ABSTRACT
Introducción: El Campamento Tortuguero de Cedeño ha sido el sitio menos investigado del Golfo de Fonseca, donde se protege a la tortuga golfina en Honduras desde 1975. Objetivo: Evaluar la anidación de la tortuga Golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea) durante la temporada de veda entre el 2011 y 2021 en Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Métodos: Entre 2011 a 2021, se llevó a cabo el monitoreo diario de las actividades de anidación durante la veda del 1 al 25 de septiembre. Los patrullajes se realizaron entre las 6:00-18:00 h, y las 18:00-5:00 h. Se registró el número total de tortugas que anidaban y se recogieron sus huevos, que se transportaron al criadero, donde se tabularon los resultados de las puestas y las crías. Resultados: Se registró un total 1 065 tortugas de L. olivacea, 95 051 huevos recolectados, 1 065 nidos marcados en tres playas que fueron reubicados en viveros artificiales y una eclosión exitosa de 62 747 neonatos. La playa Las Doradas fue el sitio con el mayor número de tortugas anidadoras, seguido de Los Delgaditos y por último Cedeño. El promedio de la frecuencia de anidación fue de 96 nidos. Del 2011 al 2021 el esfuerzo de recolección de los nidos aumentó en un 91.6 %, pasando de 84 a 161 nidos. El número de personas patrullando se asoció con la cantidad de nidos detectados en las playas. Conclusión: Los esfuerzos de monitoreo y conservación para la especie han indicado que ha habido un incremento en la anidación de L. olivacea en las tres playas, con un mayor incremento en Playa Las Doradas. Este escenario comprueba la funcionalidad de la veda en esta zona.
Introduction: The Cedeño Turtle Camp has been the least researched site in the Fonseca Gulf, where Olive Ridley Turtles in Honduras have been protected since 1975. Objective: To evaluate the nesting of Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) during the closed season from 2011 to 2021 in Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Methods: From 2011 to 2021, daily monitoring of nesting activities was conducted during the closed season from the 1st to 25th of September. Patrols were conducted between 6:00-18:00 h, and 18:00-5:00 h. The total number of nesting turtles was recorded, and their eggs were collected and transported to the hatchery, where clutch and hatchling performance were tabulated. Results: A total of 1 065 L. olivacea turtles were recorded, 95 051 eggs collected, 1 065 nests marked on three beaches that were relocated in artificial hatcheries and a successful hatching of 62 747 hatchlings. Las Doradas beach was the site with the highest number of nesting turtles, followed by Los Delgaditos and lastly Cedeño. The average nesting frequency was 96 nests. From 2011 to 2021 the nest collection effort increased by 91.6 %, from 84 to 161 nests. The number of people patrolling was associated with the number of nests detected on the beaches. Conclusion: Monitoring and conservation efforts for L. olivacea in the Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño show a positive trend in nesting with a greater increase in Playa Las Doradas. This scenario proves the functionality of the closed season in this area.
Subject(s)
Animals , Embryo Implantation , Turtles/embryology , HondurasABSTRACT
Abstract The Hooded Gnateater Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 is an insectivorous understory passeriform with discrete behavior, whose reproductive attributes are poorly-known. In the present study, we describe the reproductive biology of the species and the growth pattern of the nestlings, based on observations conducted in remnants of the Cerrado savanna in eastern Maranhão state, in Brazil. The nests were identified during active searches conducted between June, 2018 and March, 2021. A total of 22 nests were found over the course of three breeding seasons. The cup-shaped nests were supported by small branches and were constructed at a mean height of 40.6 ± 16.1 cm (N = 21) above the ground. The nests were 23.1 ± 3.9 cm in length and 14.1 ± 1.6 cm in width (N = 21). The eggs were beige in color, with irregular brown mottling only at the rounded end of the egg, which had a mean length of 21.3 ± 0.8 mm, width of 17.2 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 3.1 ± 0.1 g (N = 23). Hatchlings are completely naked and weigh 3.1 ± 0.2 g (N = 7), and when they abandon the nest, they have yet to reach full adult size, with the total length being 65.4% of that of the adult, the wing, 65.4%, the head, 73.9%, the culmen, 74.2%, the body mass, 73.3%, and the tarsus, 89.0% that of the adult. The growth curves are sigmoidal and all the coefficients of determination are at least 0.96, with the body length having the highest value (R2 = 0.98). During the breeding season, the adult pair emitted alarm calls constantly when observers were in the vicinity of the nest. On a number of occasions, members of the breeding pair were observed moving away from the nest as it was approached by observers, while engaging in broken-wing display. The nest architecture, the color of the eggs, and the behaviors presented by this gnateater were similar to those described for other Conopophaga. With this work we contributed to improve the knowledge on the breeding behavior of this poorly know group of understory insectivorous birds.
Resumo O chupa-dente-de-capuz Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 é um passeriforme insetívoro de subbosque, de comportamento discreto e cujos atributos reprodutivos são pouco conhecidos. Aqui descrevemos a biologia reprodutiva da espécie e o padrão de desenvolvimento dos ninhegos, com base em observações realizadas em remanescentes de Cerrado no leste do Maranhão, Brasil. Os ninhos foram localizados por busca ativa entre junho de 2018 e março de 2021. Um total de 22 ninhos foram encontrados ao longo de três estações reprodutivas. Os ninhos, em forma de taça, foram sustentados por pequenos galhos e construídos a uma altura média de 40,6 ± 16,1 cm (N = 21) acima do solo. Mediram 23,1 ± 3,9 cm de comprimento por 14,1 ± 1,6 cm de largura. Os ovos são branco-amarelados e mediram 21,3 ± 0,8 mm por 17,2 ± 0,8 mm, com massa de 3,1 ± 0,1 g (N = 23). Ao eclodir, os ninhegos estão completamente nus e pesaram 3,1 ± 0,2 g (N = 7). Abandonam o ninho antes de atingirem o tamanho dos adultos, sendo o comprimento total equivalente a 65,4% do adulto, a asa 65,4%, a cabeça 73,9%, o cúlmen 74,2%, a massa corporal 73,3% e o tarso 89%. As curvas de crescimento apresentaram padrão sigmóide e todos os coeficientes de determinação foram maior ou igual a 0,96, sendo o comprimento do corpo o valor mais alto (R2 = 0.98). Durante o período reprodutivo, o casal adulto emitia alertas constantemente quando os observadores se aproximavam dos ninhos. Em diversas ocasiões foi observado o comportamento de defesa de "asa quebrada" pelo casal reprodutor. A arquitetura do ninho, a cor dos ovos e os comportamentos apresentados por Conopophaga roberti se assemelham aos descritos para outras espécies do gênero. Com este trabalho, melhoramos o conhecimento sobre a biologia reprodutiva deste grupo de aves insetívoras de sub-bosque pouco conhecido.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Psarocolius decumanus es una especie relativamente abundante en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia, pero no se cuenta con información suficiente acerca de su reproducción. Materiales y Métodos. A través de observación directa y recorridos libres se determinó el número de nidos por colonias, los árboles donde son construidos, materiales utilizados, la altura a que se encontraban y se obtuvo información sobre la duración del periodo reproductivo y comportamiento parental, durante varios meses de muestreo (febrero a octubre), en diferentes localidades de la región. Resultados. Los nidos se construyen en colonias de hasta diez nidos y son defendidos por individuos de ambos sexos, aunque en su construcción, alimentación de los pichones y protección de cada nido solo intervienen las hembras. La ubicación de los nidos en árboles altos, aislados, en zonas abiertas o semiabiertas, en el extremo de ramas finas, parece constituir una estrategia anti-depredación. La construcción comienza en febrero, la puesta de los huevos es a mediados de marzo, la incubación dura 18 días aproximadamente y los pichones independientes fueron observados 33 días después de la eclosión de los huevos, a finales de mayo y principios de junio. Este proceso debe extenderse varios meses, ya que se observó construcción de nidos hasta junio. Conclusión. Casi todas las características de la anidación en esta especie están enfocadas, sobre todo, a la protección contra la depredación y el parasitismo.
