Caracterización del consumo de alimentos e ingesta de nutrientes de población residente en las Islas Galápagos / Characterization of food consumption and nutrient intake of population resident in the Galapagos Islands

Las Islas Galápagos es una de las provincias de Ecuador con mayores índices de sobrepeso y obesidad en población adulta. Debido a las restricciones de producción de alimentos, la presión turística y otros factores sociales; la disponibilidad, el acceso y consumo de alimentos saludables y recomendables puede estar afectando al estado de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de su población. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el consumo de alimentos de la población y su adecuación a las necesidades nutricionales. Sobre una muestra de 120 personas residentes en las Islas Galápagos se aplicaron 3 R24h. Los resultados de la valoración nutricional fueron comparados con las IDR, realizando un análisis factorial multivariante para analizar diferencias por grupo de edad o desempeño profesional. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para caracterizar el perfil de ingesta de nutrientes. Para energía y principios inmediatos se sobrepasan las recomendaciones, principalmente entre las mujeres, a la vez que se evidencia una ingesta inadecuada de fibra, iodo, ácido fólico y vitamina E. Respecto a los grupos de alimentos, el consumo medio de frutas y verduras frescas es muy escaso y el aporte proteico proviene en mayor medida de productos cárnicos (46%), seguido de pescado (24%) y arroz (17%). Los resultados de este estudio evidencian la necesidad de asegurar el acceso a alimentos frescos y saludables, en especial frutas y verduras, y promover la adopción de pautas nutricionales que promuevan un consumo adecuado de ciertos alimentos(AU)

The Galapagos Islands are one of the provinces of Ecuador with the highest rates of overweight and obesity among the adult population. Due to its restrictions on local production, tourist pressure and other social factors; availability, access and consumption to food is a problem that is related to the state of food and nutritional security of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of food consumption of healthy and recommended foods may be affecting the food insecurity or nutritional status of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the food consumption of the population and its adaptation to nutritional needs. On a sample of 120 people resident in the Galapagos Islands, 3 R24h were applied. The results of the nutritional assessment were compared with the RDI. A multivariate factor analysis has been performed to analyze differences by age group or professional performance. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to characterize the nutrient intake. Recommendations are exceeded for energy and immediate principles, mainly among women. On the other hand, there is an inadequate intake of fiber, iodine, folic acid and vitamin E. Regarding food groups, the average consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is very low and protein intake comes mostly from meat products (46%), followed by fish (24%) and rice (17%). The results of this study demonstrate the need to ensure access to fresh and healthy foods, especially fruits and vegetables, and to promote the adoption of nutritional guidelines that promote adequate food intake(AU)

Nutritional composition of fad diets published on websites and blogs / Composição nutricional de dietas da moda publicadas em sites e blogs

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze quantitatively the diets available on blogs and websites. Methods The following 15 diets were analyzed: low-carb diet, gluten-free diet and intermittent fasting diet using the Virtual Nutri software program. The nutrients analyzed were as follows: carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, lipids, iodine, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, D, niacin, and folate. The nutrient values were compared with the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation for adults between the ages of 19-50 years. The macronutrient adequacy percentage was based on a 2000-kcal diet for a healthy life, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Results It was observed that most of the composition of macro and micronutrients was lower than the one established by the World Health Organization and the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation for adults between the ages of 19-50 years. Conclusion Long-term dieting can be a risk factor for several deficiency diseases and may endanger the health of individuals.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar quantitativamente dietas disponíveis em blogs e sites. Métodos Analisou-se 15 cardápios de dietas intituladas: Low Carb, Dieta Sem Glúten e Jejum Intermitente utilizando o software, Virtual Nutri. Os nutrientes analisados foram: carboidratos, fibras, proteínas, lipídios, iodo, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, zinco, manganês, potássio, fósforo, cobre, selênio, vitaminas A, C, B6, B12, D, niacina e folato. Os nutrientes tiveram seus valores comparados com recomendações diárias de ingestão das Dietary Reference Intake para adultos da faixa etária de 19 a 50 anos. O percentual de adequação foi feito baseado em uma dieta de 2000kcal para indivíduos saudáveis, de acordo com o preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Resultados Observou-se que a maioria dos cardápios teve sua composição de macro e micronutrientes aquém do determinado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e das recomendações das Dietary Reference Intake para adultos de 19 a 50 anos. Conclusão O seguimento dessas dietas em longo prazo pode ser um fator de risco a diversas doenças carenciais que pode trazer perigos à saúde dos indivíduos.

