Un programa informático en la web para la evaluación dietética en Costa Rica / A web-based software for dietary assessment in Costa Rica

Introducción. La medición del consumo de alimentos es un importante indicador del estado nutricional de las personas; sin embargo, el proceso no es fácil y puede tener un nivel de error inaceptable. La incorporación de nuevas tecnologías pueden facilitar el proceso y minimizar el error. Objetivo. Desarrollar un programa informático en la web para nutricionistas que permita el ingreso de datos de consumo de alimentos con un recordatorio de 24 horas o de los 7 días anteriores, el análisis de la ingesta de energía y nutrientes y su comparación con las ingestas recomendadas; con el fin de minimizar el error en la recopilación y análisis de los datos. Materiales y métodos. Primero, se determinaron las características importantes que debe tener el programa, el cual fue elaborado posteriormente con los lenguajes de programación de Python y Javascript y con un patrón de diseño modelo-vista-controlador. Simultáneamente se crearon tres bases de datos, uno con el valor nutritivo de los alimentos, otro con datos de tamaños de porción de los mismos y otro con las recomendaciones nutricionales. Una vez elaborado, el programa fue sometido a una serie de pruebas para evaluar tanto su facilidad de uso como la exactitud de los cálculos. Resultados. Se describen las 9 etapas del programa y se justifica su diseño con evidencias de la literatura científica. Conclusiones. Se desarrolló el programa en la web, 'Dietnóstico', que permite la recolección y análisis de datos de consumo de alimentos. Una vez validado, el programa estará disponible para nutricionistas a usar en la atención nutricional y la investigación(AU)

Introduction. Assessment of food consumption is an important indicator of a person's nutritional status; however, it is not a simple process and can involve an unacceptable level of error. The application of new technologies in this process can lead to improvements and the minimization of error. Objective. To develop a computer program in the web, for nutritionists that allows the input of food consumption data using a 24- hour recall or a recall of food consumption during the 7 previous days, the analysis of energy and nutrient intake and its comparison with recommended intakes with the aim of minimizing the error involved in the collection and analysis of food consumption data. Materials and methods. The first stage was to define important characteristics to include in the programme which was developed using the programming languages of Python and Javascript and using a model-view-controller design pattern. At the same time, three databases were created: one with the nutritional value of foods, another with portion sizes of the foods and a third with the nutritional recommendations. Once created, several trials were conducted on the programme to test the operations from a user point of view, and the accuracy of the calculations. Results. The 9 stages of the software are described and its design is justified with evidence from the scientific literature. Conclusions. The program 'Dietnóstico' for use in the web, allows the collection and analysis of food consumption data. Once validated, it will be available for nutritionists involved in nutrition counselling and research(AU)

Evaluación de ingesta dietética según el nivel socioeconómico en un grupo de personas vegetarianas en Colombia

Diferentes estudios han relacionado el nivel socioeconómico con la calidad de la dieta y la prevalencia de riesgo de deficiencia de nutrientes. En personas vegetarianas, cuando no se sigue una dieta adecuada, existe la posibilidad de tener una baja ingesta de ciertos nutrientes, principalmente de vitamina B12, vitamina D, calcio, hierro, zinc, ácidos grasos omega-3 y proteínas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la ingesta dietética en personas vegetarianas según su nivel socioeconómico en una región de Colombia. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario en el cual se les preguntó por variables socioeconómicas, antropométricas y la frecuencia de consumo de 48 alimentos y suplementos. Posteriormente, a un subgrupo de la muestra se le realizaron dos recordatorios de 24 horas en diferentes días de la semana. Se encontró que, a menor nivel socioeconómico, hay un menor consumo de lácteos, cereales integrales, frutas y verduras. Así mismo, se observó que según el tipo de vegetarianismo hay diferencias en el consumo de cobalamina, fibra y calcio. Se concluye que, de manera similar a los omnívoros, se requiere de educación nutricional para mejorar la elección de los alimentos y lograr suplir los requerimientos nutricionales, independientemente del nivel económico.

