Associação de hábitos parafuncionais e DTM em pacientes classe II / Association of parafunctional habits and TMD class II patients

Introdução: A Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) é a dor orofacial crônica mais comum, encontrada por dentistas e outros profissionais de saúde. Sua etiologia tem caráter multifatorial, e pode envolver, desde fatores hereditários, hábitos parafuncionais, maloclusões, até ansiedade e estresse. Objetivo: Este estudo investigou a frequência da DTM e a sua relação entre hábitos parafuncionais em uma população de pacientes classe II esquelética. Método: Uma amostra composta por pacientes classe II esquelética foi selecionada de forma não probabilística. Setenta e três indivíduos concordaram em participar da pesquisa, se submetendo ao exame físico que consistia na aplicação do Eixo I do (RDC/TMD). Resultados: Quarenta e seis por cento dos pacientes examinados apresentaram diagnóstico positivo. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 27 anos+ 8,73 anos, 82% do gênero feminino e 80% brancos. Trinta e quatro pacientes referiram alguma atividade parafuncional. Desses a onicofagia representou o grupo com maior frequência, seguido pelo bruxismo, interposição de objetos entre os dentes e por último o apertamento. As variáveis não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significante com o desfecho primário estudado. Conclusão: Na amostra estudada não se observou associação entre a ocorrência de DTM e hábitos parafuncionais em pacientes classe II esquelética... (AU)

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is the most common chronic orofacial pain, found by dentists and other health professionals. Its etiology has a multifactorial character, and may involve, from hereditary factors, parafunctional habits, malocclusions, to anxiety and stress. Objective: This study investigated the TMD frequency and its relationship among parafunctional habits in a population of skeletal class II patients. Method: A sample composed by a class II patients was selected in a non probabilistic manner. Seventy-three members agreed to participate in the research, submitting themselves to a physical examination that consists in the application of Axis I (RDC/TMD). Results: Forty-six percent of patients diagnosed with a positive diagnosis. The average age of the patients was 27 years ± 8.73 years, 82% female and 80% white. Thirty-four patients reported some parafunctional activity. Of these, biting nail represented the group most frequently, followed by bruxism, interposition of objects between the teeth and lastly clenching. As variables did not present a statistically significant association with the primary outcome studied. Conclusion: In the sample studied, it is observed that there is no association between TMD occurrence and parafunctional habits in skeletal class II patients... (AU)

Relationship between Oral Parafunctions and Signs and Symptoms of Craniomandibular Dysfunction in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate / Relação Entre Parafunções Orais e Sinais e Sintomas de Disfunção Craniomandibular em Crianças com Fissura Labiopalatina

