Digital analysis of unilateral ptosis repair: external levator advancement vs. Müller's muscle conjunctival resection

ABSTRACT Purpose: Evaluation of lid contour and marginal peak point changes to compare outcomes of external levator advancement and Müller's muscle conjunctival resection surgery in unilateral ptosis. Methods: We reviewed the charts of unilateral ptosis patients who underwent external levator advancement or Müller's muscle conjunctival resection. Eyelid contour analysis was conducted on preoperative and 6-month postoperative digital images. This was performed with the multiple margin reflex distances technique, measuring the vertical distance from a line intersecting the center of the pupil to the eyelid margin at 10 positions at 2 mm intervals. The marginal peak point changes were analyzed digitally using the coordinates of the peak point according to the pupil center. Each position's mean distance was compared preoperatively, postoperatively, and with the fellow eyelid. Results: Sixteen patients underwent external levator advancement and 16 patients had Müller's muscle conjunctival resection. The mean margin reflex distance was improved by both techniques (1.46 vs. 2.43 mm and 1.12 vs. 2.25 mm, p=0.008 and p=0.0001 respectively) and approached that of the fellow eyelid (2.43 vs. 2.88 and 2.25 vs. 2.58 mm, p=0.23 and p=0.19, respectively). However, statistically significant lid margin elevation was limited to between the N6 and T6 points in the external levator advancement group. Whereas, significant elevation was achieved along the whole lid margin in the Müller's muscle conjunctival resection group. The marginal peak point was shifted slightly laterally in the external levator advancement group (p=0.11). Conclusions: Both techniques provide effective lid elevation, however, the external levator advancement's effect lessens toward the canthi while Müller's muscle conjunctival resection provides more uniform elevation across the lid margin. The margin reflex distance alone is not sufficient to reflect contour changes.

Characteristics of binocular vision and oculomotor function among sports-concussed athletes

Purpose: To compare the binocular vision and oculomotor function between sports?concussed athletes and aged?matched controls. Methods: Thirty mild concussed athletes were recruited and compared with aged?matched controls. All the participants underwent a comprehensive ocular assessment followed by an oculomotor assessment which included tests for accommodation, vergence, eye movements, and reading parameters. Results: Three categories of oculomotor?based deficits were found: convergence insufficiency (40%), accommodative insufficiency (25%), and oculomotor?based reading dysfunctions (20%). A statistically significant reduction in the mean ± SD of the following parameters was noted in concussed athletes v/s controls:? binocular accommodative amplitude: 7.13 ± 1.59 v/s 15.35 ± 2.95 (P < 0.001), convergence amplitude: 14.23 ± 5.00 v/s 5.65 ± 0.90 (P < 0.001), positive fusional vergence for distance: 21.17 ± 8.97 v/s 31.32 ± 6.23 (P < 0.001), vergence facility: 6.47 ± 1.47 v/s 11.84 ± 1.00 (P < 0.001), accommodative facility: 7.10 ± 4.57 v/s 11.67 ± 1.83 (P < 0.001), reading speed: 66.97 ± 17.82 v/s 144.13 ± 24.45 (P = 0.03) and Developmental Eye Movement ratio: 1.40 ± 0.19 v/s 1.17 ± 0.06 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Concussions caused by sports have a considerable impact on binocular vision and oculomotor parameters. These findings have substantial therapeutic implications in terms of establishing a periodic screening program for athletes so that essential therapy can be provided for a better outcome.