Different studies have related socioeconomic status to diet quality and the prevalence of nutrient deficiency risk. Among vegetarians, when an adequate diet is not followed, there is a possibility of having a low intake of certain nutrients, mainly vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids and proteins. This study aims to evaluate the dietary intake of vegetarians according to their socioeconomic level in a region of Colombia. Participants completed a questionnaire in which they were asked about socioeconomic and anthropometric variables and the frequency of consumption of 48 foods and supplements. Subsequently, a subgroup of the sample was given two 24-hour reminders on different days of the week. We found that the lower the socioeconomic level, the lower the consumption of dairy products, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Likewise, it was observed that depending on the type of vegetarianism, there are differences in the consumption of cobalamin, fiber and calcium. We conclude that, similar to omnivores, nutritional education is required to improve the choice of foods and to meet nutritional requirements, regardless of economic level.

Nutrient intake, oral symptoms, and oral health-related quality of life among antenatal mothers in Sarawak

@#Introduction: This study aimed to determine the association between nutrient intake, oral symptoms, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among antenatal mothers in the Sri Aman district, Sarawak. Methods: A total of 124 antenatal mothers in the second and third trimesters, through systematic random sampling, participated in this cross-sectional study. A validated selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect their socioeconomic and obstetric profiles, perceived oral health status, and OHRQoL. Three days 24-hour diet recall assessment involving two weekdays and one weekend day was used for nutrient intake assessment. Results: Most mothers (75.0%) had at least one oral symptom: cavitated tooth (51.6%), bleeding gum (32.3%), halitosis (27.4%), gum pain (13.7%), toothache (12.1%), and swollen gum (6.5%). Most mothers also had inadequate intakes of energy, vitamin D, iodine, calcium, zinc, fluoride, and iron. The most affected OHRQoL domain was psychological discomfort, followed by functional limitation and physical pain. Nutrient intake was not significantly different between antenatal mothers with and without oral symptoms. Antenatal mothers with at least one oral symptom, presence of toothache, cavitated tooth, bleeding gum, and halitosis had significantly lower OHRQoL. Conclusion: Most antenatal mothers had inadequate nutrient intake, particularly vitamin D and calcium. Nutrient intake was not significantly associated with oral symptoms. The oral symptoms of dental caries and periodontal disease were prevalent; and the presence of toothache, cavitated tooth, bleeding gum, and halitosis were associated with poor OHRQoL.

Validation of a food frequency questionnaire for assessing the intake of food groups and nutrients in adults / Validação de um questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliação do consumo de grupos de alimentos e nutrientes em adultos