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of oral parafunctions with the presence of signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorder in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP). A cross-sectional study was performed in which one hundred and eighty-eight children with CLP and absence of associated syndromes or malformations were investigated. During clinical examination, the presence of wear facets and dental occlusion were observed and palpation was performed in the temporomandibular joint region (TMJ) and orofacial musculature . The children and their guardians were interviewed regarding the presence of oral parafunctional habits (bruxism, the act of biting the lips and/or cheeks, nail biting, sucking of fingers and pacifiers) and signs and symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction (headache, ear and/or neckache, tiredness or crack in the TMJ during mouth opening and chewing movements). The data were analyzed by means of absolute and relative frequency measurements, and bivariate analysis using Pearson's chi-square test and likelihood ratio test were performed, considering the significance level of 5%. A higher prevalence of cleft lip and palate type (76.0%) and the presence of malocclusion (61.7%) was observed, highlighting the anterior crossbite (58.7%) and midline deviation (48.9%). There was a higher occurrence of teeth grinding (40.4%), onychophagy (28.7%) and biting lips and/or cheeks (28.7%). Onychophagia was associated with headache (p <0.05) and with pain or cracking during mouth opening (p <0.05). It was concluded that parafunctional oral habits may be associated with signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorder in children with cleft lip and palate.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação de parafunções orais com sinais e sintomas da disfunção craniomandibular em crianças com fissuras labiopalatinas (FLP). Um estudo transversal foi realizado, no qual cento e oitenta e oito crianças com FLP e ausência de síndromes ou malformações associadas, foram investigadas. Durante exame clínico, a presença de facetas de desgaste e a oclusão dentária foram observadas e foi realizada a palpação na região da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e musculatura orofacial. As crianças e seus responsáveis foram entrevistados com relação à presença de hábitos orais parafuncionais (bruxismo, ato de morder os lábios e/ou bochechas, onicofagia, sucção de dedos e de chupeta) e sinais e sintomas de disfunção craniomandibular (cefaléia, ouvido, dor, cansaço ou estalo na ATM durante movimentos de abertura bucal e de mastigação). Os dados foram analisados por meio de medidas de frequência absoluta e relativa e a análise bivariada foi realizada por meio dos testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson (χ2) e a Razão de verossimilhança, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Uma maior prevalência das fissuras envolvendo lábio e palato (76,0%) e presença de maloclusão (61,7%) foi observada, com destaque para mordida cruzada anterior (58,7%) e desvio de linha média (48,9%). Houve uma maior ocorrência do ato de ranger os dentes (40,4%), da onicofagia (28,7%) e do hábito de morder lábios e/ou bochechas (28,7%). A onicofagia foi associada à cefaléia (p<0,05) e à dor ou estalo durante abertura bucal (p<0,05). Conclui-se que hábitos orais parafuncionais podem estar associados a presença de sinais e sintomas da disfunção craniomandibular em crianças com FLP.

A prevalência de hábitos orais em pré-escolares / The prevalence of oral habits in preschoolers / La prevalencia de hábitos orales en preescolares

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de hábitos orais em crianças frequentadoras de pré-escolas do centro sul de Sergipe. Método: a amostra foi determinada após análise de cálculo amostral e constituída por 208 pré-escolares (104 do sexo feminino e 104 do masculino) frequentadores de duas pré-escolas do centro sul de Sergipe (uma pública e outra privada), com idades entre dois e cinco anos. Por meio de formulário próprio entregue aos familiares, foi verificada a quantidade de pré-escolares que apresentam hábitos orais (chupeta, mamadeira, dedo, apertamento dentário, sucção de língua, bruxismo, umidificar lábios, onicofagia, morder mucosa oral e objetos), para posterior estimativa da prevalência desses hábitos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos aos Testes de Igualdade de Proporções e Qui-quadrado, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: houve alta prevalência de hábitos orais (87,02%), sendo o uso da mamadeira o de maior ocorrência. O hábito de morder objetos foi mais comum no sexo feminino em pré-escolares do ensino público, não sendo reveladas diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação aos demais hábitos com o sexo. A sucção digital esteve associada a faixas etárias menores (dois e três anos) e o bruxismo, às maiores (quatro e cinco anos). Conclusão: a alta prevalência de hábitos orais deletérios em pré-escolares justifica a ação interdisciplinar o mais precoce possível, a fim de que não haja impacto negativo no desenvolvimento do complexo crânio-oro-cervical e, consequentemente, nas funções orais.