Introduction. Psarocolius decumanus is a relatively abundant species in the department of Sucre, Colombia and there is not enough information about its reproduction. Materials and methods. Through direct observation and free routes, the number of nests per colonies was determined, also the trees where they were built, the materials used, the height they were at, and information was obtained on the duration of the reproductive period and parental behavior, for several months of sampling (February to October) in different localities of the region. Results. The nests are built in colonies of up to 10 nests and are defended by individuals of both sexes, although in its construction, feeding the pigeons and protection of each single nest, involved only females. The location of nests in tall, isolated trees, in open or semi-open areas, at the end of thin branches, seems to be an anti-predation strategy. The construction begins in February, the eggs are laid in mid-March, the incubation lasts approximately eighteen days and the independent chicks were observed thirty-three days after the hatching of the eggs, at the end of May and the beginning of June. This process should extend several months, since construction of nests were observed until June. Conclusion. Almost all nesting characteristics in this species are focused, above all, on protection against predation and parasitism.
Subject(s)
Animals , Birds , Embryo ImplantationABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: High Andean flamingos also known as parihuanas, are species of recurrent presence in the high Andean areas which find this area as an important resting, feeding and in some cases breeding area The species recorded here correspond to Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicoparrus andinus and Phoenicopterus chilensis, the latter being the most abundant and common. During the censuses performed during 2018 and 2019, in the high Andean lake of Salinas, Ramsar site, located within the Reserva Nacional Salinas y Aguada Blanca in Southern Peru, atypical behaviors of these birds were recorded in a sector of the lake, observing reproductive courtship and the settlement of colonies of P. chilensis. Objective: The study aimed to confirm and evaluate reproductive events of P. chilenesis (Chilean flamingo) through the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and image processing tools using geographic information systems. Methodology: Monitoring was conducted during 2018 and 2019 to breeding colonies of P. chilensis, we used a UAV Phantom 4 testing different flight altitudes to avoid disturbing the birds and performed records of aerial photographs and GIS post-processing with the creation of panchromatic images for the identification and counting of individuals and eggs automated, and manual verification. Results: During 2018 were identified nests and presence of six eggs, this occurred between March and June where the event was interrupted not observing chicks or juveniles during this period, for 2019 the breeding was more successful, where a higher number of eggs were counted (40-66) and with the formation of three reproductive colonies with 4 185 adult individuals, also verified the presence of chicks and juveniles that reached a maximum of 1 491 individuals. Conclusions: We confirmed two continuous reproductive events of P. chilensis in the Salinas lake, where during 2019 was the most successful incorporating several new individuals to the initial population, likewise the methodology applied in the image processing allowed differentiating between adult individuals and eggs but did not allow differentiating juveniles, however, the images directly acquired by the UAV allow distinguishing the types of individuals to perform a manual count.
Resumen Introducción: Los flamencos altoandinos también conocidos como parihuanas, son especies con presencia recurrente en las zonas altoandinas, principalmente en humedales salinos donde suelen arribar para descanso, alimentación y en algunos casos reproducción. Las especies que se registran aquí corresponden a Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicoparrus andinus y Phoenicopterus chilenesis, siendo esta última la más abundante y común. Durante los censos desarrollados en 2018 y 2019, en la laguna de Salinas, ubicada en la Reserva Nacional de Salinas y Aguada Blanca en el sur del Perú, se registraron comportamientos atípicos de estas aves en un sector del humedal, se observaron cortejos reproductivos y el asentamiento de colonias de flamencos chilenos. Objetivo: Confirmar y evaluar eventos reproductivos de Phoenicopterus chilenesis mediante la incorporación de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (UAV) y herramientas de procesamiento de imágenes mediante sistemas de información geográfica. Metodología: Se realizaron censos aéreos durante 2018 y 2019 a colonias reproductivas del P. chilensis, utilizando un UAV Phantom 4 a diferentes alturas de vuelo para evitar la perturbación de las colonias de flamencos. Se realizaron registros de fotografías aéreas y post procesamiento SIG con la creación de imágenes pancromáticas para la identificación y conteo de individuos y huevos automatizada, así como la verificación manual. Resultados: En 2018 se identificaron nidos y la presencia de seis huevos, entre marzo y junio donde el evento fue interrumpido, no se observaron pollos o juveniles durante este periodo. En 2019 la nidificación tuvo éxito, se contabilizó un mayor número de huevos (40-66) con la formación de tres colonias reproductivas de 4 185 individuos adultos, se verificó la presencia de pollos y juveniles que alcanzaron un máximo de 1 491 individuos. Conclusiones: Se confirman dos eventos reproductivos continuos de P. chilensis en la laguna Salinas, durante el 2019 incorporando varios nuevos individuos a la población inicial. La metodología aplicada en el tratamiento de imágenes permitió diferenciar entre individuos adultos y huevos, pero no permitió diferenciar juveniles, aunque las imágenes directamente adquiridas por el UAV permiten diferenciar los tipos de individuos para realizar un conteo manual.