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate a food frequency questionnaire used to assess food consumption among adults in a Brazilian cohort. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 100 adults. Food intake was assessed by the food frequency questionnaire and by two 24-hour recalls. Validation was performed for nutrients (n=19) and food groups (n=21). Results: Moderate deattenuated Pearson's correlation coefficients (>0.4) were observed for the consumption of dairy products, breads and crackers, rice, pasta and tubers, leafy vegetables, other vegetables, fats, sweetened drinks, sandwiches and savory snacks, and nuts, and for the following nutrients (deattenuated and adjusted for energy intake): fiber, calcium, and vitamins A, B2, and C. Based on almost all food groups and nutrients assessed, ≥70% of the individuals were classified into the same or adjacent quartile for both methods, except for red and pork meat, snacks, nuts, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin B3. The food groups and nutrients with fair kappa agreement (>0.2) were: dairy products, other vegetables, sweetened drinks, breakfast cereals, energy, carbohydrate, iron, and vitamin A. Conclusion: The food frequency questionnaire has proven useful for estimating the intake of some nutrients and food groups of the subjects evaluated. Only the intake of red and pork meat, snacks, nuts, vitamin B3, phosphorus and potassium were estimated with less accuracy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar um questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliar o consumo alimentar de adultos em uma coorte brasileira. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 100 adultos. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada pelo questionário de frequência alimentar e por dois recordatórios de 24 horas. A validação foi realizada para nutrientes (n=19) e grupos de alimentos (n=21). Resultados: Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson deatenuados moderados (>0,4) foram observados para o consumo de laticínios, pães e biscoitos, arroz, macarrão e tubérculos, vegetais folhosos, outros vegetais, gorduras, bebidas adoçadas, sanduíches e salgadinhos, e nozes, e para os seguintes nutrientes (deatenuados e ajustados para ingestão de energia): fibra, cálcio e vitaminas A, B2 e C. Com base em quase todos os grupos de alimentos e nutrientes avaliados, ≥70% dos indivíduos foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartil adjacente para ambos os métodos, exceto para carnes vermelhas e suínas, salgadinhos, nozes, fósforo, potássio e vitamina B3. Os grupos de alimentos e nutrientes com concordância kappa justa (>0,2) foram: laticínios, outras verduras, bebidas açucaradas, cereais matinais, energia, carboidratos, ferro e vitamina A. Conclusão: O questionário de frequência alimentar mostrou-se útil para estimar a ingestão de alguns nutrientes e grupos de alimentos dos sujeitos avaliados. Apenas o consumo de carnes vermelhas e suínas, salgadinhos, nozes, vitamina B3, fósforo e potássio foi estimado com menor precisão.

Energy and protein intakes are associated with stunting among preschool children in Central Jakarta, Indonesia: a case-control study

@#Introduction: Stunting is a major nutritional problem in Indonesia. The prevalence of stunting in DKI Jakarta province was relatively high at 27.5% in 2013 and 17.7% in 2018. This study aims to describe nutrient intakes of children aged 25-30 months and to determine the proportional differences in nutrient intakes between stunting and normal children in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: A case-control study with a total sample of 121 children aged 25-30 months was conducted in Gambir and Sawah Besar sub-districts, Central Jakarta, where the prevalence of stunting was high. All children were exclusively breastfed for at least four months and had similar socio-economic levels. Data collected included height measurement, questionnairebased interview, and 24-hour food recall. T-test and chi-square test were used to investigate the differences between two groups and logistic regression was used in multivariate analysis. Results: Factors associated with stunting were energy intake (AOR=6.0; 95% CI=1.0-35.0) and protein intake (AOR=4.0; 95% CI=1.1-15.5) after controlling for fat, carbohydrate, vitamin C, iron, and zinc intakes. The percentage of children with energy intake below the recommendation was much higher in stunted children (86.1%) compared to normal children (43.5%). Similarly, the percentage of children with protein intake below the recommendation was very much higher among stunted children (30.6%) compared to 8.2% in normal children. Conclusion: Children who lacked energy and protein intakes were at a higher risk of stunting than children who had sufficient intakes. Macronutrient intakes are important and should be consumed in sufficient quantities every day to prevent stunting.

Study causes of chronic energy deficiency of pregnant in the rural areas

Background: Chronic energy deficiency (CED) is one of the malnutrition problems that often occurs in pregnant, caused by lack of energy in a long period of time. One of the effects of pregnant suffering from CED is to increase the risk of maternal and short baby mortality.Method: The study was conducted in 8 villages of Kemranjen Subdistrict, Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia in 2019. A cross sectional research design with population is that has pregnant. A sample of 130 pregnant was taken incidentally, with inclusion criteria that be able to do interviews and anthropometric measurements, while as the exclusion criterion was that pregnant were suffering from illness that could not be measured.Results: Most of the age was over 30 years and 9.2% suffered from CED. Nutrient intake is mostly less than 80.0% of the nutrition adequacy rate (RDA). The average intake of macro nutrients is 28.05%, the average micronutrient intake is 27.70%. Most graduated were from high school, worked as housewives, consumed supplements, additional food, and added blood tablets and drank milk, suffered from upper respiratory infections (ARI), high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus, did not get complete immunizations.Conclusion: There were no significant differences in CED based on energy intake (p=1.00), protein intake (p=1.00), fat intake (p=0.179) and carbohydrate intake (p=0.460), work status (p=0.216) and education (p=0.553) and consuming additional food (p=0.225).