Adecuación y aceptación de almuerzos escolares en dos escuelas públicas de Asunción

Introducción: El Programa de Alimentación Escolar consiste en la entrega directa de alimentos nutritivos y culturalmente aceptados a los niños matriculados en el sistema educativo tanto público como subvencionado, con el objetivo de promover el ingreso, la permanencia, la asistencia regular a clases, la promoción y las mejoras en el rendimiento académico de los escolares. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de aceptación y porcentaje de adecuación a los requerimientos nutricionales del almuerzo escolar de niños y niñas de dos escuelas públicas de Asunción. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso, realizado en 102 escolares de ambos sexos, matriculados en dos escuelas públicas durante el periodo 2013. Se les realizó evaluación antropométrica mediante Índice de Masa Corporal para la edad (IMC/Edad) y Talla/Edad. Se evaluó el grado de aceptación de tres menús ofrecidos mediante los métodos de Escala Hedónica Facial y Porcentaje de Sobras; y también se determinó el porcentaje de adecuación a los requerimientos nutricionales del almuerzo escolar. Resultados: El 39,2% de la población estudiada presentó malnutrición por exceso y un 2,8% riesgo de desnutrición. Mediante la Escala Hedónica Facial y Porcentaje de sobras, para evaluar la aceptación de los menús se demostró que el de mejor aceptación fue el pollo con verduras con puré de papas y de menor preferencia el guiso de poroto con arroz. En cuanto a la adecuación energética, se observó un mayor porcentaje de déficit y en la ingesta de proteínas, se constató un exceso según los requerimientos establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y por el Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Conclusión: La evaluación de aceptación de los menús escolares constata que sólo a 3 de cada 10 niños les agradan las comidas que les sirven. La adecuación de energía y proteínas no se ajustan a los requerimientos recomendados.

Introduction: School Feeding Program is the direct delivery of nutritious and culturally acceptable foods to children enrolled in the public school and subsidized system, with the aim of promoting the entry, permanency, regular school attendance, promotion and improvements in the academic performance of school children. Objective: To evaluate the degree of acceptance and percentage of nutritional requirements adequacy of the scholar lunch of children from two public schools from Asunción. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional, observational study conducted on 102 students of both genders enrolled in two public schools in 2013. Children underwent Nutritional Assessment by BMI/A & Height/A, the degree of acceptance from three offered menus was evaluated by the methods of Facial Hedonic Scale and Leftovers Percentage, in addition, the percentage of adequacy to nutritional requirements of the school lunch was determined. Results: 39,2% of the studied population was overnourished and only 2,8%. had risk of undernourishment. The Facial Hedonic Scale and Leftovers Percentage, used to evaluate the acceptability of the menus showed that best accepted menu was chicken with vegetables and mashed potatoes; and the less preferred was bean stew with rice. Regarding energy adequacy, we observed a high percentage of deficit; and protein intake excess was found, according to the requirements established by the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Education and Culture. Conclusion: We found that just 3 out of 10 children like the meals that they serve. The adequacy of energy and protein do not meet the recommendations

Nutritional Adequacy Analysis of Recommended Menu in Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in ‘DRI for Koreans 2015’ were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. METHODS: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in ‘DRI for Koreans’. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the ‘DRI for Koreans 2015’. RESULTS: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ≥ 40% by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat·fish·egg·legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk·dairy products group in calcium. CONCLUSIONS: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat·sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.