Subject(s)
Animals , Birds , Unmanned Aerial Devices , Peru , Nesting BehaviorABSTRACT
Aim To investigate the effects of acteoside (AS) on BRAIN AKT and NFkB in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. Methods Fifty healthy APP/PS1 transgenic mice, half male and half female, and 10 control C57 mice were given the drug by gavage for 60 consecutive days. During the period of administration, and new object recognition experiments were conducted to detect the expression of AKT and NFkB related proteins in the hippocampus and cortex of the mice. Results Compared with model group, AS could significantly improve the nesting behavior of mice and en- hance the interest of exploring new objects in mice with Alzheimer' s disease. At the same time, compared with model group, AS significantly reduced the ratio of NFkB p-p65 /NFkB p65 in hippocampus and cortical tissues, and increased the ratio of p-AKT-308 /AKT and p-AKT473 /AKT. Conclusions AS may inhibit the apoptosis of nerve cells and protect nerve cells through the regulation of AKT and NFkB to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
ABSTRACT
Food scarcity or abundance are factors regulating termites' foraging behavior in general. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of four amounts of Eucalyptus grandis on foraging behavior events shown by worker and soldier of Nasutitermes corniger during laboratory tests. The tests were carried out with adult and active N. corniger colonies found in nests collected in the field, which were stored in glass cubes connected to the test arenas. Four different amounts of wood blocks were used in the tests and each amount concerned a treatment and defined a different experimental group: 1, 2, 3 and 4 blocks/arenas, with 5 repetitions. Each test lasted 60 minutes and consisted in observing, or not, the occurrence of behavioral events shown by foragers when they had contact with the treatment. The duration of each event was recorded, whenever it was observed. The number of recruited foragers and the number of workers consuming the blocks were recorded at the end of each test applied to each treatment. Nasutitermes corniger presented the three behavioral events in all treatments; however, there was not significant difference between treatments in the occurrence of the two first events, in the time taken from test start to the occurrence of a new event, in the number of recruited termites and in the number of gnawing workers. Only workers' mass recruiting was influenced by the amount of wood available. The occurrence of this event was significantly higher in treatments with greater amounts of wood. Thus, N. corniger adjusts its mass recruitment behavior in response to available food amount, which should be considered when developing baiting system for its control. (AU)
A escassez ou abundância de alimento são fatores que regulam o forrageamento do térmitas em geral. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a influência de quatro quantidades de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis em eventos comportamentais do forrageamento exibidos por operárias e soldados de Nasutitermes corniger em testes de laboratório. Os testes foram realizados com colônias maduras e ativas de N. cornigerpresentes em ninhos coletados a campo, os quais foram acondicionados em cubas de vidro conectadas a arenas testes. Blocos de madeira de mesma dimensão foram ofertados aos térmitas em quatro quantidades: 1, 2, 3 e 4 blocos/arena, com 5 repetições. Cada teste durou 60 minutos e consistiu na observação ou não da ocorrência de eventos comportamentais exibidos pelos forrageadores quando foi dado acesso a cada tratamento. Quando cada evento foi observado, o tempo de sua duração foi registrado. Ao final de cada teste registrou-se, em cada tratamento, o número de térmitas forrageadores recrutados e o número de operários consumindo os blocos. Observou-se que N. corniger exibiu os três eventos comportamentais em todos os tratamentos. Todavia, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com relação à ocorrência dos dois primeiros eventos, aos tempos transcorridos desde o início do teste até a ocorrência de cada evento, aos números de térmitas recrutados e ao número de operários em roedura. Apenas a ocorrência de recrutamento em massa dos operários foi influenciada pela quantidade de madeira ofertada, sendo que foi significativamente superior quando se ofertou os blocos de madeira na maior quantidade. Dessa forma, N. corniger ajusta seu comportamento de recrutamento em massa em resposta a quantidade de alimento disponível, o que deve ser considerado ao se desenvolver um sistema de isca para seu controle. (AU)
Subject(s)
Isoptera , Feeding Behavior , Appetitive BehaviorABSTRACT
RESUMEN La galápaga sabanera (Podocnemis vogli) es una tortuga de ambientes acuáticos, principalmente lénticos, que centra su época reproductiva en la temporada seca, en la que sus huevos son una importante fuente de alimento en la red trófica y para el hombre, de manera que frecuentemente son afectados por depredadores naturales. Con el propósito de reducir el efecto negativo de la depredación natural sobre las nidadas de P vogli en la Reserva Natural de la Sociedad Civil La Esperanza en Paz de Ariporo, se implementó una estrategia de protección directa con malla metálica y se realizó el seguimiento a las posturas durante tres periodos de anidación entre 2016 y 2018. Como resultado del uso de esta estrategia para proteger las nidadas, se evidenció el efecto de otros depredadores y parásitos menos conspicuos como las hormigas legionarias (Labidus) y las larvas de moscas parasitarias (Phoridae). En ambos casos la afectación se registró en los neonatos recién eclosionados de galápaga sabanera al interior de los nidos, algunos de ellos hallados en un estado de salud precaria o muertos. Este es el primer reporte de depredación de los neonatos de P. vogli por estas especies de insectos sobre las cuales las estrategias físicas convencionales de protección fueron ineficientes.
ABSTRACT The savanna side-necked turtle (Podocnemis vogli) is a river turtle of mainly lentic aquatic environments that centers its reproductive period in the dry season; its eggs are a significant source of nourishment in the food web that includes humans as well. Therefore, by monitoring and installing metal mesh we protected the nests during three spawning seasons (2016-2018). After using the mentioned protection strategy other possible predators or parasites, such as the insects, became evident. We observed that when monitoring clutches, organisms such as ants and parasitic flies took advantage of the newborn hatchlings inside the nests. In both cases, the affectations by both species caused considerable injuries in the neonates, which eventually showed a precarious state of health and even died rapidly. This is the first time that predation on P. vogli neonates by these insect species has been reported, in which physical protection strategies are not functional.
