitis difusa secundaria(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Determining the prognosis of the patient with secondary diffuse peritonitis is a challenge for surgeons and intensivists. Objective: To identify the factors related to the risk of multiple organ failure in patients with secondary diffuse peritonitis admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto". Methods: A case study (patients with peritonitis and multi-organ failure n = 68) and controls (patients with peritonitis without multi-organ failure n = 47), in the period 2017-2018, was performed. 64 variables that characterized the patient or peritonitis were analyzed, and their association with the risk of the patient to present multiple organ failure was calculated. Results: The variables most associated with this risk were: anesthetic risk 3 or more according to the American Society of Anesthesia classification (odds ratio = 47.7), acid-basic / electrolyte imbalance (odds ratio = 22.6), hyperglycemia 10 mmol / l or more in non-diabetics (odds ratio = 15.5), persistent reflex paralytic ileus (odds ratio = 13.6), respiratory distress (odds ratio = 11.8), use of invasive mechanical ventilation (odds ratio = 11.8), Sequential [Sepsis-Related] Organ Failure Assessment 4 points or more (odds ratio = 10.2), treatment with open abdomen (odds ratio = 9.0), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scale 15 15 points or more (odds ratio = 8.9), septic shock (odds ratio = 8.6). Conclusions: The factors associated with the presentation of multi-organ failure were identified, which made possible the design of a predictive scale of this failure in the patient with secondary diffuse peritonitis(AU)

Analytical study of mortality in Intensive Care Unit

Background: Intensive care Unit is the one place where we come across various medical critical cases and high number of deaths is also recorded here. In spite of so many deaths occurring at this unit, cause of death is poorly reported. We studied the different causes for deaths in ICU which includes single and multiple factors for cause of death.Methods: A retrospective study performed between January 2017 to January 2018 at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical sciences, Kadapa, Ongole, A.P. This study includes 260 deaths among patients admitted in ICU of our institute during this duration. We gathered data at various levels like clinical evaluation and investigations.Results: A total of 260 deaths were recorded during this study. Among these 215 (82.69%) are female and 45 (17.30%) are male. At the time of death 174 (66.92%) patients has single systemic cause 86 (33.06%) had more than one systemic cause. Cardiovascular death 50 (19.23%) is the most common cause of death among all in which CAD 28 (10.76%) are major portion and congestive cardiac failure 20 (7.6%) are the remaining portion of the cardiac deaths. Chronic kidney disease 37 (14.2%) is the next highest deaths recorded and cerebro vascular 35 (13.46%) deaths follows the next in line.Conclusions: Majority of ICU patients were present with at least one organ failure at the time of death. What we have concluded in this study is that there are more number of deaths with single systemic cause than multiple systemic causes

A comparative study between APACHE II and Ranson scoring systems in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis

Background: Acute pancreatitis is a common disease with wide clinical variation and its incidence is increasing. Acute pancreatitis may vary in severity, from mild self-limiting pancreatic inflammation to pancreatic necrosis with life-threatening sequelae. The severity of acute pancreatitis is linked to the presence of systemic organ dysfunctions and/or necrotizing pancreatitis. Aim of the study: To compare the efficacy of Ranson scoring with APACHE II scoring system in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. Materials and methods: The present study was a prospective study of 33 cases of Acute pancreatitis admitted in Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, during the study period of July 2014 to September 2014. 33 cases for the purpose of the study were selected on the basis of the nonprobability (purposive) sampling method. multiple clinical and laboratory variables of both Ranson and APACHE II scoring system and the final score of the patient from both the scoring systems are assessed to know their efficacy in predicting the severity of the disease (higher the score more severe the disease). Results: Overall, 8(24.2%) patients suffered from severe pancreatitis and 25(75.7%) had mild acute pancreatitis of which all 8 had severe attack as per APACHE II score (>8) and only 3 of these were considered severe by Ranson score (>3). The systemic complications were a multiorgan failure in 2(6.06%), respiratory 1(3.03%) and renal 1(3.03%) all seen in patients with the severe score as per APACHE II. Umarani Subramaniam, Ahila Muthuselvi, Kesavan. A comparative study between APACHE II and Ranson scoring systems in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. IAIM, 2019; 6(4): 55-59. Page 56 Conclusion: The early diagnosis and precise scoring of disease severity are important goals in the initial evaluation and management of pancreatitis. Pancreatitis not only must be differentiated from a myriad of other potential diagnoses, but patients must also be stratified to identify those with severe disease and to guide appropriate therapy.