Purpose: to estimate the prevalence of oral habits of children attending pre-schools in the mid-south region of Sergipe. Method: the sample was consisted after a calculation analysis of 208 preschool children (104 females and 104 males) frequenting two pre-schools in the mid-south region of Sergipe (one public and one private), with ages from two to five years, of both genders. Through an individual form given to their families (part of the clinical history of MBGR Protocol in GENARO et al., 2009), the amount of pre-school children who have oral habits was verified (pacifier, bottle, finger, teeth clenching, tonguesuction, bruxism, moistening of lips, nail biting, biting oral mucosa and objects) for further estimate of the prevalence of these habits. The guardians of the participants signed a consent form. The data were submitted to the Equal Proportions and Chi-square tests, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: there was a high prevalence of oral habits (87.02%), and the bottle-feeding the habit with the highest incidence in the study group. The habit of biting objects was more common in females in public pre-school education, statistically significant differences were not revealed in the relation between the other habits and gender. Digital sucking was associated with younger age groups (2 and 3 years), and bruxism with the higher (4 and 5 years). Conclusion: the high prevalence of harmful oral habits in preschoolers justifies an interdisciplinary action as soon as possible, so that there is no negative impact on the development of the skull-oro-cervical complex and, consequently, on the oral functions.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de hábitos orales en niños preescolares del centro sur de Sergipe. Método: La muestra fue constituida tras el análisis del cálculo del tamaño de la muestra y fue compuesta por 208 preescolares (104 de sexo femenino y 104 de sexo masculino), frecuentadores de dos preescuelas del centro sur de Sergipe (una pública y otra privada), con edades entre dos y cinco años. Por medio de un formulario se verificó la cantidad de los niños en edad preescolar que tienen hábitos orales (chupete, mamadera, dedo, apretar dientes, succión de lengua, bruxismo, umidificar los labios, onicofagia, morder la mucosa oral y objetos), para posterior estimativa de la prevalencia de estos hábitos. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a las Pruebas de Igualdad de Proporciones y Qui Quadrado, adoptándose el nivel de significación de 5 %. Resultados: Hubo alta prevalencia de hábitos orales (87,02%), siendo lo uso de la mamadera el hábito con mayor ocurrencia. El hábito de morder objetos fue más común en el sexo femenino, en preescolares de la educación pública, no siendo reveladas diferencias estáticamente significantes en relación a los otros hábitos, con respeto a la variable sexo. La succión digital ha estado asociada a grupos de edad menor (2 y 3 años) y el bruxismo, a edad mayor (4 y 5 años). Conclusión: La alta prevalencia de hábitos orales deletéreos en preescolares justifica la acción interdisciplinar lo mas precoz posible, a fin de que no haya impacto negativo en el desarrollo de la compleja estrutura cráneo-oro-cervical y, por consiguiente, en las funciones orales.

Deleterious Oral Habits: A Review.

Oral habit is a part of normal development in children and is a prime concern for parents. It is a learned pattern of muscle contraction with complex nature, which is a repetitive act, commonly seen from infancy and should diminish automatically as age advances. These habits can result in damage to dentoalveolar structure. Therefore, dentists play a crucial role in giving necessary information to parents.

Hábitos orais deletérios em um grupo de crianças de uma escola da rede pública na cidade de São Paulo / Deleterious oral habits in a group of children from a public school in Sao Paulo city

OBJETIVO: caracterizar os hábitos orais deletérios a partir de questionários respondidos pelos pais/responsáveis por crianças de três a cinco anos de idade, de uma instituição de ensino da rede pública, na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: todos os responsáveis pelos alunos receberam os questionários e o Termo de Consentimento. Foi dado o prazo máximo de uma semana para que pudessem devolve-los devidamente preenchidos. Enviou-se 290 questionários aos pais/responsáveis de todos os pré-escolares de uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil. Os critérios de inclusão foram: participação voluntária, após a leitura e assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) pelos pais ou responsáveis de crianças com idade entre três e cinco anos. O critério de exclusão foi o não preenchimento por completo do questionário de hábitos orais. Após o prazo definido, obteve-se a devolução de 120 questionários, dos quais 13 foram desconsiderados segundo o fator de exclusão, logo, foram selecionados 107 questionários, sendo este, o número total da amostra. RESULTADOS: a partir dos resultados obtidos observou-se que o hábito com maior ocorrência foi a respiração oral, presente em 48,60% da amostra, e o hábito citado com menor ocorrência foi a sucção labial, presente em apenas 3,70% da amostra. Os resultados estatísticos evidenciaram que a grande maioria de pais assinalaram que as crianças não possuem hábitos orais deletérios. CONCLUSÃO: os hábitos mais encontrados na faixa etária de três a cinco anos foram o uso da respiração oral, uso da mamadeira, onicofagia, bruxismo e mordedura de objetos. .