Simultaneous posterior eyelid ptosis repair and strabismus surgery: a single-stage approach / Cirurgia reparadora simultânea de blefaroptose posterior e de estrabismo: abordagem de estágio único

ABSTRACT Purpose: Blepharoptosis with coexisting strabismus can be observed in adults, and both these conditions affect cosmetic appearance and have psychosocial effects. Both also commonly require surgery, which is typically performed using a sequential approach. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of simultaneous Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy and strabismus surgery in adult patients with ptosis and coexisting strabismus. Methods: Patients with ptosis and coexisting strabismus who underwent simultaneous Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy and horizontal strabismus surgery were retrospectively evaluated. Analysis included measurement of the angle of deviation in prism diopters, margin reflex distance, eyelid height asymmetry, and complications following surgery. Success of Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy was defined as a margin reflex distance of ≥3.5 and ≤5 mm with a difference between the two upper eyelids of <1 mm. Strabismus success was defined as alignment with ±10 prism diopters of orthotropia. Results: The patients comprised three women and five men with a mean age of 37.12 years (range, 22-62 years). The strabismus stage of the surgery was performed first in all patients. Upper eyelid symmetry outcomes were assessed as perfect (<0.5 mm) in four patients and good (≥0.5 mm, <1 mm) in four patients. Success of Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy was achieved in six of eight patients (75%), and strabismus success was achieved in all patients. No revision eyelid or strabismus surgery was required following simultaneous surgery in any of the patients. Conclusion: Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy combined with strabismus surgery may be an alternative approach for use in patients with ptosis and coexisting strabismus.

RESUMO Objetivo: Blefaroptose e estrabismo podem ser coexistentes em adultos e ambos afetam a aparência estética e o domínio psicossocial. Ambos também geralmente requerem cirurgia, realizada tradicionalmente em uma abordagem sequencial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da execução simultânea da ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem cirurgia de tarsectomia, e da cirurgia de estrabismo em pacientes adultos com ptose e estrabismo coexistentes. Métodos: Foram retrospectivamente avaliados pacientes com ptose e estrabismo coexistentes submetidos simultaneamente à ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem tarsectomia, e à cirurgia de estrabismo horizontal. A análise incluiu a mensuração do ângulo de desvio das dioptrias de prisma, a distância do reflexo à margem, a assimetria da altura palpebral e quaisquer complicações após a cirurgia. A ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem sucesso na tarsectomia, foi considerada bem-sucedida com uma distância reflexo-margem medindo entre 3,5 e 5 mm, e uma diferença entre as duas pálpebras superiores menor que 1 mm. O sucesso da cirurgia de estrabismo foi definido como um alinhamento com ± 10 dioptrias prismáticas de ortotropia. Resultados: Os pacientes foram 3 mulheres e 5 homens, com média de idade de 37,12 anos (faixa de 22 a 62 anos). A parte de estrabismo da cirurgia foi realizada primeiro em todos os pacientes. Os resultados da simetria palpebral superior foram avaliados como perfeitos (<0,5 mm) em 4 pacientes, bons (≥0,5 mm, <1 mm) em 4 pacientes e regulares (≥1 mm) em nenhum. A ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem sucesso na tarsectomia, teve sucesso em 6 dos 8 pacientes (75%) e a intervenção para o estrabismo foi bem-sucedida em todos os pacientes. Não foi necessária cirurgia de revisão da pálpebra ou do estrabismo após a cirurgia simultânea em nenhum paciente. Conclusão: A ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem tarsectomia, pode ser combinada com a cirurgia de estrabismo em uma abordagem alternativa para pacientes com ptose e estrabismo coexistentes.

Uso de modelo de olho não biológico na simulação de cirurgia de estrabismo: relato de experiência / Use of non-biological eye model in strabismus surgery simulation: experience report

