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Objective: To investigate the role of anterior part of commissural subnucleus of nucleus tractus solitarius (acNTS) injury in insulin-resistant hyperglycemia during chronic restraint stress (CRS). Methods: We produced the CRS models (n = 20, a 7-day restraint followed by a 3-day free moving procedure for 40 days) in rats, and detected the parameters related to glucose metabolism. Results: The CRS induced a moderate (not higher than 11 mmol/L) and irreversible insulin-resistant hyperglycemia in about 1/3 (n = 7) of the individuals. CRS-hyperglycemic rats showed a condensed staining of acNTS neurons, and Caspase-3 immunostaining and TUNEL also showed positive, indicating apoptotic changes of acNTS neurons. After acNTS mechanical damage (n= 6), the blood glucose level rised gradually, which also led to insulin-resistant hyperglycemia. The characteristics of hyperinsulinemia, increased islet volume, and serum corticosterone levels in acNTS mice were consistent with those of CRS mice. Conclusion: The result indicates that during CRS, injury (apoptosis) of glucose-sensitive acNTS neurons causes dysregulation of blood glucose. Restraint stress model has value as a potential application in the study of stress-induced hyperglycemia.
ABSTRACT
Endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in both basic structure formation and function performance of microenviron-ment. Endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis unbalance caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress has become a hot research topic in recent years. This paper focuses on the role of endoplasmic retic-ulum stress in ischemic stroke. Research progress of related sig-naling pathways were reviewed, especially mechanisms through which endoplasmic reticulum stress trigger the inflammatory reac-tion, so as to provide a new research method for prevention of is-chemic stroke.
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Objective To explore the relationship of neuron injury and its severity with the cause and the duration of convulsion Methods Patients were divided into 5 groups or 3 groups according to the causes of convulsion or duration of convulsion in children The levels of neuron specific enolase(NSE) and nitrogen monoxide and nitricoxide synthase(NO/NOS) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) were tested by ELISA and spectrophotography at different time points after convulsion in children Results The levels of NSE and NO/NOS in serum and CSF of all objective groups except the febrile convulsion group were apparently higher than those in control group( t =15 4～47 7, P
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effects of mivacurium on muscular relaxation were similar by the duration of more than 2 weeks after the injury of lower motor neurons in rabbits. METHODS: The animals were divided into five groups. The control group was without lower motor neuron injury. In the experimental groups, the lower motor neuron injury was made by denervating with 75 - 80% lesion on the common peroneal nerve to the right anterior tibialis muscle. The experimental groups were subdivided as 1, 2, 3 and 4 week groups (referred to ad the 1 wk, 2, 3 and 4 wks group) according to the durations of the denervation of common peroneal nerve, respectively. The dose-response relationship of mivacurium on the muscle twitches induced by TOF (train of four) stimulation (supramaximal stimulus of 0.2 ms duration, square-wave pulses, 2 Hz rate, repeated every 10 seconds) was studied by calculating ED50 and ED95 in the anterior tibialis muscles and compared between all groups. After recording the muscle twitches, microscopic findings were observed. RESULTS: The effective dose for 95% twitch depression (ED95) of mivacurium at 1week after denervation was significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05), but the ED95 of 2, 3 and 4wks groups were not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the ED95 of 3 and 4wks group were inclined to be lower than that of the control and significantly lower than 1wk group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the effective dose for 50% twitch depression (ED50) of mivacurium in all groups. The size of the anterior tibialis muscle was significantly decreased at 4weeks after the lower motor neuron injury (P <0.05), but the number of its sarcoplasmic nuclei was increased, according to the duration after the denervation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results therefore suggest that neuromuscular response of denervated anterior tibial muscle was resistant to intravenous mivacurium in early periods of 1 or 2 weeks but sensitive 4 weeks after the lower motor neuron injury.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Denervation , Depression , Motor Neurons , Muscle, Skeletal , Muscles , Peroneal Nerve , RelaxationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effects of mivacurium on onset and recovery were affected by the duration of more than 2 weeks after injury of the lower motor neuron in rabbits. METHODS: The animals were divided into five groups. The control group was without lower motor neuron injury. In the experimental groups, the lower motor neuron injury was made by denervating with a 75 - 80% lesion on the common peroneal nerve to the right anterior tibialis muscle. The experimental groups were subdivided as 1, 2, 3 and 4 week groups (named group 1 wk, 2, 3 and 4 wks) according to the duration of the denervation of the common peroneal nerve. The response relationship of mivacurium on the muscle twitches induced by TOF (train of four) stimulation (supramaximal stimulus of 0.2 ms duration, square-wave pulses, 2 Hz rate and 10 mA, repeated every 10 seconds) was studied in the anterior tibialis muscles and compared between all groups. Neuromuscular responses (onset, recovery time to T1(1), T1(25), T1(75), T1(95) and recovery index) of muscle twitches to intravenous mivacurium (0.18 mg/kg) were studied. After recording the muscle twitches, macroscopic findings were observed. RESULTS: The recovery time, T1(1) of group 4 wks was significantly longer than those of group 1, 2 and 3 wks (P < 0.05), but not different from the control group. The recovery time, T1(25), T1(75) and T1(95) of group 4 wks was significantly longer than those of all other groups (P < 0.05), but the onset times of all groups were not significantly different. The recovery index of group 4 wks was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), but those of groups 1, 2 and 3 wks were not significantly different from that of the control group. The mass of the anterior tibialis muscle was significantly decreased at 4 weeks after the lower motor neuron injury (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results therefore suggest that the neuromuscular response to intravenous mivacurium on recovery in rabbits becomes prolonged according to the durations of the denervation and represents sensitivity at 4 weeks after the lower motor neuron injury.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Denervation , Motor Neurons , Muscles , Peroneal NerveABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Qingnao Yizhi Formula (QYF) for vascular dementia and multi - infarct dermentia. Methods: In- vitro rabbit neuron culture was utilized to investigate the effect of QYF on glutamic - acid - induced neuron injury. Results: QYF could increase the survival rate of iniured neuron(P