Actualización en sepsis y choque séptico en adultos / Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adults / Atualização sobre sepse e choque séptico em adultos

Introducción. La sepsis se define como una disfunción multiorgánica secundaria a un proceso infeccioso que puede progresar a choque séptico con aumento en el riesgo de mortalidad. Recientes actualizaciones de Sepsis nos permiten realizar un diagnóstico precoz y abordaje terapéutico oportuno con disminución de la morbimortalidad a corto y mediano plazo. División de los temas tratados. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática en bases de datos y bibliotecas electrónicas (PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs) que incluyó artículos en inglés y español desde 2005 hasta 2018 que contuvieran los tópicos de interés. Se realizó una descripción detallada de la definición de sepsis y choque séptico, clasificación, fisiopatología, diagnóstico, monitorización hemodinámica y tratamiento. Conclusiones. La sepsis es una urgencia médica con una alta tasa de mortalidad que requiere de un diagnóstico oportuno, el cual se puede realizar por medio del puntaje del SOFA (Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment), y el inicio rápido de tratamiento antibiótico empírico y reanimación guiada por metas, ya que son medidas que han demostrado disminuir los desenlaces fatales. Cómo citar. Laguado-Nieto MA, Amaris-Vergara AA, Vargas-Ordóñez JE, Rangel-Vera JA, García-León SJ, Centeno-Hurtado KT. Actualización en sepsis y choque séptico en adultos. MedUNAB. 2019;20(2):213-227. doi:10.29375/01237047.3345

Introduction. Sepsis is defined as a multiple organ dysfunction secondary to an infectious process that can progress to septic shock, increasing the risk of mortality. Recent findings pertaining to Sepsis allow us to perform early diagnoses and timely therapeutic treatments with short and medium-term reductions in mortality. Division of Covered Topics. Non-systematic literary research was conducted in databases and digital libraries (PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs), including articles in English and Spanish from 2005 to 2018 that included the topics of interest. A detailed description was made of the definition of sepsis and septic shock, their classification, physiopathology, diagnosis, hemodynamic monitoring and treatment. Conclusions. Sepsis is a medical emergency with a high mortality rate that requires a timely diagnosis. The diagnosis can be performed with the Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and quickly beginning empirical antibiotic treatment and reanimation guided by goals, as these measures have shown a reduction in fatal outcomes. Cómo citar. Laguado-Nieto MA, Amaris-Vergara AA, Vargas-Ordóñez JE, Rangel-Vera JA, García-León SJ, Centeno-Hurtado KT. Actualización en sepsis y choque séptico en adultos. MedUNAB. 2019;20(2):213-227. doi:10.29375/01237047.3345

Introdução. A sepse é definida como uma disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, secundária a um processo infeccioso que pode evoluir para choque séptico com risco aumentado de mortalidade. Atualizações recentes da sepse nos permitem fazer um diagnóstico precoce e uma abordagem terapêutica oportuna, com diminuição da morbidade e mortalidade a curto e médio prazo. Divisão dos temas abordados. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica não sistemática em bases de dados e bibliotecas eletrônicas (PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs) incluindo artigos em inglês e espanhol de 2005 a 2018, que continham os tópicos de interesse. Foi realizada uma descrição detalhada da definição da sepse e choque séptico, classificação, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico, monitorização hemodinâmica e tratamento. Conclusões. A sepse é uma emergência médica com uma alta taxa de mortalidade que requer um diagnóstico oportuno, que pode ser feito através do escore SOFA (Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment); o início rápido do tratamento antibiótico empírico e a ressuscitação guiada por metas, já que são medidas que demonstraram reduzir os resultados fatais. Cómo citar. Laguado-Nieto MA, Amaris-Vergara AA, Vargas-Ordóñez JE, Rangel-Vera JA, García-León SJ, Centeno-Hurtado KT. Actualización en sepsis y choque séptico en adultos. MedUNAB. 2019;20(2):213-227. doi:10.29375/01237047.3345

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Immune Cell Metabolism in Sepsis

Sepsis is a life threatening condition mediated by systemic infection, but also triggered by hemorrhage and trauma. These are significant causes of organ injury implicated in morbidity and mortality, as well as post-sepsis complications associated with dysfunction of innate and adaptive immunity. The role of cellular bioenergetics and loss of metabolic plasticity of immune cells is increasingly emerging in the pathogenesis of sepsis. This review describes mitochondrial biology and metabolic alterations of immune cells due to sepsis, as well as indicates plausible therapeutic opportunities.