ABSTRACT
Las tortugas marinas pasan toda su vida en el océano, regresando a las playas únicamente en el momento en el que anidan. La parlama (Lepidochelys olivacea) es una de las especies que anida frecuentemente en el Pacífico de Guatemala. Sin embargo, hace falta información tanto de generalidades de los nidos de parlama como de la biología de anidación de las mismas en el país. Es por eso que se buscó: 1) determinar si existe una relación entre el tamaño de la parlama (ancho curvo del caparazón) y el número de huevos puestos en cada nido; y 2) de explorar el tipo de relación existente entre el tamaño de la parlama (ancho curvo de caparazón) y el número de huevos con el momento (día dentro de la temporada) donde los huevos fueron puestos. Este estudio fue de orden descriptivo y exploratorio, en donde se midió a 74 hembras que anidaron de junio a octubre del 2017 en el Área Protegida de Usos Múltiples Hawaii, Departamento de Santa Rosa. Cabe resaltar que en Guatemala no hay datos cualitativos ni cuantitativos sobre tortugas anidadoras, por lo que es el primer estudio de esta naturaleza. Se obtuvo un tamaño promedio (desviación estándar) del ancho curvo del caparazón de 70.7cm (Desviación estándar: 2.60), IC 95 % [63 a 77cm] y un promedio de 92 huevos (D.E: 15.67), IC 95 % [59 a 120 huevos] puestos por nido. Se desarrolló un modelo lineal generalizado (3.715e+00x + 1.670e-04 -4.932e-06; p= 1.12e-3; AICc=617.14), demostrando que el ancho curvo del caparazón de la tortuga anidadora y la fecha en la que los huevos fueron puestos tienen una relación directa con el número de huevos puestos por cada tortuga anidadora. El ancho curvo del caparazón presenta una relación directa con el número de huevos. Mientras que el momento de anidación (día) presenta un efecto polinomial de segundo orden, lo cual lleva a un incremento en el número de huevos conforme avanza la temporada de anidación, y resulta en un pico a la mitad de la temporada de anidación con un patrón de descenso hacia el final de la misma.
Sea turtles spend their entire lives in the ocean, returning to the beaches only at the time they nest. The olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) is one of the species that frequently nest in the Pacific of Guatemala. However, information is needed on both the generalities of sea turtle nesting behavior and the nesting biology of the turtles in the country, so it was sought to 1) determine the relationship between the size of the turtle and the number of eggs in each nest; and 2) explore what type of relationship exists between the size of the turtle and the number of eggs, with the moment (day during the nesting season) when the eggs were layed. This first descriptive and exploratory study measured 74 females that nested between the months of June to October in 2017 in the Multiple Use Area Hawaii, Santa Rosa, Guatemala. An average carapace width of 70.7cm (Standar deviation: 2.60; 95% CI of [63 to 77cm]) was obtained and an average of 92 eggs (SD: 15.67; 95% CI of [59 to 120]) per nest. A Generalized Linear Model was made and demonstrated that the width of the carapace of the nesting female and the date on which the eggs were laid have a direct relationship with the number of eggs laid by each nesting turtle (3.715e+00x + 1.670e-04 -4.932e-06; p= 1.12e-3 ; AICc=617.14). The width of the carapace has a direct relationship with the number of eggs, while the moment (day during nesting season) has a second-order polynomial effect, which leads to an increase in the number of eggs as the nesting season progresses, and results in a peak half of the nesting season with a pattern of decline towards the end of it.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Breeding colonies of Storm-petrels (family Hydrobatidae) are poorly known and can be difficult to find because they typically nest on islands in crevices and burrows inside caves. In the past decade, some breeding locations of the Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel (Hydrobates tethys kelsalli) have been reported on islands off central Peru and northern Chile. Here we report the northernmost breeding colony of this subspecies from Isla Foca, northern of Peru. In April 2006 we found 28 nests, of which 46% had chicks and 54% had eggs. Nests consisted of small holes in the rock with no nest material used for construction. Nesting season coincided with that of other reproductive zones found on the Peruvian coast. These results contribute to the knowledge of the distribution of reproductive colonies of this subspecies on the Peruvian coast.
Resumen Las colonias reproductoras de golondrinas de tempestad son poco conocidas y difíciles de encontrar debido a que estas especies anidan en grietas, madrigueras y dentro de cuevas ubicadas en islas. En la última década, se reportaron algunos sitios de reproducción de Golondrinas de Tempestad Peruana (Hydrobates tethys kelsalli) en islas cercanas al centro de Perú y norte de Chile. En este trabajo se presenta el hallazgo de la colonia reproductora ubicada más al norte de esta subespecie, en la Isla Foca (noroeste peruano). En abril de 2006 se registraron 28 nidos, de los cuales el 46% tenían crías y el 54% huevos. Los nidos consistían en pequeñas hoyos en la roca sin ningún tipo de material para su construcción. La temporada de anidación coincidió con la de otras zonas reproductivas encontradas en la costa peruana. Estos resultados contribuyen al conocimiento de la distribución de las colonias reproductivas de esta subespecie en la costa peruana.
ABSTRACT
Birds have very close association with trees. Trees offer a platform to birds for nesting, roosting, foraging, breeding and feeding purposes. The introduction of exotic (non-native) flora can effect or modify inherent species richness, communal alignment and species abundance, as well as species relationships and communal structure. Birds are exclusively sensitive to alterations both in terms of environmental and ecological. Introduction of exotic trees and human disturbance have also affected the bird diversity. The main objective of the present study was to find out the nesting preference of avian species in relation to exotic trees at two selected locations i.e. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Location I) and Gurpal Nagar, Ludhiana (Location II) from June 2018 to July 2019. Five different exotic trees species selected were Safeda (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Poplar (Populus deltoides), Bottle brush (Callistemon viminalis), Monkey Puzzle (Araucaria araucana), Silver Oak (Grivillea robusta). A total 31 nests (6 on Bottle brush tree, 2 on Silver oak tree, 7 on Poplar tree, 16 on Eucalyptus tree) were recorded. Out of these, 5 nests were of Baya weaver Ploceus philippinus, 4 nests were of Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri, 20 nests were of House Crow Corvus splendens and 2 nests were of Common Myna Acridotheres tristis. Four bird species were observed nesting at location I while only one was observed at location II. Less bird diversity recorded was at location II (8) as compared to location I (23) because of the anthropogenic activities which disturbed the natural habitat at that location
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT We report for the first time great quantities of floating Sargassum to Serranilla Bank, in the Central Caribbean. The island is an important nesting site for sea turtles, and by the time the Sargassum wave arrived, the baby turtles were disclosing. Due to the thick mat of Sargassum along the beach, the baby turtles may have troubles to reach the ocean.