PURPOSE: Characterize the deleterious oral habits since of questionnaires answered by the parents / tutors of children with aged from three to five years, from a public schools of Sao Paulo city. METHODS: The tutors received the questionnaires and Consent form. The period of a week was established for they could return them duly completed. 290 questionnaires were sent to parents / tutors of all preschool children in a Municipal Preschool. The Inclusion criterion was: voluntary participation, after reading and signing the informed consent form (ICF) by the parents or tutors of children with aged between three and five years. The exclusion criterion was, not fill duly the oral habits questionnaire. After the established period, we obtained the return of 120 questionnaires, of which 13 were disregarded under the exclusion factor, so 107 questionnaires were selected, with this, the total number of the sample. RESULTS : noting the results it was observed that the habit with higher occurrence was mouth breathing, present in 48.60% of the sample, and the habit cited with less frequent was lip suction, present in only 3.70% of the sample. Statistical results showed that the vast majority of parents indicated that children don't have deleterious. CONCLUSION: the most habits found in the group with aged from three to five years were: mouth breathing, use of bottle, nail biting, onychophagy, bruxism and object biting. .

Hábito lesivo poco frecuente: presentación de un caso / An infrequent damaging habit: a case presentation

FUNDAMENTO: existen hábitos lesivos llamados neurosis, que se consideran factores importantes en el comienzo y evolución de la enfermedad periodontal. Ellos son capaces de influir tanto en su aparición y curso como en el resultado de su tratamiento. OBJETIVO: relatar un caso hábito poco frecuente en Estomatología. CASO CLÍNICO: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 27 años, con encías en el sector anteroinferior fuera de su posición debido a su hábito, desde la niñez, de morderse la uñas y empaquetarla en las encías de sus dientes anteroinferiores. Al examen físico se observó escasa placa dentobacteriana y presencia de sarro dentario, no caries dental, recesiones gingivales marcadas en sector anteroinferior con denudación de la superficie radicular. Se mostró un poco tímida, ansiosa, frustada. Se discutió el diagnóstico y manejo de esta enfermedad poco habitual. Se utilizó terapia sicológica y odontológica y se mantuvo una óptima higiene bucal por parte del paciente y vigilancia estricta del periodoncista. CONCLUSIONES: la paciente está en tratamiento con una evolución satisfactoria.

BACKGROUND: there are damaging habits called neurosis which are considered important factors in the beginning and evolution of the periodontal disease. These habits can influence its appearance and course, as well as the result of its treatment. OBJECTIVE: to present a case of an infrequent habit in Stomatology. CLINICAL CASE: the case of a twenty-seven-year-old patient is presented. The patient's gums, in the anteroinferior region, were out of position because of her habit since childhood of biting her nails and packing them on the gums of her anteroinferior teeth. A scarce dentobacterial plaque and the presence of tartar, as well as dental caries, gingival resections in the anteroposterior area with denudation of the radicular surface were observed in the physical examination. The patient was a little shy, impatient, frustrated. The diagnosis and handling of this infrequent disease was discussed. Psychological and odontological therapy was applied and an optimum oral hygiene was carried out by the patient and the periodontist made a strict vigilance. CONCLUSIONS: the patient is under treatment with a satisfactory evolution.

