ABSTRACT
The Nobel Prize is considered the utmost global recognition bestowed upon a scientist, writer, or peace promoter. The Nobel Prizes have been granted since 1901 in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. Later on, in 1969, the Prize in Economic Sciences was established. A Nobel Prize in psychology does not exist, nor is there one in mathematics, ecology, or other disciplines. Nevertheless, a great number of psychologists have received the award. The discussion about who can be considered a psychologist is determined by three categories: (1) the person that received an undergraduate degree in psychology, (2) a person that holds a Ph.D. in psychology, and (3) someone trained in a discipline different from psychology whose contributions are of great relevance to this field. Presented here is a brief biography of some of the psychologists (in any of the three categories) that have received the Nobel Prize. It is also indicated that there are other somewhat similar awards received by psychologists, such as the ones bestowed by the APA, the IUPsyS, and the Grawemeyer Prize in Psychology. It is possible in the future that more psychologists will receive the Nobel Prize in one of its categories.
El Premio Nobel es considerado como el máximo reconocimiento a nivel mundial que puede recibir un científico, un escritor o un promotor de la paz. Los Premios Nobel se otorgan desde 1901, en los campos de la física, química, fisiología o medicina, literatura y paz. Más adelante en 1969 se creó el Premio Nobel en ciencias económicas. No existe un Premio Nobel en psicología y tampoco en matemáticas, ecología y otras disciplinas. Sin embargo, un cierto número de psicólogos ha recibido el Premio Nobel. Se discute acerca de quién puede definirse como psicólogo y se presentan tres categorias: (1) una persona que recibió una formación de pregrado en psicología, (2) una que recibió un Ph.D. en psicología, (3) alguien que realizó contribuciones de gran relevancia a la psicología aunque su entrenamiento haya sido en otra disciplina. Se presenta una breve sinopsis de la vida y obra de algunos de los psicólogos (de cualquiera de las tres categorías) que han recibido el Premio Nobel. Se indica que existen otros premios relativamente similares como los que otorga la IUPsyS, la APA y el Premio Grawemeyer en Psicología. Es posible que en el futuro más psicólogos reciban el Premio Nobel en alguna de sus categorías.
ABSTRACT
A indicação ao prêmio Nobel de Medicina ocorreu pelo menos duas vezes para o brasileiro Carlos Chagas: 1913 e 1921. A história desta última indicação encontrase envolvida em mistério, que culminou com a ausência da premiação do Nobelde Medicina em 1921. Assim, objetivamos descrever as circunstâncias que possam ter comprometido o laureio do pesquisador, e para tal foi realizada extensa revisão bibliográfica, a partir das bases de dados Scielo, Medline e Lilacs. O descobridor da Doença de Chagas recebeu muitas premiações internacionais, mas em seu próprio país foi alvo de ataques de um grupo opositor na Academia Nacional de Medicina. Ali se questionava sobre a verdadeira existência do mal, sua extensão no país e a paternidade de sua descoberta. Tais intrigas possivelmente resultaram na negação do prêmio Nobel em 1921. Carlos Chagas, responsável pela descrição de uma das mais importantes doenças infectoparasitárias que atingem a população latino-americana, não foi reconhecido em primeira instância no Brasil. Ignorada sua contribuição à ciência, retardou-se o ensino desse mal nas universidades. Sem controle, a doença vitimou milhares de pessoas que poderiam ter sido poupadas.
Carlos Chagas was nominated twice for the Nobel Prize of Medicine, in 1913 and 1921. The story of the second nomination was a mystery that ended without Medicine awarding in 1921. Thus, we aim here to describe the circumstances that could have compromised the academic honor of the researcher, and so we carried out an extensive bibliographical review. The discoverer of Chagas disease also called American trypanosomiasis received several international awards, but in his homeland he was the aim of critics by a group of opponents in the Academia Nacional de Medicina (national academy of medicine). There were many doubts about the real existence of such disease, its extension in the country and its real discoverer. Such intrigues have possibly resulted in the refuse to award him with the Nobel Prize in 1921. Carlos Chagas, who is responsible for describing one of the most important infectious disease that affect the Latin-American population, was not acknowledged at first in Brazil. As his contribution to science was ignored, the teaching of this disease in universities was delayed. Without any control, the disease caused thousands of deaths that could have been avoided.