RESUMEN Se reporta por primera vez una gran cantidad de Sargassum flotante en Cayo Serranilla, en el Caribe central. La isla es un sitio importante para anidamiento de tortugas marinas, y al momento de la llegada del Sargassum, los nidos estaban eclosionando. Debido al espeso tapete de algas en la playa, las tortuguas pueden tener problemas en llegar al mar.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The material placed into the nest should provide comfort to both does and their kits. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different nesting materials on rabbit doe performance and nest building. Methods: Thirty primiparous rabbit does were randomized allotted in a block design with three treatments and ten replicates each. The treatments consisted of nest bedding with wood shavings (280 g, control), Tifton hay (220 g), and thin strips of newspaper (200 g). The state of the nest was assessed to evaluate mixing of the material with doe's hair and preservation of the original material. Kit body weight, daily weight gain, and survival rate were evaluated from birth to weaning. Results: The nesting material did not affect the mixing level of material and hair, amount of hair in the nest, body weight, daily weight gain, or survival rate of rabbits from birth to 35 d of age (p>0.05). However, preservation of original material in the nest was lower when Tifton hay was used (p<0.05). Correlations between material type and total number of born alive and the amount of hair, mixture level between hair and material, and material preservation in the nest were not significant (p>0.05). No correlation (p>0.05) was observed between material preservation and hair presence or mixture level between both. Positive correlation between hair presence and mixture level (p<0.001) was observed. Conclusion: Tifton hay and cut newspaper can be used as nest bedding for pregnant does in replacement of wood shavings, with no negative effects on nest building behavior or kit performance.
Resumen Antecedentes: El material ubicado en el nido debe proporcionar confort a la coneja y a su camada. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de nidos forrados con diferentes materiales sobre el desempeño de la coneja y sobre la construcción del nido. Métodos: Treinta conejas primíparas fueron usadas en un diseño en bloques al azar con tres tratamientos y 10 repeticiones cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en forrar el nido con viruta (280 g), heno de Tifton (220 g) y periódico cortado en tiras (200 g). El estado del nido fue determinado para evaluar la mezcla del material y los vellos de la coneja, la preservación del material original, y el peso corporal, la ganancia de peso diaria y la tasa de supervivencia fueron evaluados desde el nacimiento hasta el destete. Resultados: El tipo de material no afectó el nivel de mezcla entre el material y los vellos, cantidad de vello en el nido, peso corporal, ganancia de peso diaria, o tasa de supervivencia de las crías desde el nacimiento hasta el d 35 de edad (p>0,05); sin embargo, la preservación del material original en el nido fue menor cuando el heno de Tifton fue usado (p<0,05). Las correlaciones del tipo de material y número total de nacidos vivos, y la cantidad de vello, nivel de mezcla entre vello y material, y preservación de material en el nido no fueron significativas (p>0,05). No hubo correlación (p>0,05) entre preservación del material en el nido con presencia de vello o nivel de mezcla en los nidos. Hubo una correlación positive entre la presencia de vello en el nido y el nivel de mezcla (p<0,001). Conclusión: El heno de Tifton y el periódico cortado en tiras puede ser usado como revestimiento de nidos para conejas gestantes, sustituyendo la viruta de madera sin efectos negativos sobre el comportamiento de construcción del nido de la coneja ni sobre el desempeño de las crías desde el nacimiento hasta el destete, considerando el primer parto.
Resumo Antecedentes: O material colocado no ninho deve proporcionar conforto à coelha e sua ninhada. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de ninhos forrados com diferentes materiais sobre o desempenho da coelha e sobre a construção do ninho. Métodos: Trinta coelhas primíparas foram usadas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos e dez repetições cada. Foram avaliados três tipos de material para forrar o piso do ninho com maravalha (280 g), feno de Tifton (220 g) e jornal cortado em tiras (200 g). O estado do ninho foi determinado para avaliar a mistura do material com os pelos da coelha, a preservação do material original. Peso corporal, ganho de peso diário e a taxa de sobrevivência foram avaliados desde o nascimento até o desmame. Resultados: Nenhum efeito foi observado do tipo de material sobre o nível de mistura do material e pelos, quantidade de pelos no ninho, peso corporal, ganho de peso diário ou taxa de sobrevivência dos láparos do nascimento até 35 d de idade (p>0,05), entretanto, a preservação do material original no ninho foi menor quando o feno de Tifton foi usado (p<0,05). As correlacões de tipo de material e número total de nascidos vivos com a presença de pelo, nível de mistura entre pelo e material, e preservação de material no ninho não foram significativas (p>0,05). Não houve correlação (p>0,05) entre preservação do material no ninho com presença de pelo ou nível de mistura nos ninhos. Houve correlação positiva entre a presença de pelo no ninho com nível de mistura (p<0,001). Conclusão: Feno de Tifton e jornal cortado em tiras podem ser usados como revestimento de ninhos para coelhas gestantes, substituindo a maravalha sem efeitos negativos sobre o comportamento de construção do ninho da coelha nem sobre o desempenho dos láparos do nascimento até o desmame, considerando-se o primeiro parto.
ABSTRACT
ResumenEl éxito de anidación ha sido un indicador para evaluar los cambios ambientales que afectan el éxito reproductivo de aves, ya que permite analizar cambios que ocurren en la natalidad. En el presente estudio analizamos el éxito de anidación de Turdus grayi en el Centro Ecológico Recreativo "El Zapotal", Chiapas. Durante la temporada reproductiva del 2015, evaluamos las características del hábitat, presentes en los sitios de anidación a través de la búsqueda intensiva de nidos. Localizamos 56 nidos de los cuales, 27 (48.2 %) fueron exitosos y 29 (51.7 %) fueron fallidos. La mayoría de los nidos no exitosos (19) fueron depredados mientras que 8 (27.6 %) fueron abandonados y 2 (6.9 %) parasitados. El éxito de anidación fue de 46 %. La depredación fue el principal factor del fallo de los nidos. La incubación fue la etapa más susceptible a la depredación.Identificamos que las variables del sitio de anidación operaron a dos escalas espaciales: local y parche del nido. A través del análisis de regresión logística binaria se obtuvo un modelo para cada escala, el cual predijo qué variables incrementaron la probabilidad de éxito de anidación. Además realizamos un análisis de regresión logística multivariante para descartar posibles interacciones entre las variables. A escala local encontramos que la altura del nido a un intervalo de 4.2-5.1 m de altura incrementó el éxito del nido, mientras a escala parche del nido, la probabilidad de éxito de anidación fue mayor en los sitios con una densidad ≥ 12 árboles. Los análisis indicaron que la probabilidad de éxito de anidación no presentó una relación entre la escala local y parche del nido. Lo que sugiere un desacoplamiento de escalas y mecanismos. Por lo cual los cambios que ocurren en las variables que intervienen a escala local parecen no interferir en la escala de parche del nido. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la variación en las características de los sitios de anidación podría influir en la depredación además de que la depredación podría haberse presentado de manera aleatoria ya que los nidos que presentaron probabilidades medias y altas de ser exitosos fallaron por esta causa. De este modo, con el fin de comprender los factores, mecanismos y características de historia de vida que influyen en el éxito de anidación, sugerimos que además de las variables ambientales, los estudios futuros deberán considerar el comportamiento de las aves anidantes.
