A Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Patient Manifesting Severe Musculoskeletal Complications

Patients with diabetes have many different kinds of complications involving multiple organs, but those involving the musculoskeletal system are relatively uncommon. Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare, painful, and potentially serious condition in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. A 35-year-old man diagnosed with type 2 diabetes eight years ago, visited with severe muscle pain in the right anteromedial thigh without any event of trauma. He had been treated with metformin, but his glycemic control was very poor with a glycated hemoglobin of 14.5%. Evaluation of his painful thigh lesion did not reveal any evidence of infection or vasculitis, but the magnetic resonance imaging and bone scan showed findings of DMI at vastus medialis muscle and an insufficiency fracture at the right medial tibial condyle. He was diagnosed with retinopathy, neuropathy and microalbuminuria but not macrovascular complications. We also diagnosed his diabetes as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) based on his low C-peptide level, positive anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody and early onset diabetes. Instead of antibiotics, bed rest, analgesics and strict blood glucose control with multiple daily insulin injections led to symptom improvement. This is an unusual case of a young man with LADA experiencing severe musculoskeletal complication of DMI and insufficiency fracture. If a poorly controlled diabetic patient appears to have unaccounted soft tissue pain, musculoskeletal complications such as DMI associated with hyperglycemia should be considered.

Case of Recurrent Diabetic Muscle Infarction Related to Strict Blood Glucose Control / 대한내과학회지

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is an uncommon complication in patients with diabetes and it tends to be underdiagnosed, or misdiagnosed, clinically. Recently, we experienced a case of recurrent diabetic muscle infarction that was unusual in that the patient was younger than other patients. The patient was a 21-year-old woman with a 9-year history of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) who was referred to our department complaining of pain and edema in her right thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an increased T2-weighted signal and edema in the affected muscle. The final diagnosis was DMI. However, when the patient had partially recovered and was receiving supportive care, she had a second attack on the other side of the same leg during her hospitalization, in spite of her blood glucose level being strictly controlled. We report the clinical characteristics and imaging findings of this patient with recurrent DMI.

Infarto muscular diabético: relato de caso / Diabetic muscle infarction: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma das doenças mais prevalentes e o conhecimento das suas complicações vasculares garante melhor tratamento aos pacientes.O infarto muscular diabético (IMD) é uma situação pouco reconhecida, que deve entrar no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões tumefactas, dolorosas, restritas a um grupamento muscular.A presença de outras lesões de órgãos-alvo indica maior risco de desenvolver o IMD. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar um caso incomum e, deste modo, contribuir para o maior reconhecimento e diagnóstico dessa doença. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 24 anos, apresentando dor e aumento do volume da coxa e joelho esquerdos, iniciados há 15 dias, com piora gradual no período. Os exames de sangue evidenciaram aumento da creatinoquinase para níveis de 601U/L (valor de referência: 26 - 174 U/L) e velocidade de hemossedimentação igual a 126 mm/1ª hora. A ultrassonografia e a ressonância magnética foram sugestivas de um processo inflamatório muscular localizado. A biópsia confirmou o IMD.Tratada com repouso e analgésicos, com melhora completa. Duas recidivas subsequentes apontaram para possível efeito prejudicial do anticoncepcional oral. Feita a sua substituição, bem como otimização das medidas reológicas, sem mais recidivas. CONCLUSÃO: O caso relatado representa o típico IMD, com lesão localizada, autolimitada, conforme previamente publicado.Uma possível associação do IMD com o uso de contraceptivo oral,bem como o beneficio do uso de dois fármacos antiplaquetários,em associação, foram observados no presente caso. O IMD deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões musculares dolorosas, em pacientes diabéticos. O efeito dos contraceptivos orais no surgimento dessas complicações, bem como o benefício dos agentes antiplaquetários merece investigação adicional.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent diseases and the awareness of its vascular complications promises a better treatment to the patients.Muscle diabetic infarction (MDI) is one of such situations, usually not recognized, which must be considered on differential diagnosis of edematous, painful lesions, restricted to muscle group.The presence of other target-organ lesions points toward a higher risk of developing MDI. The aims of the present study included the description of an unusual medical condition, thereby contributing to its recognition and diagnosis. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 24 years-old, presenting with pain and edema in the left thigh and knee, started 15 days ago,with progressive worsening. Blood sample examination has shown increased creatinokinase levels of 601U/L (reference range: 26 - 174 U/L) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 126 mm/h.Ultrasound and magnetic resonance suggested a localized inflammatory muscle process with areas of necrosis. Muscle biopsy has confirmed MDI. Management was based on bed resting and analgesia,with consequent improvement. Two recurrences in the sequence were possibly associated with oral contraceptive intake.No recurrence has been observed after the contraceptive withdrawal and association of antiplatelets agents. CONCLUSION: The present case is typical once the lesion was restricted to the thighs, recurrent, self-limited, in accordance with data reported elsewhere. The possible association observed between MDI and contraceptive intake as well as the benefit of antiplatelets cannot be confirmed to date, but highlights the need of further observations. MDI should be considered on differential diagnosis of painful and swelling lesions in diabetic patients.The harm of oral contraceptives and the benefit of antiplatelets agents deserve future studies.

