ABSTRACT
The human gastro-intestinal tract is not only the habitat of gut microbiota, but also the main place that the body gets available nutrients. Therefore, the gut microbiota of human can be inseparable associated with the human nutrition. The common technologies used among gut microbiota research included metageonomic, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics. The research of gut microbiota based on above omics methods confirmed that diets were the main factors influencing the composition and expression of gut microbiota. The proportion, quantity, stable state, and metabolic changes of gut microbiota were closely related to obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and other nutritional-related diseases. Reasonable dietary intervention can adjust the disorders of gut microbiota, which can achieve prevention and treatment of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other nutritional-related diseases. Although the single omics methods can be used to study the problems of some aspects of gut microbiota, the combination of multi-omics is needed to achieve the above objectives.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the health status and nutrition-related diseases of residents in Pudong New Area,Shanghai and provide information for shaping the relevant national policies and guiding the people''s health dietary.Methods By means of a stratified multi-stage cluster random household sampling survey were performed questionnaire,physical examination and laboratory assay for 737 residents above the age of 15.Results The mean±standard deviation of the men''s height was (168.79±6.81) cm,and the women''s mean height (157.47±6.53) cm.And the rates of malnourishment,overweight,obesity and central obesity were 4.37%,48.91%,14.48% and 49.25%,and the prevalence rate of hypertension was 45.18%.Among residents above 18 years old,the abnormal rate of total cholesterol and triglycerides were 28.69% and 23.50%.Conclusion Nutrition-related chronic diseases will be an important public health problem in Pudong New Area.
ABSTRACT
La Transición Alimentaria Nutricional (TAN) acelerada que se ha producido en Venezuela producto de la rápida urbanización ha generado cambios en los estilos de vida: sedentarismo y modificaciones de la dieta tradicional. La población del país es de alto riesgo: alto porcentaje de embarazo en adolescentes, aumento de la mortalidad materna e infantil, alta prevalencia de peso bajo al nacer, incremento de prevalencias de morbimortalidad por enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición y baja práctica de lactancia materna exclusiva. En Venezuela prevalece la doble carga nutricional: sobrepeso y desnutrición. Existen nichos obesogénicos definidos y estilos de vida que conducen a la obesidad y sus comorbilidades. Los Orígenes del Desarrollo de la Salud y la Enfermedad (ODSE) y la programación fetal y posnatal temprana (los primeros 1.000 días) son determinantes a través de mecanismos epigenéticos que alteran la actividad génica sin cambiar la secuencia del ADN conducen a modificaciones con transmisión transgeneracional. Hipótesis propuestas: alimentación materna sub-óptima (composición corporal materna alterada, dieta materna hipocalórica, inadecuada transferencia placentaria); excesivo aporte calórico intrauterino; crecimiento acelerado posnatal. Recomendaciones: optimizar estado nutricional pre y postconcepcional, la ganancia de peso gestacional y promover el control prenatal temprano; prevención del embarazo precoz; promover la lactancia materna exclusiva el primer semestre y complementaria hasta los 2 años; evitar crecimiento compensatorio acelerado; considerar la doble carga de la malnutrición en programas de intervención nutricional individualizados y nunca masivos; promover la actividad física y las comidas en familia. El pediatra debe identificar los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en forma temprana.
The rapid nutrition transition in Venezuela is a result of a high urbanization process with changes in life style, a rise in sedentarism and the substitution of the traditional diet. The population is at risk: a high percentage of adolescent pregnancies, a rise in child and maternal mortality, a high prevalence of low birth weight, rising prevalence of morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases related to nutrition, insufficient exclusive breast feeding practices. A double burden of under nutrition and obesity is found. Although obesogenic niches and unhealthy life styles that lead to obesity and its morbidities are evident, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) and early nutrition programming in the first 1000 days are determinant through epigenetic mechanisms that modulate gene function without altering DNA. The mismatch or the fuel-mediated, as well as the accelerated postnatal growth hypothesis are postulated. Optimal pre and post conception nutrition status is recommended as well as appropriate weight gain during pregnancy; promotion of exclusive breast feeding through the first semester and complementary up to 2 years, also physical activity and frequent family dining; prevention of accelerated postnatal growth; the double burden should be considered in intervention programs that should be focalized. Pediatricians must identify cardio metabolic risk at an early stage.