AbstractNesting success has been a surrogate to assess environmental changes that affect the reproductive success of birds, and to analyze changes that influence natality. We analyzed the nesting success of Turdus grayi at "El Zapotal" Recreational Ecological Preserve, Central Chiapas. During the 2015 breeding season, we intensively searched for active nests and evaluated habitat characteristics. We located a total of 56 nests of which 27 (48.2 %) were successful and 29 (51.7 %) were unsuccessful. Most unsuccessful nests (19) were depredated, while 8 (27.6 %) were abandoned and 2 (6.9 %) parasitized. Nesting success was 46 %. Depredation was the main mechanism of nest failure, mostly during incubation. We identified operating variables at site and patch scales. Through analysis of binary logistic regression models for each scale, we predicted which variables increased the probability of nesting success. We also performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to rule out possible interactions among variables. At nest scale we found that nest height, ranging 4.2 - 5.1 m had increased nesting success, while at patch scale, the probability of nest success was greater at sites with a tree density ≥ 12. Our results indicated that the probability of nesting success did not show a relationship between scales. We suggest a decoupling between scales and mechanism. Thus, habitat changes occurring at local scale did not seem to interfere with the patch scale. Also, our results showed that variation in characteristics at nest scale could also influence depredation, when depredation had been presented at random, since nests with medium and high probability of being successful, failed also for this reason. Thus, in order to understand the factors, mechanisms and life history characteristics influencing nesting success, we suggest that in addition to the environmental variables, future studies should also consider the bird nesting behaviour. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 925-938. Epub 2017 September 01.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The Thamnophilidae are one of the most speciose Neotropical bird families, yet aspects of their natural history remain poorly documented. Here we provide information on breeding phenology, the length of incubation and nestling periods, parental care, and nesting success of the Star-throated Antwren, Rhopias gularis, an Atlantic Forest endemic. The data are discussed in light of life history theories. We found 27 active nests during two breeding seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) at Carlos Botelho State Park in southeastern Brazil. Nesting activities were observed from September to January. Incubation and nestling periods lasted 16.8 ± 0.6 and 11.0 ± 0.86 days, respectively, as with most other antbirds. Males and females shared equally in incubation and nestling provisioning. The small clutch size of two eggs is that most commonly found in tropical birds and is hypothesized to have evolved due to increased nest predation rates. However, our data was not consistent with this hypothesis as the nest survival probability was high (57%). This is one of only a handful of studies that provide comprehensive information on the breeding biology of a Thamnophilid species in undisturbed habitat.
Resumo A Família Thamnophilidae compreende as diversas espécies de chocas e papa-formigas e compõem um dos maiores grupos de aves neotropicais. Apesar do elevado número de espécies, aspectos da história natural permanecem pouco documentados. No presente estudo são fornecidas informações sobre fenologia reprodutiva, duração dos períodos de incubação e permanência dos filhotes no ninho, cuidado parental e sucesso reprodutivo da choquinha-de-garganta-pintada, Rhopias gularis, endêmica da Mata Atlântica, enfocando teorias de história de vida. Foram encontrados 27 ninhos ativos durante duas temporadas reprodutivas (2013/2014 e 2014/2015) no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, no sudeste do Brasil. Atividades de nidificação foram observadas de setembro a janeiro. Períodos de incubação e permanência dos filhotes nos ninhos duraram 16.8 ± 0.6 e 11.0 ± 0.86 dias, respectivamente, sendo similares aos de outras chocas e papa-formigas. Machos e fêmeas dividiram as funções de incubação e alimentação dos ninhegos em taxas similares. As ninhadas de dois ovos seguem o padrão mais comum para Passseriformes tropicais, mas os dados apresentados não se mostraram consistentes com a hipótese de que a evolução de ninhadas menores está relacionada às altas taxa de predação de ninhos nesta região, uma vez que foi observada alta probabilidade de sobrevivência (57%). O presente estudo é um dos poucos a proporcionar informações abrangentes sobre a biologia reprodutiva de um Thamnophilidae em uma área preservada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Reproduction , Songbirds/physiology , Nesting Behavior , BrazilABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The Striped Owl (Pseudoscops clamator) has a wide geographic distribution despite that there is scarce information on its reproductive biology. In this study, we present the first published nesting records of P. clamator for Colombia. We provide data on its nesting habits and reproductive biology from observations between April and May 2013 of a nest found in a plantation of Eucalyptus globulus in Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. The ground nest is similar to those described from Argentina, Brazil, and Suriname; with a clutch of two where only one chick survived and left the nest after 25-30 days. We found in the owl diet, Brazilian guinea pig (Cavia aperea) and Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata). Little is known about other species predated by the Striped Owl or whether this species has more than one reproductive cycle in the Bogotá highland plateau. Future studies should further examine these aspects to assess the possibilities for expansion of P. clamator in the Bogotá highland plateau.
RESUMEN El búho rayado (Pseudoscops clamator) tiene amplia distribución geográfica, y a pesar de ello la información sobre su biología reproductiva es dispersa. En este estudio presentamos el primer registro de nido de P. clamator para Colombia. Brindamos datos sobre su anidación y reproducción, basados en observaciones de un nido encontrado en una plantación de Eucalyptus globulus entre abril y mayo de 2013 en Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. El nido encontrado sobre el suelo es similar a otros previamente descritos en Argentina, Brasil y Surinam, con una nidada de dos individuos, donde sólo sobrevivió un polluelo que dejó el nido luego de 25 a 30 días de nacido. Encontramos en la dieta del búho, curíes (Cavia aperea) y paloma sabanera (Zenaida auriculaya). Poco se conoce sobre otras especies que son depredadas por el búho rayado o si esta especie presenta más de un ciclo reproductivo al año en la Sabana de Bogotá. Estos aspectos deben ser examinados en futuros estudios para evaluar las posibilidades de expansión de P. clamator en la Sabana de Bogotá.