Muscle Infarction and Calcification of the Semitendinosus Tendon: A Case Report / 대한골관절종양학회지

The most common anatomic location of calcific tendinitis is the suprasupinatus muscle of the shoulder joint. However, it is known to develop in any joint including the hip, knee. Infarction of skeletal muscle in the distal areas of the limbs due to vascular occlusion is a well recognized systemic condition in patients who have diabetes. The author experienced mass-like lesion combined muscle infarction and calcification within pure semitendinosus tendon without diabetes in posterosuperior area of distal thigh in old age.

Diabetic Muscle Infarction in Thigh / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Although ischemia in the distal areas of the limbs due to vascular occlusion is a well recognized systemic condition in patients who have diabetes, infarction of skeletal muscle, not associated with gangrene, is exceedingly rare and the paucity of published cases focused on this condition makes it difficult to determine the most appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment. The authors encountered a case of diabetic muscle infarction with exquisitely tender swelling on the anteromedial aspect of thigh and herein report the diagnostic work-up and treatment performed on the patient.

Recurrent diabetic myonecrosis: A rare complication of a common disease.

Spontaneous aseptic diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is one of the rare complications of diabetes. We report a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with advanced microvascular complications presenting with severe muscular pain. She was diagnosed as DMI on the basis of clinical presentation, radiological and histopathological investigations. She was managed conservatively. During 18 months of follow up, she had good improvement but subsequently other muscle groups were involved suggesting recurrent DMI.

Diabetic Muscle Infarction in a Chronic Stroke Patient: A Case Report

Diabetic muscle infarction is a rare complication of diabetes and is characterized by acute or subacute onset of painful and non-pitting swelling of the thigh or the calf, and rarely in the upper limbs. Diabetic muscle infarction and cerebral vascular accidents ocurr in patients with advanced diabetic complications. Painful swelling of the extremities is very common manifestation in patients with hemiplegia. Thus, early correct diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the underlying causes of painful swelling of the extremities are very important in these patients. We report a case of diabetic muscle infarction in a patient with hemiplegia, and suggest that diabetic muscle infarction should be considered as a disease of differential diagnosis for acute pain and swelling on the extremity.