Progress of diagnosis and treatment of tsutsugamushi disease / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Tsutsugamushi disease is an acute infectious disease caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.The clinical symptoms of tsutsugamushi disease are varied and non-specific,such as sudden onset fever with chills,rash,skin eschar of ulcer,lymphadenectasis,et al.Patients could combine with multi-organ dysfunction,include respiratory failure,heart failure,mild renal or hepatic dysfunction,circulatory shock or hematological abnormalities.Since the symptoms and signs are non-specific and resemble other tropical infections like malaria,enteric fever,dengue or leptospirosis,appropriate laboratory tests are necessary to confirm diagnosis,and reduce misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis rate.The mainstay of treatment is the tetracycline,chloramphenicol,macrolide and quinolone group of antibiotics.In mild cases,recovery is complete.In severe cases with multi-organ failure,mortality may be as high as 24％.Improve the early diagnosis and timely treatment of the disease,for improving the prognosis of patients,reduce the disease burden is of great significance.

Intoxicación por Paraquat / Paraquat's poisoning

Se reporta dos pacientes que ingirieron dosis superiores de 30 mL de 1,1 -dimetil-4,4 bipirdilo dicloruro (Paraquat). Esta dosis es habitualmente letal, con rápida aparición de complicaciones y de falla multiorgánica: renal, hepática y, en especial, pulmonar. Esta última fue la condicionante de las dos muertes, a pesar de las medidas terapéuticas.

It is reported two patients who ingested a dose greater than 30 mL, which are typically lethal, with the rapid emergence of complications and multiple organ failure: kidney, liver, and especially lung, which was the condition of death, despite the therapeutic measures.

Atypical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) from non-endemic area.

Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem in various part of world; it has also emerged in new geographic areas and host populations. Visceral infection can remain subclinical or become symptomatic, with an acute, subacute or chronic course. Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis (VL), presents as fever, pancytopenia and hypergammaglobulinaemia. The presence of splenomegaly is characteristic of VL. It may be absent in immunocompromised patients, who may present atypically. Absence of splenomegaly is rare in immunocompetent patients, though it may occur in the early stages. Atypical presentations can be challenging to the clinician. This paper presents an atypical presentation of kala-azar, with multiorgan failure in the absence of splenomegaly or fever.

Translocation of gut flora and its role in sepsis.

Bacterial translocation is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa to normally sterile tissues and the internal organs. Sometimes instead of bacteria, infl ammatory compounds are responsible for clinical symptoms as in systemic infl ammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The difference between sepsis and SIRS is that pathogenic bacteria are isolated from patients with sepsis but not with those of SIRS. Bacterial translocation occurs more frequently in patients with intestinal obstruction and in immunocompromised patients and is the cause of subsequent sepsis. Factors that can trigger bacterial translocation from the gut are host immune defi ciencies and immunosuppression, disturbances in normal ecological balance of gut, mucosal barrier permeability, obstructive jaundice, stress, etc. Bacterial translocation occurs through the transcellular and the paracellular pathways and can be measured both directly by culture of mesenteric lymph nodes and indirectly by using labeled bacteria, peripheral blood culture, detection of microbial DNA or endotoxin and urinary excretion of non-metabolisable sugars. Bacterial translocation may be a normal phenomenon occurring on frequent basis in healthy individuals without any deleterious consequences. But when the immune system is challenged extensively, it breaks down and results in septic complications at different sites away from the main focus. The factors released from the gut and carried in the mesenteric lymphatics but not in the portal blood are enough to cause multi-organ failure. Thus, bacterial translocation may be a promoter of sepsis but not the initiator. This paper reviews literature on the translocation of gut fl ora and its role in causing sepsis.

The Clinical Manifestations of Patients with Severe Alcoholic Ketoacidosis Treated at a Medical Intensive Care Unit / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Alcoholic ketoacidosis(AKA) is a metabolic disturbance that is caused by prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption. Though the prognosis is reportedly good, its outcome is unclear in some cases that are combined with multi-organ failure. There are few reports of an analysis of cases admitted to an intensive care unit(ICU) METHOD: Cases of AKA admitted to the ICU over the last 5 years were retrospectively analyzed. Severe AKA was characterized by multi-organ failure that required treatment in an ICU RESULTS: All patients were males with a history of excessive alcohol consumption. Five of them (50%) mainly complained of gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), showing metabolic acidosis with an increased asmolar and anion gap. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure was the most common combined organ failure. Mechanical ventilation was performed in 80%. Six patients died and 4 patients survived. In the surviving patients, the arterial blood gas analysis(ABGA) was normalized within 12 hours after admission. CONCLUSION: In severe AKA patients, rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure was the most common complication. The mortality rate was high and death from shock occurred within 3 days.

