ABSTRACT
Phenolic compounds are priority pollutants with high toxicity even at low concentrations. Ever-increasingburden of pollutants in major rivers and other water bodies along with stringent environmental legislationand focus on adaptation to eco-friendly treatment approaches have necessitated the need for the removal ofthese phenolics before being discharged to rivers and other freshwater bodies. Compared to physicochemicaltreatment, enzymatic treatment has proven to be the best way to treat various phenolic compounds undermild conditions with different enzymes such as peroxidases, laccases, and tyrosinases. In this study, we havedesigned a simple and efficient method for removal of phenols from effluent wastewater using an immobilizedpreparation of mushroom tyrosinase. The enzyme was isolated from Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom)and partially purified, and subsequently, various immobilization matrices were evaluated for their efficiencyof immobilization, reproducibility, rate of degradation of phenolics, stability, and reusability. Experimentsshowed that the in situ polymerization of acrylamide monomer along with the enzyme gave the most effectiveentrapment with high reproducibility among the tested methods. Immobilized tyrosinase was much more stablethan the free tyrosinase in storage and that the immobilized tyrosinase could even retain about most of itsoriginal activity after repeated use of 10 times in a batch system. This method could provide and an economicaland stabilized immobilized-enzyme method for the removal of phenol in wastewater.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Melanogenesis is a biological process which led to the synthesis of melanin pigment. Abnormal melanin production results in melasma, solar lentigo, post inflammatory melanoderma, etc. In this study, we examined the potential inhibitory effects of 17 brown macroalgae from Persian Gulf on melanogenesis. The effects of various concentrations (100, 250 and 500 µg/mL) of methanolic extracts of macroalgae belonging to four genera (including: Padina, Colpomonia, Cystoseira and Sargassum) were studied on oxidation of L-Dopa by mushroom tyrosinase. Subsequently, the activity of macroalgae with high inhibitory effect on monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase and zebrafish was investigated using L-tyrosine as a substrate. Anti-melanogenesis effects of algae extracts were studied on zebrafish as an alternative in vivo model. Kojic acid was used as a positive control. All the tested macroalgae showed inhibitory effect on activities of diphenolase and monophenolase (of mushroom tyrosinase). P. boergesinii exhibited the most in vivo anti-tyrosinase activity compared with other samples. P. boergesenii inhibited zebrafish tyrosinase more potent than kojic acid (83% vs 50% inhibition for kojic acid). Moreover, it reduced melanin synthesis in zebrafish 42% (kojic acid: 50%).
Subject(s)
Monophenol Monooxygenase/analysis , Microalgae/chemistry , Zebrafish , Indian OceanABSTRACT
Objective With the improvement of people's living standards, people's requests for beauty are increasing. Skin whitening and lightening have become the pursuit of many women, and whitening and removing freckles have become the focus of scientific research. At present, widely used whitening agents, such as kojic acid, vitamin C, and its derivatives, have shortcomings such as poor stability and retarded effect. Therefore, safer and more effective whitening products from herbs are urgently needed. To explore the possibility of triterpenes as whitening active substance, the effects of total triterpenes of Poria (TTP) and poricoic acid A (PAA) on mushroom tyrosinase activities and B16 cells were investigated, and their mechanisms on mushroom tyrosinase were also studied. Methods Using arbutin and nicotinamide as reference substances, we determinated the inhibitory effects of TTP and PAA on mushroom tyrosinase and tyrosinase in B16 cells and then studied the inhibitory mechanism on mushroom tyrosinase. Results TTP and PAA exhibited good inhibitory effects on the activities of monophenolase and diphenolase in mushroom tyrosinase, as well as a certain inhibitory effect on tyrosinase in B16 cells. Conclusion TTP and PAA are potential whitening active ingredients.