Comparisons of food security, dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes between adult North Korean Refugees in South Korea and South Koreans

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: North Korean refugees (NKRs) in South Korea are a unique population as they must adapt in a new country with similar cultural traits but different social, political, and economic systems, but little research has been conducted on diet and nutrition in this population. This study examined food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes among adult NKRs living in South Korea and compared them to those of South Koreans.SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 139 adult NKRs (25 men, 114 women) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 417 age- and sex-matched South Korean controls (SKCs; 75 men, 342 women) selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Food security and dietary behaviors (meal skipping, eating-out, meals with family, nutrition education and counseling, and nutrition label knowledge and utilization) were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 23.0.RESULTS: In South Korea, food security had improved over the previous 12 months, but remained significantly poorer for NKR women than SKC women. Meal skipping was three times more frequent than for SKCs and eating-out was rare. Average energy intake was 1,509 kcal for NKR men and 1,344 kcal for NKR women, which was lower than those of SKCs (2,412 kcal and 1,789 kcal, respectively). Significantly more NKRs (men 24.0%, women 21.9%) showed simultaneously deficient intake in energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin than SKCs (men 2.7% (P = 0.003), women 7.0% (P < 0.001)). NKR women had a significantly higher index of nutrient quality (INQ) for some nutrients than SK women.CONCLUSIONS: This study reports significant differences in food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes between NKRs and SKCs. Generally, NKRs reported lower intakes despite improved food security, but relatively good INQs across nutrients. Further research is needed to understand processes of food choice and consumption among NKRs to provide appropriate support aimed at improving diets.

Detection of Biofilm Proteins from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Induced by Glucose, Lactose, Soy Protein, and Iron Along with Protein Density Analysis

@#Introduction: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) is the main bacterium that causes aggressive periodontitis which is capable of forming biofilms on the surface of periodontal tissues. The objective of the study of the bacterial biofilm proteins is to provide an alternative to early prevention of oral infection of Periodontitis caused by A.a. Biofilms formed characterized by its molecular weight will then be used for the purpose of making Periodontal Disease Detection Kits. This project is aimed to select the molecular weight of biofilm protein of A.a exposed to 5% glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron. Methods: Exposure to 5% glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron is nenecessary to form biofilm of A.a. Then, the biofilm is characterized by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to measure the molecular weight. Results: From this study A.a biofilm bands were formed with the number of protein bands that varied depending on the induction used. A.a induced by 5% glucose had one protein band (37.5 kDa), A.a induced by 5% lactose had five protein bands (77.9 kDa, 52.6 kDa, 46.8 kDa, 36.6 kDa, and 28.5 kDa), A.a induced by Soy Protein had seven protein bands (77.9 kDa, 71.3 kDa, 47.4 kDa, 40.4 kDa, 37.2 kDa, 28.8 kDa and 11.8 kDa) and A.a induced by 5% iron did not form protein band. Conclusion: Exposure to 5% glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron to A.a resulted in band of biofilm protein. However, A.a biofilm induced by 5% iron has no protein bands.