A Case of Fatal Plasmodium Vivax Malaria with Multi-organ Failure

Vivax malaria is a re-emerging infectious disease in Korea with cumulating 19,416 cases as of December 2003 since 1993. Vivax malaria is generally a benign disease with few severe complications. Even in the worldwide literature, there are only small number of case reports on severe complications. We experienced a fatal vivax malaria in a previously healthy young adult with severe multi-organ failure and fatal massive pulmonary hemorrhage. The patient presented with abdominal pain and shock. There were splenic hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, oliguric acute renal failure requiring dialysis, and pulmonary hemorrhage leading the patient finally to death. The initial parasitemia was 2,046/?L. Thin smear and PCR revealed only Plasmodium Vivax. There was no explainable cause of death except for the only serological suggestion of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection without correlating clinical evidence. This is a first case of fatal vivax malaria in Korea since its re-emergence in 1993. Further case monitoring is needed to define whether this is a index case or an isolated one.

A Case of Fatal Plasmodium Vivax Malaria with Multi-organ Failure

Vivax malaria is a re-emerging infectious disease in Korea with cumulating 19,416 cases as of December 2003 since 1993. Vivax malaria is generally a benign disease with few severe complications. Even in the worldwide literature, there are only small number of case reports on severe complications. We experienced a fatal vivax malaria in a previously healthy young adult with severe multi-organ failure and fatal massive pulmonary hemorrhage. The patient presented with abdominal pain and shock. There were splenic hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, oliguric acute renal failure requiring dialysis, and pulmonary hemorrhage leading the patient finally to death. The initial parasitemia was 2,046/?L. Thin smear and PCR revealed only Plasmodium Vivax. There was no explainable cause of death except for the only serological suggestion of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection without correlating clinical evidence. This is a first case of fatal vivax malaria in Korea since its re-emergence in 1993. Further case monitoring is needed to define whether this is a index case or an isolated one.

Relationship between Change of RBC Shape and Multi-organ Failure in Sepsis / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Microcirculatory derangement in sepsis plays a crucial role in the impairment of tissue oxygenation that can lead to multi-organ failure and death. The change of RBC rheology in sepsis has been known to be important factors in microcirculatory derangement. Several studies have demonstrated that RBCs have decreased deformability in sepsis. We investigated the relationship between multi-organ failure and spherical index of RBC estimated by flow cytometer in critically ill patients with or without sepsis compared with the relationship in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Fourteen non-septic critically ill patients, 18 septic patients and 10 healthy volunteers were evaluated. We obtained peripheral venous blood from each patient and analyzed the change of RBC shape using flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur) within 90 minute. The change of RBC shape was accessed with spherical index (M2/M1). A decrease in M2/M1 was correlated with the sphericity of the RBC and considered to have a lower capacity to alter their shape when placed in microcirculation. Multi-organ failure was accessed with sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. RESULTS: The M2/M1 ratio of healthy volunteers, non-septic patients and septic patients were 2.25+/-0.08, 2.16+/-0.39 and 2.05+/-0.53, respectively. But, there was no significant difference between each group (p>0.05). And, there was no significant correlation between M2/M1 ratio of septic and non- septic patients and SOFA score (p>0.05, r2= -0.13). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the spherical index of RBC was not associated with multi-organ failure in sepsis. But, further studies may be needed to evaluate the role of RBC rheology in sepsis.

Two Cases of Falciparum Malaria with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome / 결핵

Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. Plasmodium falciparum accounting for nearly all malaria mortality, kills an estimated 1 to 2 million persons yearly and has several features thai make it deadlist of malarias. While cerebral malaria is the most common presentation of severe disease, acute lung injury associated with malaria is uncommon but serious and fatal complication. We report two cases of severe malaria with ARDS and multi-organ failure. All two patients traveled to foreign countries, Kenya, Papua New Guinea where choroquine-resistant malaria is distributed. The first case, which developed cerebral malaria hypoglycemia, multi-organ failure, and ARDS, treated with quinine and mechanical ventilator, but expired due to oxygenation failure. Autopsy showed acute necrotizing infiltration, diffuse eosinophilic fibrinoid deposits along the alveolar space, and alveolar macrophage with malaria pigment The second case also developed multi-organ failure, followed by ARDS, and was treated with quinine, exchange transfusion, plasmapheresis, and mechanical ventilator. He recovered with residual restrictive lung change after treatment.