Relación entre onicofagia y manifestaciones clínicas de trastornos temporomandibulares en dentición mixta primera y/o segunda fase: una revisión narrativa / Relationship between nail biting and clinical manifestations of temporomandibular disorders in mixed dentition first and/or second phase: a narrative review

Estudios indican que más del 50 por ciento de la población ha padecido alguna vez manifestaciones clínicas relacionadas a trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). La prevalencia de consultas odontológicas por dolor orofacial ha aumentado, y la edad de inicio de la sintomatología es cada vez más temprana. La etiología de este cuadro es multifactorial, debida entre otros a hábitos parafuncionales. La onicofagia es una parafunción prevalente en niños. Está relacionada a la tensión psíquica, por lo cual el sujeto puede presentar el hábito parafuncional de manera continua o por períodos exacerbados por estrés. Esto justifica su alta prevalencia en la sociedad actual. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue recopilar de manera clara y actualizada la información disponible y concluir si la literatura científica relaciona la onicofagia y las manifestaciones clínicas de TTM en niños con dentición mixta, primera y/o segunda fase. Gracias a esto surgió la siguiente pregunta clínica: ¿Relaciona la literatura científica actual, el mal hábito de onicofagia con las manifestaciones clínicas de TTM en individuos con dentición mixta primera y/o segunda fase? En cuanto a la metodología utilizada, se procedió al análisis acucioso de cada referencia, dónde se analizó: La calidad de la información, la validez y su consecuente grado de recomendación. Por último, concluimos que para contestar nuestra pregunta clínica y analizar medidas de salud pública, es necesario realizar más estudios sobre el tema. Para lograr generar un impacto a nivel poblacional, es necesario educar y crear consciencia a nivel social, y capacitar más profesionales para tratar estas alteraciones tempranamente.

Studies indicate that over 50 percent of the population has ever had symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The prevalence of dental visits for orofacial pain has increased and the age of onset of symptoms is increasingly early. The etiology of this condition is multifactorial, due to parafunctional habits, among others. Onychophagia is prevalent in children. It is related to mental stress, so the subject may have continuous parafunctional habits or periods exacerbated by stress. This justifies its high prevalence in modern society. The aim of this study was to compile the available information in the literature to conclude whether onychophagia is related to clinical manifestations of TMD in children with mixed dentition, first and/or second phase. This brought the following clinical question: Does the current literature relate onychophagia with clinical manifestations of TMD in individuals with mixed dentition first and / or second phase? Regarding the methodology, we proceeded to review each reference, where the quality of information, validity and consequent degree of recommendation were analyzed. Finally, we conclude that to answer our question, more clinical studies and public health measures are needed on the subject. To achieve an impact on the population it is necessary to educate and raise awareness at a social level, and train more professionals to treat these disorders early.

Onychophagia (Nail biting), anxiety, and malocclusion.

Nail biting is a stress removing habit adopted by many children and adults. People usually do it when they are nervous, stressed, hungry, or bored. All of these situations are having a common phenomenon between them is anxiety. Onychophagia is also a sign of other emotional or mental disorders. It is a habit that is not easy to quit and reflection of extreme nervousness or inability to handle stressful conditions. This abnormal habit may cause various malocclusions associated with dentoalveolar segment of the oral cavity. Crowding and rotations of incisors are common with this habit.

Occurrence of nail biting among athletes in grassroots football / Ocorrência de onicofagia entre atletas de futebol de base

Introduction: Nail biting is related to a high degree of anxiety and low self-esteem and has various repercussions. Objective: The presente study aimed to detect the occurrence of nail biting among athletes of football (soccer) in order to determine possible causes of muscle imbalance, headaches, discomfort and stress that compromise athletic performance and indicate psychological problems and an inability to cope with pressure during training and games. Methods:The present study was carried out at the São Paulo Futebol Clube, São Paulo, Brazil, involving 64 athletes of football between 13 and 20 years of age. They were interviewed and clinically visually examined for the detection of the occurrence of nail biting. Results: Among the 64 athletes interviewed and examined, 47 (73.5 %) had the habit of nail biting. Discussion: Malocclusion is the most frequente result of finger sucking and nail biting, especially when these habits are prolonged. Parafunctional activities can overload the masticatory system. Nail biting can affect the performance of an athlete in terms of dental aspects, with the presence of temporomandibular disorder and malocclusion, as well as in psychological terms, demonstrating insecurity and an excess of demands. Conclusion: Based on the present study, planning strategies, multidisciplinary intervention and the organization of educational lectures are being adopted to discuss the harmful repercussions of this habit for athletes, trainers and other professionals involved in grassroots football.