Caracterización del consumo de alimentos e ingesta de nutrientes de población residente en las Islas Galápagos / Characterization of food consumption and nutrient intake of population resident in the Galapagos Islands

Las Islas Galápagos es una de las provincias de Ecuador con mayores índices de sobrepeso y obesidad en población adulta. Debido a las restricciones de producción de alimentos, la presión turística y otros factores sociales; la disponibilidad, el acceso y consumo de alimentos saludables y recomendables puede estar afectando al estado de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de su población. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el consumo de alimentos de la población y su adecuación a las necesidades nutricionales. Sobre una muestra de 120 personas residentes en las Islas Galápagos se aplicaron 3 R24h. Los resultados de la valoración nutricional fueron comparados con las IDR, realizando un análisis factorial multivariante para analizar diferencias por grupo de edad o desempeño profesional. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para caracterizar el perfil de ingesta de nutrientes. Para energía y principios inmediatos se sobrepasan las recomendaciones, principalmente entre las mujeres, a la vez que se evidencia una ingesta inadecuada de fibra, iodo, ácido fólico y vitamina E. Respecto a los grupos de alimentos, el consumo medio de frutas y verduras frescas es muy escaso y el aporte proteico proviene en mayor medida de productos cárnicos (46%), seguido de pescado (24%) y arroz (17%). Los resultados de este estudio evidencian la necesidad de asegurar el acceso a alimentos frescos y saludables, en especial frutas y verduras, y promover la adopción de pautas nutricionales que promuevan un consumo adecuado de ciertos alimentos(AU)

The Galapagos Islands are one of the provinces of Ecuador with the highest rates of overweight and obesity among the adult population. Due to its restrictions on local production, tourist pressure and other social factors; availability, access and consumption to food is a problem that is related to the state of food and nutritional security of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of food consumption of healthy and recommended foods may be affecting the food insecurity or nutritional status of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the food consumption of the population and its adaptation to nutritional needs. On a sample of 120 people resident in the Galapagos Islands, 3 R24h were applied. The results of the nutritional assessment were compared with the RDI. A multivariate factor analysis has been performed to analyze differences by age group or professional performance. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to characterize the nutrient intake. Recommendations are exceeded for energy and immediate principles, mainly among women. On the other hand, there is an inadequate intake of fiber, iodine, folic acid and vitamin E. Regarding food groups, the average consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is very low and protein intake comes mostly from meat products (46%), followed by fish (24%) and rice (17%). The results of this study demonstrate the need to ensure access to fresh and healthy foods, especially fruits and vegetables, and to promote the adoption of nutritional guidelines that promote adequate food intake(AU)

Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults. METHODS: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with selfselected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium. RESULTS: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p < 0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p < 0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p < 0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

Evaluation of dietary habits according to breakfast consumption in Korean adolescents: based on the 6(th) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013 ~ 2015 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the nutrient intake and dietary habits based on breakfast consumption in Korean adolescents. METHODS: The data of the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used in this study. The analysis included 1,281 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. The subjects were divided into two groups (EBF: eating breakfast, n = 911; SBF: skipping breakfast, n = 370). RESULTS: The EBF group was significantly younger than the SBF group. In addition, the EBF group had a significantly lower frequency of skipping dinner than the SBF group. The EBF group consumed significantly higher levels of most nutrients except for vitamin A than the SBF group. The percent of nutrient intake under the EAR (estimated average requirements) in the EBF group were also significantly lower than that in the SBF group. Moreover, the NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) of the EBF group were significantly higher than those of the SBP group. The intake of cereal, sugars and sweeteners, vegetables, and eggs in the EBF group was significantly higher than that in the SBF group. CONCLUSION: The habit of skipping breakfast in adolescents leads to a decrease in the total nutrient intake and imbalanced dietary habits. Breakfast consumption in adolescence is very important. Therefore, more studies will be needed to develop nutrition education systematically in Korean adolescents.