ABSTRACT
ResumenEn Colombia, C. acutus se encuentra catalogada en peligro crítico. Durante julio 2007, agosto 2008, junio y agosto 2009 y entre marzo y agosto 2010 y 2011, la población en Bahía Portete fue estudiada para evaluar la anidación y obtener la información necesaria para el ajuste de un programa de manejo acorde con la biología de la especie. Este estudio asumió la vinculación de la comunidad indígena Wayuü para emplear el modelo de acuerdo de conservación. Se realizaron transectos en toda la costa de la bahía para la búsqueda de nidadas. En la determinación de las áreas de importancia para la anidación, se registraron las características biométricas de los nidos, la biometría de huevos y crías, la fertilidad de huevos y eventos reproductivos. Como resultado se recorrieron 55.12 km, se determinaron cuatro zonas de importancia para la anidación, la de mayor importancia fue la isla Juyui. En todas las áreas de anidación, variables como la anidación colonial o gregaria y las variables ambientales fueron factores que afectaron el éxito de eclosión. El 37 % de los nidos estuvieron orientados hacia el norte y el 48 % fueron construidos en cercanía de Stenocereus griseus. La isla Juyui presentó los mayores porcentaje de arena (71.9 %, 71.44 %). El promedio de huevos por nido fue 28.42 ± 6.63. Los huevos presentaron un diámetro mayor promedio de 71.84 ± 3.54 mm y peso 81.54 ± 9.99 g. Las crías presentaron un promedio de longitud total de 25.47 ± 1.16 cm. El período reproductivo para este sector de Colombia, se inicia en marzo y culmina en agosto. Las pocas áreas de anidación y la fertilidad del 95 % sugieren la ejecución de un programa conservación para C. acutus en Bahía Portete.
Abstract:C. acutus is cataloged in critical danger in Colombia. We studied its population at Bahia Portete, in order to survey the nesting activities and to obtain valuable information for a conservation management program. This study was undertaken with the participation of the Wayuü community using the Agreement Conservation Model, and took place during July 2007, August 2008, June and August 2009, and March to August 2010 and 2011. Sampling surveys were made by the use of transects along the coast, in order to find nests. For each nesting area found, we recorded the nests biometrics, eggs and hatchlings, fertility of the eggs and reproductive events. We explored a total of 55.12 km, and determined four nesting areas. Colonial nesting and the environmental variables were factors that affected the hatchling success. From the total of nests found, 37 % were oriented towards North, and 48 % were built next to Stenocereus griseus. Juyui island substrate was mostly constituted by sand (71.9 %, 71.44 %). The average number of eggs by nest was 28.42 ± 6.63, the largest egg diameter was 71.84 ± 3.54 mm, the average nest weight was 81.54 ± 9.99 g, and the hatchlings presented an average length of 25.47 ± 1.16 cm. For this specific site in Colombia, the reproductive period begins in March and ends in August. The few areas of nesting and the 95 % fertility suggest the performance of a conservation management program for this species at Bahía Portete. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 211-228. Epub 2017 March 01.
Subject(s)
Animals , Reproduction/physiology , Alligators and Crocodiles/physiology , Nesting Behavior/physiology , Reference Values , Seasons , Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology , Time Factors , Analysis of Variance , Population Density , Colombia , Ecosystem , Bays , Eggs/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Abstract The availability of suitable cavities and substrate for hole construction can limit the populations of birds that rely on tree hollows to reproduce. Several studies have focused on the effects of types of habitats, and types of human disturbances on cavities abundance, but the effect of successional stages in the Atlantic Forest has been poorly addressed. In this study we aimed to compare the availability and biometric characteristics of tree cavities between primary and mid-successional stage sites in an Atlantic Forest area from southeastern Brazil. Based on nest characteristics described in the literature, we inferred if hollows present in secondary sites could harbor the large secondary-nester Atlantic Forest birds, with special attention to toucans and hawks. From September 2016 to April 2017, 96 cavities were sampled, 67 in the primary, and 29 in the secondary plots. Our data revealed that the communities of cavity-nester birds in mid-successional stage areas may be more affected by the reduced cavity availability than by cavities quality, as the number of cavities in these sites was less than half than that found in mature forests. We also provide evidences that the largest cavity nesters, such as the biggest hawks, might have limited nesting possibilities in mid-successional stage areas especially due to small cavity entrances, which may have important reflects in conservation strategies.
Resumo A disponibilidade de cavidades adequadas e o substrato para a escavação de ocos podem limitar as populações de aves que dependem das cavidades de árvores para se reproduzir. Vários estudos se concentraram nos efeitos dos tipos de habitats e em tipos de distúrbios antrópicas sobre a disponibilidade de cavidades, mas o efeito da sucessão ecológica na Mata Atlântica é muito pouco investigado. Neste estudo, buscamos comparar a disponibilidade e algumas características biométricas das cavidades de árvores entre áreas em estágio primário e secundário-médio na Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil. Baseado nas características dos ninhos das espécies que ocorrem na área de estudo, também deduzimos se as cavidades que estão presentes em áreas secundárias poderiam abrigar as maiores aves que nidificam em cavidades, mas que são incapazes de escavá-las, com atenção especial aos tucanos e falcões. De setembro de 2016 a abril de 2017, 96 cavidades foram amostradas, 67 em áreas primárias e 29 em parcelas em locais de floresta secundária. Nossos dados revelaram que a comunidade de aves dependentes de ocos para nidificação em áreas em estágio médio de sucessão podem ser mais afetadas pela baixa disponibilidade de cavidades do que pela qualidade das cavidades, já que o número de cavidades nesses locais foi menos da metade do que o encontrado em florestas maduras. Também evidenciou-se que os nidificadores de cavidades de maior porte, como os grandes falcões, podem ter possibilidades de nidificação limitadas nas áreas de estágio médio de sucessão, especialmente devido ao tamanho reduzido das entradas de cavidades, o que pode ter importantes reflexos em estratégias de conservação.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Solitary wasps and bees (Hymenoptera) play a key role in ecosystem and agroecosystem functioning. Crops may benefit from biological pest control and pollination carried out by predatory solitary wasps and solitary bees, respectively. Here, we aimed at evaluating the abundance and faunistic compositions of solitary wasps and bees in respect to land-use (pasture, alley cropping, young fallow and old fallow) over an entire year using trap nests in the Brazilian northeastern state of Maranhão. Land-use did not influence the abundance of solitary wasps and bees, however, levels of dominance, abundance and frequency of the species Pachodynerus guadulpensis Saussure, Isodontia sp. 1, Isodontia sp. 2, Trypoxylon nitidum Smith and Megachile cfr. framea Schrottky varied with land-use. The abundance of wasps and bees varied over the period of the year with populations peeking in January (bees), and June and July (wasps). Relative humidity explained most of the variation for the abundance of wasps while temperature explained higher portions of the variance for the abundance of bees. There was an interaction between period of the year and land-use for the abundance of wasps (but not for bees). We concluded that total population abundance of solitary wasps and bees were not affected by the land-use however, levels of dominance, abundance and frequency of some species of these hymenopterans changed according to land-use. Also, relative humidity and temperature were important environmental variables explaining the abundances of wasps and bees.