Resumo: Introdução: Estrabismo é uma doença ocular caracterizada pelo desvio dos olhos cujo tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O ensino da cirurgia de estrabismo faz parte do programa de residência médica de oftalmologia, e seu treinamento é realizado mais frequentemente em sala de cirurgia, em situações reais. A aprendizagem ativa por experimentação ou simulação é cada vez mais utilizada na educação em saúde. Relato de experiência: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o relato de experiência da utilização de simulação como método de ensino de cirurgia de estrabismo para os médicos residentes do programa de residência de oftalmologia de um hospital universitário. Discussão: A simulação é um tipo de metodologia ativa que permite ao residente conquistar habilidades cirúrgicas por meio da repetição em ambiente seguro, de modo a diminuir as taxas de complicações cirúrgicas. Diferentemente de outros simuladores com tecnologia avançada para treinamento de cirurgia intraocular, nosso modelo de olho é uma ferramenta simples, de baixo custo e de fácil acesso e manuseio. A portabilidade e facilidade no manuseio permitem que o residente pratique as etapas com mais frequência desenvolvendo a memória com as etapas cirúrgicas. Conclusão: O ensino da cirurgia oftalmológica é uma tarefa desafiadora, e a utilização de métodos de aprendizagem ativa, como a simulação, é uma alternativa para o treinamento de habilidades cirúrgicas, com o propósito de diminuir as taxas de complicações.

Abstract: Introduction: Strabismus is an ocular condition characterized by eye misalignment. Its treatment can be clinical or surgical. The teaching of strabismus surgery is part of the medical residency program in ophthalmology. Its training is most often carried out in the operating theatre, in real situations. However, active learning through experimentation or simulation has been increasingly applied in health education. Experience Report: This study describes the use of simulation as a teaching method of strabismus surgery to ophthalmology residents. Discussion: Simulation is a type of active methodology that allows the resident to gain surgical skills through repetition in a safe environment. This can help reduce the risk of surgical complications. Unlike other simulators with advanced technology for intraocular surgery training, our model eye is a simple low-cost tool. It is easy to access and handle. The portability and ease of use allow the residents to practice the steps more frequently. Conclusion: The teaching of ophthalmic surgery is a challenging task and the use of active learning methods such as simulation is an alternative for training surgical skills.

Experience in Diagnosis and Treatment of Oculomotor Nerve Palsy based on Channel Pattern Differentiation / 中医杂志

It is believed that the basic pathogenesis of oculomotor nerve paralysis （ONP） is qi and blood depletion and channel obstruction. Taking channel pattern differentiation as the core， it is recommended to use acupuncture mainly based on location， syndrome and channel deficiency-excess differentiation. Location and channel tropism differentiation mainly follows the principle of “where the channels and collaterals pass， the main treatment can reach”， and commonly uses acupuncture points on Dumai （督脉）， the hand Shaoyang （少阳） Sanjiao （三焦） channel， the hand Taiyang （太阳） small intestine channel， three yang channels of the foot， the hand Shaoyin （少阴） heart channel， the foot Jueyin （厥阴） liver channel， and others， and combines scalp acupuncture with electro-acupuncture to enhance channel stimulation. Pattern and channel tropism differentiation is to differentiate the entered channel according to clinical symptoms and zang-fu patterns. The differentiation of deficiency-excess should be payed attention to， and the principle of “supplementing the deficiency， and draining the excess” should be followed. The supplementing and draining method should be used rationally by considering the differences in the supplementing and draining acupoints themselves， as well as the actual condition of the patients. Simultaneously， it is suggested to combine manipulation and stimulation amount and effect in clinical practice.

Long-term impact of mild traumatic brain injury on oculomotor parameters / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the long-term impact of mild traumatic brain injury(mTBI)on oculomotor parameters.METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 46 patients from 6 to 12mo after mTBI who visited Tianjin Eye Hospital from February to August 2021 were collected. According to the score of the Brain Injury Vision Sympton Survey(BIVSS)Questionnaire, they were divided into the symptomatic group of mTBI(BIVSS total score ≥32, n=24)and the asymptomatic group of mTBI(BIVSS total score &#x0026;#x003C;32, n=22). In addition, healthy people without mTBI were selected as the control group(n=23). All of the subjects accepted test of oculomotor parameters to evaluate binocular vision.RESULTS: Monocular accommodation amplitude, monocular accommodation facility, the absolute value of phoria at near, BI recovery point of fusional range at near and saccades were different among the three groups(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05); There were no significant differences in near point of convergence, the absolute value of distance phoria, BI blur, BO blur and recovery of fusional range at near among the three groups(P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05). The incidence of accommodative abnormality, convergence abnormality, and saccadic dysfunction were different among the three groups(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.01). The incidence of accommodative abnormality in the symptomatic group was significantly higher than that in the asymptomatic and control groups(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.0167); the incidence of convergence dysfunction in the symptomatic and the asymptomatic groups were higher than that in the control group(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.0167); the incidence of saccadic dysfunction in the symptomatic group was significantly higher than that in the asymptomatic and control groups(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.0167).CONCLUSION: Accommodation, convergence, and saccades functions in the mTBI symptomatic group were lower, and some of the binocular vision in the asymptomatic group was also affected. It is suggested that mTBI has a long-term impact on oculomotor parameters, and comprehensive oculomotor assessment is necessary for mTBI patients.