Food and nutrient intake status of Korean elderly by perceived anxiety and depressive condition: data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 ~ 2015 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the food and nutrient intake of Korean elderly according to the anxiety and depressive condition using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) from 2013 to 2015. METHODS: The participants were 3,504 elderly people over 65 years of age (1,523 in men and, 1,981 in women). The dietary information was analyzed using the 24-hour recall data. The anxiety and depressive state was assessed using the self-reported scale EQ-5D in the quality of life dimension. The subjects were divided into the anxiety · depression group (AD) and non-anxiety · depression group (NAD) according to their anxiety and depressive conditions. RESULTS: In the male elderly, the AD group had a significantly lower education and economic level and higher proportion in living alone than the NAD group. The percentage of eating lunch and dinner alone in the male AD group was higher than that of the NAD group. The female AD group showed less a lower frequency of dinner than the NAD group. The male AD group had a lower consumption of total foods, fish and shellfishes, seaweeds, mushrooms, oils and fats, and seasonings than the NAD group. With regard to the nutrient intake, the male elderly NAD group had more sufficient nutrient intakes than the AD group. In particular, the daily intakes of dietary fiber, riboflavin, niacin, potassium and iron were significantly lower in the AD group. To compare with the nutrient density of the two groups, the vitamin C and niacin intakes were lower in the AD group than in the NAD group. Overall, the nutritional status of the male AD group was significantly lower than that of the NAD group. Meanwhile, the female elderly had showed a smaller difference in nutrient intake according to their anxiety and depressive condition. CONCLUSION: These results of this study show that more nutritional education and emotional support are needed to improve the nutritional status and health of the male elderly with anxiety or depression.

Existence of double burden of malnutrition among Filipino children in the same age-groups and comparison of their usual nutrient intake

@#Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of underweight and overweight children in the same age-groups and if differences existed in their usual nutrients intake. Methods: Data were obtained from 8992 children aged 3-12 years who participated in 2013 National Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake information was collected using two days non-consecutive dietary recall. Usual intakes and distributions of energy and nutrients were estimated in pre-schoolers (3-5 years, n=2427), younger (6-9 years, n=3594) and older schoolchildren (10-12 years, n=2971) using PC Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) from Iowa State University. Energy inadequacy was assessed by the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) method calculated using the equation of Institute of Medicine. The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was estimated as the proportion of individuals with usual food intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Results: The prevalence of underweight among preschool, younger and older schoolchildren was 22%, 30% and 16%, respectively, and 4%, 9% and 10%, respectively, among overweight. The average usual energy and nutrient intake of underweight was significantly lower than overweight. The major source of energy of underweight and overweight was from carbohydrates. However, contribution of fats to total energy was higher among overweight. Most nutrients were below EAR in underweight while only folate (50-79%) and calcium (58-84%) in overweight. Conclusion: The double burden of malnutrition co-exists in children of the same age-groups with higher prevalence nutrient inadequacies in underweight children. Percentage of fat contribution to energy intake was higher among overweight than the underweight.

Relationships between the diabetes awareness and clinical indices/nutrient intakes in Korean adults: Based on the 2012–2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diabetes is diagnosed after an average of 10–12 years of diabetic development. Strict glycemic control in diabetic patients promotes the normalization of blood glucose and reduces cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetic complications. Therefore, early diagnosis in non-aware individuals is very important. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Clinical indices and nutrient intakes in Korean diabetic adults aged 19–64 years were examined according to the awareness of diabetes, using 2012 and 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. The aware group was defined as individuals who were aware of having diabetes from diagnosis by physician before the survey and the non-aware group as individuals who were not aware of having diabetes. RESULTS: The average age was higher in the aware group compared to the non-aware group in both men (P = 0.002) and women (P = 0.004). The prevalences of hypertension and dyslipidemia were not different between the two groups, but the diagnosis rate was significantly lower in the non-aware group. In the non-aware group, total and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher (P < 0.001), the risk for total cholesterol over 240 mg/dL was 3.4 times (95% CI: 1.58–7.52) higher (P = 0.002) and the risk for LDL-cholesterol over 160 mg/dL was 4.59 times (95% CI: 2.07–10.17) higher (P < 0.001). The calorie intake of the female non-aware group was significantly higher compared to the female aware group (P = 0.033). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the recommendation of screening test is necessary even for young adults. Studies on the methodology for early diagnosis of diabetes are also needed.

Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults. METHODS: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with selfselected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium. RESULTS: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p < 0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p < 0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p < 0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

Changes in energy and nutrient intakes among Malaysian adults: findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 and 2014

@# Introduction: Monitoring changes in energy and nutrient intakes of the population over the course of time is essential to help healthcare providers develop effective dietary policies. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the nutrient intake and Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) achievements by using the data obtained from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Surveys (MANS) that were carried out in 2003 and 2014. Mis-reporting of energy intake was taken into account. Methods: Dietary data were obtained from MANS 2003 and MANS 2014, which involved a combined total of 4,044 randomly selected respondents, aged 18-59 years, using a single 24-hour diet recall. Energy and nutrients calculations were based on the Malaysian Food Composition database using the Nutritionist Pro software. The results were compared against the RNI for Malaysia to assess dietary adequacy. Results: The proportions of calories derived from macronutrients were within the recommendations for a healthy diet. The consumption of protein, fat, calcium, iron and vitamin A was significantly higher in 2014 than in 2003. The consumption of protein, iron, vitamin C, and vitamin A was found to exceed the RNIs in 2014. However, carbohydrate and sodium intakes had significantly decreased. Despite the decrease, sodium intake still exceeded RNI recommendations. Conclusion: Signs of changing energy and nutrient intakes were found, including increases in protein and fat intakes since 2003, and decreased carbohydrates. This could be an alarming indicator of the tendency to eat energy dense food among the population.

Comparison Analysis of Dietary Behavior and Nutrient Intakes of the Elderly according to Their Family Status: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to compare dietary life of the elderly living alone and in a family, and to compare differences based on gender, for the 2013-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: The subjects included 2,612 elderly people aged over 65 years who participated in the health survey, health examination and nutrition survey. Subjects on a diet therapy were excluded. This study analyzed the general characteristics, dietary habits, daily energy and nutrient intakes, CPF ratio, estimated average requirement (EAR), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR), index of nutrient quality (INQ), and food consumption of the elderly living alone and in a family. We also compared the differences based on gender. RESULTS: Daily intake of food, water, dietary fiber, potassium, retinol, and riboflavin were low in the male elderly subjects living alone. The elderly living with family revealed higher NAR and MAR as compared to the elderly living alone. Although all MAR values were <1, the elderly living alone had lower values. Considering the intake of food, the consumption of seaweed, fish and shellfish, and oils (animal) was higher in elderly men living with families, whereas women living with families consumed more vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seafood, as compared to their counterparts living alone. Furthermore, analyzing the foods consumed by the elderly people living alone, female subjects consumed more seaweed, milk and animal oil as compared to male subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the elderly living alone have poor nutrient intake as compared to the elderly living with families. Based on this research data, we recommend that it is necessary to improve the health and nutritional status of the elderly living alone.

Variabilidad en la ingesta de nutrientes durante el embarazo en una cohorte de mujeres argentinas / Variability in nutrient intake during pregnancy in a cohort of Argentine women

La selección de alimentos y el aporte de nutrientes durante la gestación repercuten en la salud de la mujer y en la de las futuras generaciones. El propósito del trabajo fue conocer la adecuación en la ingesta de nutrientes y sus variaciones durante el embarazo en una cohorte de 726 mujeres mayores a 19 años provenientes de 7 regiones geográficas de Argentina. El consumo de alimentos se registró mediante el método de recordatorio de 24 horas del día anterior en dos momentos de la gestación, antes de la semana 16 y entre las semanas 28 y 36. En una submuestra se realizó un segundo recordatorio en un día no consecutivo al primer registro para determinar la variabilidad interindividual. Las ingestas de fibra dietética, hierro y calcio mostraron la mayor probabilidad de inadecuación, resultando inferiores a la recomendación en más del 95% de las embarazadas. Se observó un incremento en las cantidades consumidas de nutrientes hacia el final del embarazo, independientemente del aporte energético que se mantuvo con pocas variaciones y estuvo en el orden de las 1970 kcal diarias. Las ingestas estimadas de fibra, vitamina A y vitamina C fueron las que presentaron los mayores valores de variabilidad, superiores a 0,74 tanto al inicio como al final del embarazo. Los valores de variabilidad intraindividual observados pueden utilizarse para estimar con mayor precisión la ingesta de energía y de nutrientes en una población similar de la que solo se dispone de un solo recordatorio de 24 horas para cada gestante(AU)