Síndromes dolorosas em diabéticos por comprometimento de musculatura esquelética / Painful syndromes in diabetic patients due to skeletal muscle injuries / Painful syndromes in diabetic patients due to skeletal muscle injuries

Em diabéticos, síndromes dolorosas devidas o comprometimento do músculo esquelético sem neuropatia são complicações raras. Neste relato são apresentados dois casos: Caso 1 (piomiosite em panturrilhas) e Caso 2 (infarto muscular em coxa), sendo comentadas as características clínicas e os procedimentos diagnósticos. É necessário um alto índice de suspeita, uma vez que o tratamento de ambas difere significativamente. Além disso, o diagnóstico pode ser inicialmente confundido com tromboflebite, rabdomiólise ou neoplasia, retardando o tratamento correto. O atraso no tratamento da piomiosite com antibiótico e em alguns casos com cirurgia, pode evoluir para infecção sistêmica e até óbito, enquanto o infarto muscular requer apenas repouso e analgesia. Exames de imagem e de laboratório são úteis no diagnóstico diferencial, porém pode haver superposição dos achados. É enfatizada a importância de incluir estas doenças no diagnóstico diferencial de síndromes dolorosas do membro inferior em diabéticos.

Progressive painful syndromes due to skeletal muscle injuries rather than diabetic neuropathy are unusual complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Two clinical cases are presented: Case 1 (pyomyositis: leg location) and Case 2 (muscle infarction: thigh location). Discussion on how to proceed the diagnosis based on clinical features are included as it is critical for early and proper treatment since approaches highly differ in the two situations. These complications can mimic thrombophlebitis, rabdomyolises or a neoplasm, therefore the diagnosis of a diabetes-related disorder may be overlooked. If pyomyositis is not correctly treated with antibiotics and in some cases with surgery, systemic infection and even death may occur, whereas muscle infarction only requires rest and analgesia. Image and laboratorial investigations can be of help to differentiate these syndromes, although some findings can overlap. Thus, the present report emphasizes the importance to include these diseases when limb painful syndromes are to be investigated in a diabetic patient.

A Case of Diabetic Muscle Infarction in a Maintenance Hemodialysis Patient / 대한신장학회잡지

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare complication of diabetes. Its clinical features are similar with infectious diseases. We report DMI in a 44-yr-old woman with a 18 year history of type 2 diabetes and a 4 year history of end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. She was admitted for a 2 day history of severe pain and swelling in the right thigh. It developed spontaneously without trauma. Physical examination revealed tenderness on the right thigh and body temperature was normal. Peripheral pulses of right leg were good at the tibialis posterior and dorsalis pedis. There was no deep vein thrombosis in the lower limb on Doppler ultrasound. MRI showed a diffuse swelling and increased signal of quadriceps muscle group in T2 weighted images. She was diagnosed as having DMI and improved following conservative therapy. There was no recurrence during the follow up. DMI could be investigated by clinical findings and MRI imaging in diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Recurrent Muscle Infarction in a Diabetic Hemodialysis Patient / 대한신장학회잡지

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare complication of long-standing diabetes mellitus. The typical feature of DMI is abrupt onset of thigh pain, tenderness, and swelling and then spontaneous resolution over several months and frequent recurrence. Until 2004, a case of DMI has been reported among end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis in korea. Under-recognition or misdiagnosis (cellulitis, myositis, abscess, hemorrhage, and tumor) by physicians may contribute to the relative rarity of the diagnosis. We report a case of recurrent diabetic muscle infarction in a hemodialysis patient.

Evidenced-based diagnosis for diabetic muscle infarction / 中国实用内科杂志

Objective To obtain the most effective diagnosis method for diabetic muscle infarction by using the evidence based medicine.Methods In March 2006 we attempted to find the guideline,systematic review,random controlled trials,clinical controlled trials and case reports for the diagnosis of diabetic muscle infarction by searching Cochrane Library(Issue 4,2005),Embase(1974—2005),Medline(1966—2005)and CNKI database(1949—2005),then critically appraised the quality of available evidences.Results According to the present evidence,when the the patient was suspected to have diabetic muscle infarction,we should choose the sonography to exclude some common diseases at first;the CT examination of all the patients showed no obvious manifestations;the normal MRI examination of 67 patients showed obvious manifestations;the patients who did the muscle biopsy or needle biopsy did not develop any complications.Conclusion The diagnosis of diabetic muscle infarction should be based on the clinical presentations and MRI outcome,but when the diagnosis is uncertain,we should use the needle biopsy to confirm the diagnosis at an early time.