Proposition and Application of a Dish-Based Target Pattern for Korean Adolescent Girls / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Maintaining a balanced diet and thus health is crucial for adolescents, and the first step for balanced diet practice is meal planning. Adolescents, however, find it difficult to plan their meals. This study thus was set out to design an easier way of planning meals for adolescent girls. METHODS: A dish-based target pattern for adolescent girls was tabulated, and validity of this was examined. Meal plan applying a dish-based target pattern was prepared by 150 female middle school students, and nutritional adequacies of those meal plans were examined. Validity and adequacy were tested by energy content, energy contribution ratio, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), probability of nutrient inadequacy, index of nutritional quality (INQ) calculation. RESULTS: A dish-based target pattern with 11 dish groups was validated for nutritional adequacy. Though the NAR of calcium was 0.96, the INQ of calcium was 1.00. The average energy supply from the meal plans was 2,379 kcal, higher than the estimated energy requirement of a female middle school student, but the energy contribution ratio of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were all adequate according to the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). NAR of all nutrients examined were 1.0, except for calcium. The NAR and INQ of calcium were 0.87 and 0.75, respectively, and the meal plans at risk for calcium inadequacy was 19.30%. CONCLUSIONS: A dish-based target pattern proposed for adolescent girls was valid, but the meal plan prepared by female middle school students using this approach was high in energy and low in calcium supply. To cut down the energy supply from the meal plan, it is necessary to recommend dishes low in fat and use low fat cooking methods. To increase the calcium supply, it is important to recommend seaweed and legume group dishes with higher Ca INQ food items.

Fortificación de harina de trigo con ácido fólico y hierro en Uruguay; implicancias en la nutrición / Fortification of wheat flour with folic acid and iron in Uruguay; implications for nutrition

This study assessed folic acid (FA) and iron (Fe) content in flour fortified according to the levels regulated by law, and estimate the degree of adequacy of FA and Fe contained in French bread with the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) and tolerable upper limits for different groups of Uruguayan population. Ten samples of flour and bread were analyzed. The median value for added FA and of the total Fe in flour was 2.3 and 48 mg/kg respectively. The recommended intake of bread covers the median value between 27% and 90% of the RDAs for Fe and between 69% and 104% of dietary folate equivalents in different groups. To sum up, fortification levels in flour adjusted to, exceeded or did not reach the regulated levels. Bread was a basic means to help cover RDAs in vulnerable people.

La presente investigación evaluó el contenido de ácido fólico (AF) y hierro (Fe) en harinas fortificadas y comparar con los niveles de adición legislados, estimando el grado de adecuación de AF y Fe contenidos en pan francés con las ingestas diarias recomendadas (RDAs) y los límites máximos tolerables para distintos grupos de la población uruguaya. Se analizaron diez muestras de harina y de pan. El valor de la mediana de AF adicionado y del Fe total, en harinas fue 2.3 y 48 mg/kg respectivamente. La ingesta recomendada de pan cubre en el valor de la mediana entre un 27% y 90% de las RDAs de Fe y entre el 69% y 104% de Equivalentes Dietarios de Folatos en diferentes grupos. En conclusión, los niveles de fortificación en harina adecuaron, superaron o no alcanzaron lo legislado. El pan constituyó un vehículo básico para cubrir las RDAs en la población vulnerable.

Validity of dietary diversity score as an indicator of nutrient adequacy among older adults in Pasay City, Philippines

OBJECTIVE:The study was conducted to determine the validity of Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) as an alternative indicator for nutrient adequacy among older adults in Pasay City, Philippines.METHODS: An analytic cross sectional study design was used on a representative sample of older adults (n = 82) in all barangays under the Doña Marta Health Center in Pasay City. A 5-stage multiple pass single 24-hour food recall was performed to determine the dietary intake of each respondent. Subject's nutrient intake was obtained using the FCT+Menu Eval software. Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) was then computed using the ratio of subject's nutrient intake to the Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes (RENI) for Filipinos.  The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) was then obtained by computing for the average of the NARs, expressed as a ratio ranging from 0 - 1. Dietary Diversity Score was calculated using the DDS Questionnaire recommended by the FAO Guideline. For the statistical analysis, Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between MAR and DDS. ROC curve analysis was done to determine the most appropriate cut-off points for using DDS among the older adults.RESULTS: The selected older adults of Pasay City had a mean DDS of 4.15 (0.14) and a mean MAR of 0.64 (0.02). There was a significant and strong correlation between MAR and DDS (r = 0.519; P CONCLUSION: DDS may be used as an indicator of nutrient adequacy among the randomly selected older adults.