Food selections and nutrient intake during pregnancy affect both women and the future generation's health. The purpose of the study was to estimate nutrients intake adequacy and their variations during the course of pregnancy in a cohort of 726 women older than 19 years from 7 geographical regions of Argentina. Nutrient intake was evaluated by the 24-h recall method at two moments of pregnancy, before week 16 and between weeks 28 and 36. In a subsample a second 24-h dietary recall was made in a non consecutive day to the first record in order to determine the interindividual variability. Dietary fiber, iron and calcium intakes showed the highest probability of inadequacy, being lower than the recommendation in more than 95% of pregnant women. There was a noticeable increase in both macro and micronutrients intakes towards the end of pregnancy, regardless energy intake that remained with few variations and was in the order of 1970 kcal per day both at the beginning and at the end of pregnancy. Estimated intakes of fiber, vitamin A and vitamin C presented the highest values of variability, higher than 0.74 at the beginning and at the end of pregnancy. These observed intra-individual variability values in nutrient intakes can be used to estimate more accurately energy and nutrients intakes in similar populations when only a single 24-h dietary recall is available for each pregnant woman(AU)

Study on the Relationship between the Nutrient Intake and Level of Depressive Symptoms: Using the Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the nutrient intake and level of depressive symptoms. A total of 5,761 subjects with depression were selected for the main data analysis from a Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, KNHANES (2016), and were divided into low depressed and high depressed groups. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, χ2-test, logistic regression, and t-test using SPSS 24.0 statistics. The results revealed significant differences in the prevalence of depression according to sex (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001), income (P < 0.001), and education (P < 0.001). Regarding the health behavior, higher stress levels (P < 0.001) and smoking habit (P < 0.001) appeared to be strongly associated with high levels of depression. On the other hand, the possibility of experiencing depressive symptoms was lower when the number of walking days per week was more than 3 days (P < 0.05), when the number of working days per week was more than 5 days (P < 0.01), and the rate of aerobic physical activity was higher. Based on the ‘Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015’, the subjects in the low depression group showed better intake of energy and 22 nutrients than the high depression group.

Depression and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly with a Focused on Health Habits, Mental Health, Chronic Diseases, and Nutrient Intake Status: Data from the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Depression is a major health problem that can lead to mortality. This study was conducted to assess the risk factors associated with depression in a group aged over 65 years by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data. A total of 1,209 subjects were analyzed among the participants of the 2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Statistical methods for a complex sample were applied by using SPSS program(windows ver. 24.0). Depression assessments were carried out by using the 9-item depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Depression (PHQ-9≥5) was more frequently found in females (33.2%) compared to males (16.1%). However, there was no evidence suggesting that characteristics such as residence area, income level and age, except for educational level, were related with depression. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that i) health habits such as smoking (OR: 2.26) and lack of aerobic physical activity (OR: 1.62), ii) mental health status such as bad self-rating of health status (OR: 4.30), more stress (OR: 8.31), and bad health-related quality of life (by EQ_5D, OR: 3.41), iii) chronic diseases such as obesity (OR: 0.66), hypercholesterolemia (OR: 1.57), anemia (OR: 1.91), and iv) low intake of energy (OR: 1.84) and calcium (OR: 1.71) were significantly associated with depression. This study suggests that certain characteristics of health habits, mental health status, chronic diseases and nutrient intake may be associated with depression. Prospective research on long-term control is needed to establish causal connections among those factors with depression.