ABSTRACT
ves Island Wildlife Refuge is the second most important nesting colony for green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Caribbean. Even though some research projects have led to a solid source of knowledge about this species' ecology, little information about its breeding biology is available. This study was focused on assessing the breeding characteristics and hatching success for the nesting population during the 2010 season in Aves Island, Venezuela. Nesting data were collected along the entire beach line from July 31st to November 09th by nightly patrols, in order to determine green turtle nesting activity. All females were tagged and measured to compare the new recruits with remigrant females. We determined the number of nesting females, the size and spatial distribution of clutches, the incubation period, the internesting and remigration periods, as well as the hatching and emergence success for first time in Aves Island. Beach dimensions were measured to determine nest density. We recorded 1 106 nesting females with 436 remigrant females individually identified. The female population had an average curved carapace length of 112.2 ± 5.5 cm. The average clutch size was of 124 ± 25.7 eggs, with an estimated clutch frequency of 2 nests/females, and an average inferred clutch period of 12.4 days. We estimated the total number of clutches to be 2 261 ± 33 and a total of 1 130 ± 17 nesting females for the 2010 season. For in situ nests, we observed a Mean hatching and emergence success of 54.4 ± 30.0% and 74.3 ± 29.2%, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the morphometrics of nesting females and clutch size, and also significant differences in the number of clutches and hatching and emergence success among the different island sections of the study site. Our results are only a first attempt at characterizing this site population, but have great value for establishing conservation priorities within the context of national management plans. Care should be taken in extrapolating our data to other years, as there is a need to continue monitoring the nesting beach and developing conservation strategies directed at all life-stages of the population. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63(4): 1059-1070. Epub 2015 December 01.
l Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves (Venezuela) es la segunda colonia anidadora más importante para la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas) en el Caribe, y su proyecto de investigación representa una sólida fuente de conocimiento sobre la ecología de esta especie. Sin embargo, existe poca información disponible sobre su biología reproductiva. Esta investigación estuvo enfocada en la evaluación de las características reproductivas y éxito de eclosión de la población anidadora durante la temporada 2010 en Isla de Aves. Los datos de anidación fueron recogidos a lo largo de la playa durante patrullajes nocturnos del 31 de julio al 09 de noviembre con el fin de determinar la actividad de anidación de las tortugas. Todas las hembras fueron marcadas y medidas para comparar los datos de las nuevas reclutas con los de las hembras remigrantes. Fue determinado el número de hembras anidadoras, el tamaño y la distribución espacial de las nidadas, el período de incubación, los períodos interanidación y remigración, así como el éxito de eclosión y emergencia por primera vez en la RFSIA. Se midieron las dimensiones de playa para determinar la densidad de nidos a lo largo de sus secciones. Fueron registradas 1 106 hembras anidadoras, de las cuales 436 hembras fueron identificadas individualmente como remigrantes. Las hembras anidadoras tuvieron un largo curvo del caparazón promedio de 112.2 ± 5.5 cm. La media para el tamaño de las nidadas fue de 124.0 ± 25.7 huevos, con una frecuencia de puesta estimada de 2.0 nidos/hembra y un intervalo de puesta inferido de 12.4 días. Estimamos un total de 2 261 ± 33 nidadas y un rango de 1 130 ± 17 hembras anidadodra para la temporada 2010. Para las nidadas insitu observamos un éxito de eclosión de 54.4 ± 30.0 % y un éxito de emergencia de 74.3 ± 29.2 %. Observamos una correlación positiva entre la morfometría de las hembras anidadoras y el tamaño de la nidada, así como diferencias significativas en el número de nidadas, los éxitos de eclosión y emergencia entre las tres secciones de la isla. Estos resultados son una primera aproximación para la caracterización de la población de Isla de Aves, pero tienen gran valor para establecer prioridades de conservación dentro del contexto de los planes de manejo nacionales. Los valores observados en este trabajo deben ser extrapolados con cuidados a otros años, ya que existe una importante necesidad de continuar con el monitoreo de la anidación, así como de desarrollar estrategias de conservación dirigidas a todas las etapas de vida de la población.
ABSTRACT
Melipona mondury Smith 1863 is an important stingless bee species pollinator and honey/pollen producer, but threatened by fragmentation of habitats throughout its range. This article presents the identification and partial characterization of nesting substrates, bionomic including population features of M. mondury by comparing data between nest architecture of natural beehive and boxes colonies. Nineteen colonies (13 in boxes and six in beehives) were analyzed with regards to substrate nesting, nest characteristics (e.g. length and width of the combs, height and diameter of the pollen and honey jar) and bee population. The average volume and diameter of the trunks cavities used for nesting of M.mondury were18.4 L and 15.8 cm; the average number of combs was 9.26; the average diameter and height of the honey pots were 2.81 cm and 3.29 cm, and the average volume of honey stored was 15.85 mL; the average height and diameter of pollen pots was 3.21 cm and 2.93 cm, respectively, while the average mass of pollen deposited was equal to 12.56 g. The population ranged from 3537 to 10281 individuals between colonies. The results suggest that the conservation of M. mondury should involve reforestation with native species from Atlantic Forest, and the dimensions of boxes should be based on the average size of the nests in the natural environment in order to support strategies of conservation and sustainable management of this species.
Melipona mondury Smith 1863 é uma espécie de abelha sem ferrão, importante polinizadora, produtora de mel e de pólen, mas ameaçada pela fragmentação dos habitats ao longo de sua área de ocorrência. Este artigo apresenta a identificação e a caracterização parcial dos substratos de nidificação e as características bionômicas, incluindo as populacionais, de M. mondury, comparando os dados de arquitetura do ninho entre colônias de cortiço e caixas rústicas. Dezenove colônias (13 em caixas rústicas e seis em cortiços) foram analisadas em relação aos substratos de nidificação, características do ninho (e.g.: comprimento e largura dos favos de cria, altura e diâmetro dos potes de pólen e mel) e população das abelhas. Foram encontrados volume e diâmetro médios da cavidade dos troncos nidificados por M. mondury, de 18,4 L e 15,8 cm; número médio de favos de cria de 9,26; diâmetro e altura médios dos potes de mel de 2,81 cm e 3,29 cm, sendo o volume médio de mel armazenado de 15,85 mL; altura e diâmetro médios dos potes de pólen de 3,21 cm e 2,93 cm, enquanto a massa média de pólen depositado foi de 12,56 g. A população variou de 3 537 a 10 281 indivíduos entre as colônias. Os resultados sugerem que a conservação de M. mondury deve envolver o reflorestamento com espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica; e as dimensões das caixas racionais foram definidas com base no tamanho médio dos ninhos no ambiente natural, para subsidiar estratégias conservacionistas e de manejo racional.