Cirugía de la ptosis palpebral: análisis de tres tipos de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Serie de Casos / Eyelid ptosis surgery: analysis of three types of surgical procedures. Number of cases

INTRODUCCIÓN. La ptosis palpebral se define como el descenso o disfunción del párpado con respecto a su posición considerada como normal, pudiendo causar alteraciones del campo visual. Puede dividirse en lesiones congénitas o adquiridas, por el grado de disfunción entre otros. Blefaroplastia, es el término para la corrección de la misma. Existen varias técnicas correctivas quirúrgicas y no quirúrgicas. CASOS. Se presenta una serie de 5 casos tratados mediante abordaje quirúrgico anterior; detallando la técnica quirúrgica utilizada, con corrección de las estructuras hipertrofiadas, sección, suspensión, sutura del elevador palpebral o su encortamiento; suspensión de índole estática con el uso de fascia del paciente y finalizando el procedimiento con la confección del surco palpebral superior. RESULTADOS. Los 5 pacientes fueron tratados con técnicas quirúrgicas individualizadas obteniéndose buenos resultados estéticos y funcionales, sin complicaciones durante o después del procedimiento. DISCUSIÓN. La técnica de blefaroplastia quirúrgica dependerá del grado de disfunción; se describen tres principales: Fasanella Servat, para ptosis leve y útil para ptosis congénita leve o síndrome de Horner; Reinserción de la aponeurosis del músculo elevador, técnica que respeta la anatomía y permite regular diferentes grados de ptosis; y Suspensión del párpado al músculo frontal pudiendo ser definitiva o reversible. La edad de intervención para ptosis congénita antes del año de edad es urgente, si tapa la pupila para así evitar ambliopía y tortícolis compensatoria, en el resto de casos se sugiere realizarla a partir de los 5 años de edad. CONCLUSIONES. El conocimiento adecuado de la anatomía palpebral, etiología de la dermatocalasia y blefaroptosis, permite realizar una correcta cirugía reparadora individualizada para cada paciente. Las técnicas presentadas en este trabajo son reproducibles.

INTRODUCTION. Palpebral ptosis is defined as the descent or dysfunction of the eyelid with respect to its position considered as normal, which can cause alterations in the visual field. It can be divided into congenital or acquired lesions, according to the degree of dysfunction, among others. Blepharoplasty is the term for its correction. There are several surgical and non-surgical corrective techniques. CASES. We present a series of 5 cases treated by anterior surgical approach; detailing the surgical technique used, with correction of the hypertrophied structures, section, suspension, suture of the palpebral elevator or its shortening; static suspension with the use of the patient's fascia and ending the procedure with the confection of the superior palpebral sulcus. RESULTS. All 5 patients were treated with individualized surgical techniques obtaining good aesthetic and functional results, without complications during or after the procedure. DISCUSSION. The surgical blepharoplasty technique will depend on the degree of dysfunction; three main techniques are described: Fasanella Servat, for mild ptosis and useful for mild congenital ptosis or Horner syndrome; Reinsertion of the levator muscle aponeurosis, a technique that respects the anatomy and allows regulating different degrees of ptosis; and Eyelid suspension to the frontalis muscle, which can be definitive or reversible. The age of intervention for congenital ptosis before one year of age is urgent, if it covers the pupil in order to avoid amblyopia and compensatory torticollis, in the rest of cases it is suggested to perform it from 5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS. The adequate knowledge of the palpebral anatomy, etiology of dermatochalasis and blepharoptosis, allows a correct individualized reparative surgery for each patient. The techniques presented in this work are reproducible.