A Case of Diabetic Muscle Infarction Affecting Upper and Lower Limbs / 대한류마티스학회지

Spontaneous diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare condition that usually occurs in those with longstanding microvascular complications of diabetes. Typical presentation is abrupt onset of painful swelling in the lower limbs, uncommonly in the upper limbs. We report a 49 year-old woman with DMI affecting not only both thighs but also left arm. She had already advanced diabetic complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed findings of hyper-intense T2 weighted signals and rim enhancement after intravenously administered gadolinium at the sites of infarction. Excisional biopsy specimens of the thigh muscle contained aseptic necrotic muscle mixed with areas of muscle fiber atrophy and fibrosis. The diagnosis of DMI was considered most likely, and she was treated with muscle rest, analgesics, and physical therapy. The swelling and pain of the involved limbs improved gradually without complications. Since ten months after discharge, her symptoms resolved almost completely, and never relapsed. Hence, we report a rare case of DMI involving left arm and both thighs with review of literature.

Diabetic Muscle Infarction in Diabetes; Three cases report

Spontaneous muscle infarction in diabetic patients is a rare condition that usually occurs in those with advanced diabetic complications. Increased clinical awareness is important for early recognition, particularly in a diabetic patient presenting with a painful thigh or leg swelling. However, the disorder has received little attention in the rehabilitation medicine literature. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic choice of study, and in the appropriate clinical setting, may obviate the need for a muscle biopsy. We reported three patients with diabetic muscle infarction, review additional reported cases, and discussed the principles of diagnosis and management.

Diabetic Muscle Infarction in a Patient with Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis / 대한신장학회잡지

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare condition occurring in subjects with long-standing complicated diabetes mellitus. We report DMI in a 65-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with review of this condition in the literature. He had been suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus for 21 years. In 1997, he reached end-stage renal disease and had received on renal replacement therapy with CAPD since then. In June 2002, he presented with sudden and spontaneous onset of severe pain in the right thigh region. He was afebrile, and the right thigh was swollen and tender but not erythematous. Laboratory data on admission included white blood cell count of 15, 800/mm3, hemoglobin 9.0 g/dL, platelet count 264, 000/mm3, BUN 102.3 mg/dL, serum creatinine 9.9 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose 85 mg/dL, postprandial 2 hours blood glucose 162 mg/ dL, hemoglobin A1C 5.84%, ESR 125 mm/h (it was 52 mm/h one month earlier), CRP 18.9 mg/dL, and normal levels of creatinine kinase. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed asymmetry of the muscle in T1-weighted images and increased signal intensity involving the medial portion of right thigh (adductor longus, adductor magnus, vastus intermedius muscle, etc) in T2-weighted images with no contrast enhancement. Radioisotope venography of the ileo-femoral veins was normal, excluding deep venous thrombosis as a cause. The right thigh was explored surgically and a biopsy taken from the vastus intermedius muscle was consistent with chronically inflammed scar tissue with no evidence of malignancy. A biopsy taken from the vastus intermedius muscle showed hemorrhagic necrosis of skeletal muscle, with lymphcytic infiltration. Most of the blood vessels appeared normal. The swelling resolved spontaneously following a few weeks of bedrest and analgesia. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of DMI in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy in Korea.

Diabetic Muscle Infarction: A case report

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is an unusual neuromuscular complication of diabetes mellitus. It tends to occur in young, poorly controlled, insulin dependent diabetic patient with end-organ complication. We report a 24-year-old woman with diabetic muscle infarction in both lower extremities. DMI began with an abrupt onset of pain, tenderness, swelling and formation of a firm mass. MRI revealed an increase in the signal intensity on T2 weighted image and SPECT showed an increased uptake of Tc-99m-pyrophosphate (PYP) in affected muscles. We report this case with review of the literature.