Introdução: A onicofagia é relacionada a um alto grau de ansiedade e baixa auto-estima e apresenta diferentes repercussões no organismo, representa uma atividade parafuncional. Objetivo: O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de onicofagia entre os atletas de futebol de campo, a fim de determinar as possíveis causas de desequilíbrio muscular, dores de cabeça, desconforto e estresse que prejudicam o desempenho do atleta e indicam problemas psicológicos e uma incapacidade de lidar com a pressão durante o treino e competições. Métodos: O presente estudo foi realizado no São Paulo Futebol Clube, São Paulo, Brasil, envolvendo 64 atletas de futebol entre 13 e 20 anos de idade. Eles foram entrevistados e clinicamente examinadas visualmente para a detecção da ocorrência de roer as unhas. Resultados: Entre os 64 atletas entrevistados e examinados, 47 (73,5 %) tinha o hábito de roer as unhas. Discussão: Má oclusão é o resultado mais frequente de sucção de polegar e onicofagia, especialmente quando esses hábitos acompanham o indivíduo por um longo prazo. Atividades parafuncionais podem sobrecarregar o sistema mastigatório. A onicofagia pode afetar o desempenho de um atleta tanto em aspectos odontológicos, com a presença de disfunção temporomandibular e a má oclusão, bem como em termos psicológicos como insegurança, demonstrando um excesso de demandas. O objetivo foi chamar a atenção para este mau hábito oral, o que prejudica o condicionamento físico e psicológico necessário para a obtenção de resultados satisfatórios. Conclusão: Com base no estudo, estratégias de planejamento, intervenção multidisciplinar e da organização de palestras educativas estão sendo adotadas para discutir as repercussões nocivas deste hábito para atletas, treinadores e outros profissionais envolvidos no futebol de formação.

Pistas dermatoscópicas para diferenciar a tricotilomania da alopecia areata em placa / Dermoscopic clues to distinguish trichotillomania from patchy alopecia areata

INTRODUÇÃO: Tricotilomania e alopecia areata em placa possuem características clínicas e dermatoscópicas semelhantes. OBSERVAÇÕES: O exame dermatoscópico da tricotilomania revela densidade capilar diminuída, cabelos fraturados em diferentes tamanhos, enovelados e vellus, tricoptilose, pontos amarelos com ou sem pontos pretos e ausência de cabelos em "ponto de exclamação". CONCLUSÃO: No contexto de alopecia em placa e cabelos fraturados, a ausência de "pontos de exclamação" sugere o diagnóstico de tricotilomania. Por outro lado, o achado de pontos amarelos sem pontos pretos não afasta o mesmo.

BACKGROUND: Trichotillomania and patchy alopecia areata have similar clinical and dermoscopic features. OBSERVATIONS: In trichotillomania, dermoscopy shows decreased hair density, short vellus hair, broken hairs with different shaft lengths, coiled hairs, short vellus hair, trichoptilosis, sparse yellow dots, which may or may not contain black dots and no exclamation mark hairs. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of patchy alopecia and broken hairs, the absence of exclamation mark hairs suggests a diagnosis of trichotillomania. On the other hand, the finding of yellow dots without black dots does not exclude it.

