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Modern vehicle safety design and safety regulations are mostly based on 50th percentile populations. However, with the increase of obese populations, it is very important to investigate the injury mechanism and protection of obese occupant. Methods such as traffic accidents statistics, cadaver experiments, multi-body modeling and finite element modeling, are currently used to study the injury mechanism of obese occupants. Different hypotheses including cushion effect, body geometrical effect and mass increasing effect have been put forward to explain the effect of obesity on occupant injury mechanism, which means that its mechanism is still uncertain. The impact injury mechanisms of obese occupant were comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, the problems confronted by the research of current obese occupant impact injury and future investigations were proposed in this study.
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@#Correct seatbelt wearing is a prerequisite for the protection of a pregnant woman and her baby in the event of a crash. However, because of discomfort due to large abdomen and wrong belief, pregnant women may avoid using the safety belt or may wear it not according to the correct position as recommended. This research aims to assess the overall prevalence of seatbelt wearing and the proportion of correct seatbelt wearing among pregnant car occupants. A face-to-face interview survey was conducted on 503 pregnant car occupants in Klang Valley who are visiting pregnancy clinics for their monthly check-up. Seatbelt wearing rate among pregnant car occupants was recorded high for front occupant, 90% for driver and 85% for front passenger. However, rear passenger seatbelt compliance was low, only 24% reported always wearing seatbelt when they occupy the rear seats. Despite the high compliance rate of seatbelt usage among pregnant occupants, the correct positioning of the seatbelt was only 29% of overall respondents. The findings of the study suggest low percentage of correct seatbelt usage among pregnant occupants could increase the risk of injury in event of a crash. Thus, awareness and educations needed to advocate pregnant lady on the correct adjustment of seatbelt.
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Objective To develop the finite element model of six-year-old child occupant lower extremity with higher biofidelity and validate the model of knee joints,as well as analyze the biomechanical responses of growth plate under frontal impact load and injury mechanisms of the knee joint by using this model.Methods The sixyear-old child occupant lower extremity with growth plate was modeled based on children's anatomy and CT images,and corresponding material properties of the lower extremity model were assigned.The model was validated according to biomechanical experiments by Kerrigan et aL and Haut et aL and then was used to analyze the injury results of growth plate with different material properties.Results The model validation was qualified by comparing the curves from the experimental and simulation results.The growth plates at knee regions could change injury patterns of the child occupant lower extremity fracture.The material properties of growth plate could affect threshold of axial damage of the femur as well as relative position of the fracture.Conclusions The validated model can be used for related study and application on biomechanical responses and injury mechanisms of sixyear-old child occupant lower extremities.
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Objective To develop the finite element model of six-year-old child occupant lower extremity with higher biofidelity and validate the model of knee joints,as well as analyze the biomechanical responses of growth plate under frontal impact load and injury mechanisms of the knee joint by using this model.Methods The sixyear-old child occupant lower extremity with growth plate was modeled based on children's anatomy and CT images,and corresponding material properties of the lower extremity model were assigned.The model was validated according to biomechanical experiments by Kerrigan et aL and Haut et aL and then was used to analyze the injury results of growth plate with different material properties.Results The model validation was qualified by comparing the curves from the experimental and simulation results.The growth plates at knee regions could change injury patterns of the child occupant lower extremity fracture.The material properties of growth plate could affect threshold of axial damage of the femur as well as relative position of the fracture.Conclusions The validated model can be used for related study and application on biomechanical responses and injury mechanisms of sixyear-old child occupant lower extremities.
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Objective To develop the finite element model of six-year-old child occupant lower extremity with higher biofidelity and validate the model of knee joints, as well as analyze the biomechanical responses of growth plate under frontal impact load and injury mechanisms of the knee joint by using this model. Methods The six-year-old child occupant lower extremity with growth plate was modeled based on children’s anatomy and CT images, and corresponding material properties of the lower extremity model were assigned．The model was validated according to biomechanical experiments by Kerrigan et al. and Haut et al. and then was used to analyze the injury results of growth plate with different material properties. Results The model validation was qualified by comparing the curves from the experimental and simulation results．The growth plates at knee regions could change injury patterns of the child occupant lower extremity fracture. The material properties of growth plate could affect threshold of axial damage of the femur as well as relative position of the fracture． Conclusions The validated model can be used for related study and application on biomechanical responses and injury mechanisms of six-year-old child occupant lower extremities．
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Objective To develop the finite element model of six-year-old child occupant lower extremity with higher biofidelity and validate the model of knee joints,as well as analyze the biomechanical responses of growth plate under frontal impact load and injury mechanisms of the knee joint by using this model.Methods The sixyear-old child occupant lower extremity with growth plate was modeled based on children's anatomy and CT images,and corresponding material properties of the lower extremity model were assigned.The model was validated according to biomechanical experiments by Kerrigan et aL and Haut et aL and then was used to analyze the injury results of growth plate with different material properties.Results The model validation was qualified by comparing the curves from the experimental and simulation results.The growth plates at knee regions could change injury patterns of the child occupant lower extremity fracture.The material properties of growth plate could affect threshold of axial damage of the femur as well as relative position of the fracture.Conclusions The validated model can be used for related study and application on biomechanical responses and injury mechanisms of sixyear-old child occupant lower extremities.
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PURPOSE: To determine the effects of pre-discharge education for the correct use of child occupant restraints (CORs). METHODS: Between January and August 2012, education for the correct use of CORs was provided to parents at the time of discharge of their newborns from our neonatal intensive care unit. A cross-sectional survey using self-report questionnaires or telephone interviews was conducted when the children were 6 to 12 months of age, and the acquired data were compared with data from a control group. RESULTS: The overall percentage of children using CORs was 73.4% for the COR educated group and 69.9% for the control group. However, the percentage of children who correctly used CORs was 42.2% for COR educated group and 44.3% for the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in parental awareness and perception of the correct use of CORs between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The correct use rate of CORs in our community is still low, and no difference in the correct use of CORs was observed between parents who were educated before discharge of their newborns and those who were not. Therefore, an alternative strategy, such as a strong enforcement program, is needed to increase the correct use of CORs.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Child Restraint Systems , Cross-Sectional Studies , Education , Intensive Care, Neonatal , Interviews as Topic , Parents , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
It is a frequently asked question who was the driver of a vehicle when a traffic accident occur. To give an expert opinion who was the driver of vehicle, expert witness must inspect not only trace evidences remained in vehicle and occupant's clothing but also occupant's injuries. Thus, the collaboration of forensic engineering and forensic medicine is very fruitful in this kind of case. Due to open sitting position of occupants, deciding the driver of motorcycle is a very difficult and case dependent problem and it is very rare that the driver of motorcycle can be decided only by the estimation of occupant's injuries. In this report, we introduce the case that the driver of motorcycle can be decided by the collaboration of forensic engineering and forensic medicine.