Two birds, one stone: a surgical approach for third nerve palsy with aberrant regeneration / Tratamento cirúrgico de paralisia de terceiro nervo craniano com regeneração aberrante

ABSTRACT Aberrant regeneration in third nerve palsies, linking medial rectus contraction to the levator palpebrae muscle, is a great opportunity for surgical planning to address both the ptosis and horizontal deviation in a single procedure. We report a case of severe ptosis associated with exotropia that was successfully corrected with a single horizontal strabismus surgery owing to aberrant regeneration and discuss the basis underlying the surgical planning.

RESUMO A regeneração aberrante nas paralisias do terceiro nervo, ligando a contração do reto medial ao músculo levantador da pálpebra, é uma grande oportunidade para fazer um planejamento cirúrgico para tratar tanto a ptose quanto o desvio horizontal em um procedimento único. Relatamos uma ptose grave associada à exotropia corrigida com sucesso com uma única cirurgia de estrabismo horizontal devido à regeneração aberrante e discutimos as bases do planejamento cirúrgico.

Smartphone as a tool for evaluating oblique muscle dysfunction / Uso do smartphone como ferramenta para avaliar disfunções de músculos oblíquos

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe a simple, accessible, and reliable method using a smartphone for evaluating oblique muscle dysfunctions. Methods: The photograph rotation tool in the iPhone PHOTO app was used by 75 examiners to evaluate 22 photographs from only 9 patients, captured in infra- and supra-dextroversion, and infra- and supra-levoversion, as not all the patients were photographed in the 4 positions mentioned. Each patient received a score for the superior and inferior oblique muscle functions, ranging from -4 (hypofunction) to 4 (hyperfunction) or 0 (normal function), using preediting and postediting photographs. These values were compared with the scores previously given by trained personnel in strabismus screening. The difference in score between the two groups was expressed in natural (whole and non-negative) numbers. The mean and pattern deviation were then calculated. Results: The scores of most of the edited photos showed a lower mean than those of the unedited ones, except for a patient with left superior oblique hyperfunction. The patients with no oblique dysfunction and those with right superior oblique hyperfunction demonstrated (after editing the photograph) scores with greater similarity with their initial scores (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Similar results were found in the patients with oblique hypofunctions and right inferior oblique hyperfunction (p<0.01). Conclusion: The proposed method for assessing muscular function in vertical strabismus is reproducible, accessible, simple, and reliable, and provides better consistency to the admeasurement.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrição de um método simples, acessível e confiável para a medida das disfunções dos músculos oblíquos, utilizando-se smartphone. Métodos: Foi utilizado o recurso de rotação de fotografias do aplicativo FOTOS do iPhone®; 75 examinadores avaliaram 22 fotos de 9 pacientes, obtidas em infra e supra dextroversão, infra e supra levoversão (nem todos os pacientes foram fotografados nas 4 posições citadas). Conferiu-se aos pacientes uma pontuação para a função do músculo oblíquo superior e músculo oblíquo inferior, que variou de -4 (negativo para hipofunção) a +4 (positivo para hiperfunção), ou 0 (normofuncionantes), antes e depois da edição das fotografias. Esses valores foram comparados à avaliação prévia atribuída pelos assistentes do estrabismo. Computou-se a diferença da pontuação entre eles em números naturais (inteiros e não negativos); foram calculadas média e desvio padrão dessas medidas. Resultado: A medida da maioria das fotos editadas apresentou média inferior as não editadas, à exceção de um paciente com hiperfunção de oblíquo superior esquerdo. Pacientes sem disfunção de oblíquos demonstraram, após edição das fotos, maior similaridade com o valor inicialmente determinado (p<0,05), assim como os pacientes com oblíquo superior direito hiperfuncionantes (p<0,01). Os mesmos resultados são encontrados nos pacientes com hipofunção dos oblíquos e hiperfunção de oblíquo inferior direito (p<0,01). Conclusão: O método utilizado para medida das funções musculares nos estrabismos verticais é reprodutível, acessível, simples, confiável, e confere maior uniformidade à aferição.