Dietary diversity score as an indicator of nutritional adequacy of diets among 16-19 year-old adolescents

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the dietary diversity score and its relation to nutritional adequacy among 16-19 year-old adolescents. METHODS: Secondary data analyses were undertaken with a representative sample of 16-19 year-old adolescents (n=521) in a university campus in Manila in 2008. Dietary diversity scores (DDS) were calculated. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) is the ratio of subject's nutrient intake to the 2002 Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes (RENI) for Filipinos. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as the sum of NARs for all evaluated nutrients divided by the number of nutrients evaluated, expressed as a ratio (range from 0-1). MAR was used as a measure of adequacy of overall diet. Pearson correlation coefficients between DDS and MAR were calculated and also evaluated for sensitivity and specificity, with MAR taken as the ideal standard of adequate intake. RESULTS: The adolescents had a mean DDS of 3.94 (1.21) and a mean MAR of 0.67 (0.18). There was a strong correlation between MAR and DDS (r=0.543; P CONCLUSION: DDS can be used as a simple and quick indicator of the nutritional adequacy of the diets among these group of adolescents. Further investigation of this tool is needed for other population groups i.e., adults and elderly.

Assessments of nutrient intake and metabolic profiles in Korean adolescents according to exercise regularity using data from the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The purpose of this study was to assess the metabolic profile and nutrient intake data in Korean adolescents according to exercise regularity using the forth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 data. A total of 834 Korean adolescents (440 boys, 394 girls) aged 12 to 18 years were classified into exercising male (EM), non-exercising male (NM), exercising female (EF), and non-exercising female (NF) groups. EM exhibited significantly higher weight (P < 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (P < 0.01) and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001) than NM. EF showed significantly greater height (P < 0.01), weight (P<0.001), WC (P < 0.001), and BMI (P < 0.001) than NF. Although ratios of macronutrient intake were within the appropriate range in all groups, energy, riboflavin, vitamin C and calcium were assessed as in adequate by the nutritional adequacy ratio (NAR) in all groups. Moreover, EF and NF had inadequate intake of vitamin A and iron according to NAR, respectively. There were significant correlations between height and NAR protein (r = 0.249, P < 0.001), and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) (r = 0.177, P < 0.01), and between weight and NAR protein (r = 0.180, P < 0.01), and MAR(r = 0.136, P < 0.05) in EM. On the other hand, there were significant correlations between weight and NAR protein (r = 0.270, P < 0.01), WC and NAR protein (r = 0.271, P < 0.01), and BMI and NAR protein (r = 0.326, P < 0.01) in NM. There were significant correlations height and NAR Fe (r = 0.153, P < 0.05) in EF. However, there were no significant correlations between metabolic factors and nutritional adequacy in NF. Although we noted no significant differences in MAR between the groups, the exercising groups showed higher MAR values than the non-exercising groups. Therefore, practicing of ideal dietary behaviors appears to be induced through physical activity and regular exercise in Korean adolescents.

Diet of children under the government-funded meal support program in Korea

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of children under the government-funded meal support program. The 143 children (67 boys and 76 girls) participated in this study among 4th-6th elementary school students receiving free lunches during the summer vacation of 2007 and living in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. The subjects consisted of four groups supported by Meal Box Delivery (n = 26), Institutional Foodservice (n = 53), Restaurant Foodservice (n = 27), or Food Delivery (n = 37). A three-day 24-hour dietary recall and a self-administered survey were conducted. In addition, the children's heights and weights were measured. The average energy intake of the children was 1,400 kcal per day, much lower than the Estimated Energy Requirements of the pertinent age groups. The results also showed inadequate intake of all examined nutrients; of particular concern was the extremely low intake of calcium. On average, the children consumed eight dishes and 25 food items per day. The children supported by Meal Box Delivery consumed more various dishes and food items than the other groups. The percentage of children preferring their current meal support method was the highest in those supported by Meal Box Delivery and the lowest in those supported by Food Delivery. We requested 15 children among the 143 children participating in the survey to draw the scene of their lunch time. The drawings of the children supported by Institutional Foodservice showed more positive scenes than the other groups, especially in terms of human aspects. In conclusion, the overall diet of children under the government-funded meal support program was nutritionally inadequate, although the magnitude of the problems tended to differ by the meal support method. The results could be utilized as basic data for policy and programs regarding the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.