Caracterización de las fases preparatoria y oral de niños que, que asisten a la clínica de odontopediatría de la universidad de Santiago de Cali / Characterization of the preparatory and oral phases in children that attend a pediatric odontology clinic at the university Santiago de Cali

Hay literatura suficiente sobre normalidad y problemática de las fases faríngeas y esofágica de la ingestión de alimentos, pero se encuentra insuficiente información sobre las alteraciones de las fases preparatoria (corte, masticación y trituración) y oral. Por lo anterior el presente estudio pretendió caracterizar las fases preparatoria y oral de niños que, que asisten a la clínica de odontopediatría de la universidad de Santiago de Cali. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal durante el periodo marzo – mayo de 2010, evaluando 51 niños entre 4 y 11 años de edad. Se observaron las fases preparatoria y oral del proceso de ingestión de alimentos. El muestreo fue de tipo no probabilístico. El 55% presentó trituración insuficiente durante el proceso de masticación, el 78% evidenció alteraciones en la formación y acomodación de bolo alimenticio y el 92% presentó deglución atípica. Se observó una correlación (chi²) significativa entre la deglución atípica y el hábito de la mordedura de objetos extraños (p=0.007). Llama la atención la alta prevalencia de mordedura de objetos no comestibles y el hábito de onicofagia.

There is enough literature about normality and problems of pharyngeal and esophageal phases of food intake, but is insufficient information on the changes in the preparatory phases (cutting, chewing and grinding) and oral. Therefore this study aimed at characterizes the preparatory and oral phases of children in the service of Dentistry service of the Universidad Santiago de Cali. We carried out a cross-sectional study during the period March-May 2010, evaluating 51 children between 4 and 11 years of age. Food intake preparatory and oral phases were observed. Sampling was non probabilistic, 55% presented insufficient crushing during mastication, 78% showed alterations in the formation and accommodation of the food bolus and 92% had atypical swallowing. A significant correlation (chi ²) between atypical swallowing and the habit of biting strange objects was observed (p = 0.007). Particularly striking is the high prevalence of bite inedible objects and nail biting.

Hábitos orales en niños de 6-10 años de la escuela itsin de san juan de pasto

Introducción: Los hábitos orales son acciones repetidas en la cavidad oral, algunas de ellos pueden originar parafunciones. Estos son actos conscientes que pueden pasar a actos inconscientes. Algunos de ellos son innatos del individuo, y otros adquiridos. Según algunas investigaciones, reportes, análisis estadísticos y control de variables de diferentes países, características ambientales, sociales, culturales, pueden influir en la prevalencia de hábitos orales en niños. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de hábitos orales en niños. Metodología: Se diseñó un tipo de estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se evaluaron 511 escolares de estrato bajo de 6 a 10 años de la Escuela ITSIN de San Juan de Pasto y se tomaron variables como edad y género. Resultados: 186 niños (36%) tuvieron hábitos orales, de estos 43% fueron niñas y 57% niños. Según edad, los hábitos orales fueron más frecuentes en niños de 8 años. Con respecto a género, la interposición lingual fue más frecuente en niñas y la onicofagia en niños. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de hábitos orales en estos niños fue menor en relación con otras comunidades, sin embargo, se recalca que estos se presentan en mayores edades en comparación con otros estudios.

Introduction: The oral habits are repeated actions in the mouth; some of them might cause parafunctions. They are also conscious acts that could become unconscious at some point. Some of them are innate in the individuals and others are acquired. According to some researches, reports, statistical analysis and variables control in different countries; environmental, social, and cultural characteristics may influence on the prevalence of oral habits in children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral habits in children at ITSIN elementary school from San Juan de Pasto, Nariño. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate 511 low-income children from 6 to 10 years old. Variables such as age and gender were used. Results: 186 children (36%) had oral habits. 43% of these were girls and 57% were boys. According to age, oral habits were more frequent in 8 year-old children. Regarding the gender, tongue thrust was more common in girls and oral habits such as onychophagia was more frequent in boys. Conclusions: The prevalence of oral habits in these children was less than in other communities; however, these habits were presented in older children in comparison to other studies.