Etiología y evolución de la diplopía binocular en pacientes con paresia o parálisis oculomotoras / Etiology and Course of Binocular Diplopia in Patients with Oculomotor Paresis or Paralysis

Objetivo: Determinar la etiología y evolución de la diplopía binocular en pacientes con paresia o parálisis oculomotoras. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de una serie de casos que acudieron a la consulta del Servicio de Oftalmología Pediátrica del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer y cumplían con los criterios de inclusión en el periodo comprendido entre mayo del 2018 a junio del 2019. Se evaluaron las variables: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo, etiología, opciones de tratamiento y eliminación de diplopía. Resultados: La edad media de la muestra estudiada fue de 56,8 años y predominó el sexo masculino (56,7 por ciento versus 43,3 por ciento). El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue el microvascular (86,7 por ciento), 14 pacientes con hipertensión arterial y 12 con diabetes mellitus. Predominó también la etiología microvascular en 18 pacientes de 30. El 66,7 por ciento de la muestra estudiada resolvió solo con tratamiento médico y el 86,7 por ciento de los casos eliminaron la diplopía en todas las posiciones diagnósticas de la mirada. Conclusiones: El nervio craneal más frecuente afectado es el sexto y prevaleció la etiología microvascular en el sexto y tercer nervio craneal, sin embargo, para el cuarto es la traumática la única causa encontrada, lo cual concuerdan con la literatura revisada(AU)

Objective: To determine the etiology and evolution of binocular diplopia in patients with oculomotor paresis or paralysis. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out, from May 2018 to June 2019, of a series of cases that were assisted in the consultation of the Pediatric Ophthalmology Service at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology and met the inclusion criteria. The variables evaluated were age, sex, risk factors, etiology, treatment options and elimination of diplopia. Results: The mean age of the studied sample was 56.8 years and the male sex predominated (56.7 percent versus 43.3 percent). The most frequent risk factor was microvascular (86.7 percent), fourteen patients with arterial hypertension and 12 with diabetes mellitus. Microvascular etiology also predominated in 18 patients out of 30. The medical treatment only solved 66.7 percent of the studied sample and 86.7 percent of cases eliminated diplopia in all diagnostic gaze positions. Conclusions: The most frequently affected cranial nerve is the sixth and microvascular etiology prevailed in the sixth and third cranial nerves, however, for the fourth traumatic is the only cause found, which is consistent with the literature reviewed(AU)

Diplopía binocular por paresia o parálisis oculomotoras: resultados de las opciones de tratamiento / Binocular Diplopia due to Oculomotor Paresis or Palsies: Outcomes of Treatment Options