Destruição de falanges provocada por onicofagia / Onychophagia-induced phalanx destruction

É descrito o caso de paciente de 32 anos que relatava o hábito de roer as unhas há mais de 20 anos, apresentando destruição total das falanges distais do primeiro, segundo e terceiro quirodáctilos esquerdos.

The case of a 32-year-old patient who had had the habit of nail biting for over 20 years is described. She presented total destruction of the distal parts of the first, second and third fingers of the left hand.

Changes of root length and crestal bone height before and after the orthodontic treatment in nail biting patients / 대한치과교정학회지

Although the purpose of orthodontic treatment is to increase the function and esthetics of the jaws along with increasing stability, there are many side effects during the treatment itself, such as root resorption and alveolar bone resorption. Such resorption of the apical root is unpredictable, and may even proceed into the dentin layer. Once the process has begun, it is irreversible. By evaluating the effect of many oral habits, especially that of nail biting, in correlation with the root and the periodontal tissues, the appropriate biomechanics for orthodontic treatment can be taken into consideration, along with the possibility of root resorption and alveolar bone loss during orthodontic treatment, and any legal problems that might occur. Among the male and female patients of the ages 10~15 without skeletal deformity, 63 were chosen as the experiment group with known nail biting habits at time of examination, and within the same age group without nail biting habits as the control. After the orthodontic treatment, number of the experiment group was 31 and the control group was 22. The periapical radiographies of anterior teeth were taken and the assesment of the root length and alveolar bone level were taken before(T1) and after(T2) the orthodontic treatment. The results from this study were as follows : 1. Before the orthodontic treatment, average crown-to-root ratio of the experimental group showed noticeably high values in 4 maxillary incisors and mandibular right central incisor. 2. Before the orthodontic treatment, comparing the root length, maxillary and mandibular right central incisors and both mandibular incisors had a smaller value in the experimental group. 3. Before the orthodontic treatment, comparing and evaluating the alveolar bone loss measured from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest, some crestal bone of the experiment group showed greater loss than the control. 4. After the orthodontic treatment, there was shortening of the root length and loss of the crestal bone in both groups. 5. After the orthodontic treatment, the changes of C/R ratio and the shortening of root length were significantly high in the experimental group. 6. After the orthodontic treatment, the level of alveolar crestal bone showed greater loss in the experimental group.

Changes of root lengths and crestal bone height in nail biting patients / 대한치과교정학회지

Although the purpose of orthodontic treatment id to increase the function and aesthetics of the jaws as well as to increase stability, there are side effects from the treatment itself such as root resorption and alveolar bon resorption. Such resorption of the apical root is unpredictable and may even proceed into the dentin layer. Once the process has begun, it is irreversible. By evaluation the effects of different oral habits, especially that of nail biting, and their correlation with the root and the periodontal tissues, the appropriate biomechanics for orthodontic treatment can be taken into consideration. The possibility of root resorption and alveolar bone loss during orthodontic treatment can also be considered. Also, any legal problems that might occur may be pondered as well. Among the male and female patients of the ages 10~15, 63 were chosen as the test group with known nail biting habits at time of examination and within the same age range those without nail biting habits as the control group. The test group was composed of 30 males and 33 females. The control group had 31 males and 32 females. The result from this study were as follows : 1. Of the 63 patients of both the test and control groups, the male-to-female-ratio was 1:1, and had no statistically significant difference in male and female root resorption. 2. In comparing crown length of the test and control groups, no significant difference existed, but in root lenght, maxillary and mandibular right and left central incisors and mandibular right lateral incisors had a smaller value.(p<0.001) 3. Average crown-to-root ratio of the test group on the periapical view show a noticeably high value for the maxillary and mandibular right and left central incisors and mandibular right and left lateral incisors.(p<0.01) 4. In comparing and evaluating the alveolar bone loss measured from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest, mesial surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular right and left central incisors and distal surface of maxillary right central incisor of the test group showed greater loss of crestal bone than the control.(p<0.05)