Objetivo: Determinar resultados de las opciones de tratamiento para la diplopía binocular en pacientes con paresia o parálisis oculomotoras. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de una serie de casos que acudieron a la consulta del Servicio de Oftalmología Pediátrica del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer. Se evaluaron las variables: edad, sexo, etiología, opciones de tratamiento, limitación de los movimientos oculares, eliminación de diplopía, fusión y estereopsis. Resultados: La etiología más frecuente fue la microvascular. El 66,7 por ciento de la muestra estudiada se resolvió solo con tratamiento médico, de ellos el 100,0 por ciento con diagnóstico de paresias o parálisis del tercer nervio craneal, seguido por el sexto y cuarto con 63,6 por ciento y 33,3 por ciento, respectivamente. Necesitaron tratamiento médico, quirúrgico y aplicación de toxina botulínica seis pacientes, el 33,3 por ciento del cuarto y el 22,7 por ciento del sexto nervio craneal. El resto de las opciones de tratamiento solo con un paciente. No se halló asociación significativa entre opciones de tratamiento y nervio craneal afectado. El 86,6 por ciento finalizó sin limitación de los movimientos oculares. El 86,7 por ciento de los casos eliminaron la diplopía en todas las posiciones diagnósticas de la mirada. El 76,7 por ciento logró fusión y el 56,7 por ciento estereopsis. Conclusiones: El tratamiento médico y el combinado de médico más inyección de toxina botulínica y cirugía de músculos extraoculares fueron las opciones más utilizadas y permitieron alineamiento ocular y eliminación de la diplopía binocular(AU)

Objective: To determine outcomes of treatment options for binocular diplopia in patients with oculomotor paresis or paralysis. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out of a series of cases that were assisted at the consultation of the Pediatric Ophthalmology Service at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology. The variables evaluated were age, sex, etiology, treatment options, limitation of ocular movements, elimination of diplopia, fusion and stereopsis. Results: The microvascular etiology was the most frequent. 66.7 percent of the studied sample was resolved only with medical treatment, 100.0 percent of them had a diagnosis of paresis or paralysis of the third cranial nerve, followed by the sixth and fourth with 63.6 percent and 33.3 percent, respectively. Six patients required medical and surgical treatment and application of botulinum toxin, 33.3 percent of the fourth and 22.7 percent of the sixth cranial nerve. The rest of the treatment options with only one patient. No significant association was found between treatment options and affected cranial nerve. 86.6 percent finished without limitation of eye movements. 86.7 percent of cases eliminated diplopia in all diagnostic gaze positions. 76.7 percent achieved fusion and 56.7 percent stereopsis. Conclusions: Medical treatment and combined medical treatment plus botulinum toxin injection and extraocular muscle surgery were the most used options and allowed ocular alignment and elimination of binocular diplopia(AU)

Novo gancho muscular milimetrado para cirurgia de estrabismo / A new millimeter muscle hook for strabismus surgery

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar um novo tipo de gancho muscular (gancho milimetrado de Felício) e sua eficácia em cirurgias de estrabismo. Métodos: Buscando uma abordagem independente, com a mínima participação do auxiliar, o novo instrumento foi usado em cirurgias de retrocesso e ressecção, para comparar sua eficácia e segurança com a técnica tradicional. Participaram do estudo 14 pacientes divididos em dois grupos. Resultados: O grupo operado por meio da técnica tradicional teve média de idade foi de 14,7 anos, e o grupo que usou o novo gancho teve média de 17 anos. Ambos os grupos obtiveram redução semelhante do estrabismo inicial, sendo, em média, de 87,84% no grupo tradicional e de 93,04% com o novo gancho, porém sem relevância estatística (p=0,274). Conclusão: O gancho milimetrado de Felício mostrou-se opção útil ao cirurgião na realização da cirurgia de estrabismo com redução da importância do auxiliar, de forma segura e reprodutível.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate a new type of muscle hook (Felício's millimeter hook) and its effectiveness in strabismus surgeries. Methods: Seeking an independent approach, with minimal assistance from the assistant, the new instrument was used in retrocession and resection surgeries, to compare its efficacy and safety with the traditional technique. Results: 14 patients participated in the study, divided into two groups. The group who underwent surgery with the traditional technique had a mean age of 14.7 years and the group using the new hook, 17 years. Both groups obtained a similar reduction in initial strabismus, with an average of 87.84% in the traditional group and 93.04% with the new hook, but without statistically significant difference (p=0.274). Conclusion: Felicio's millimeter hook proved to be a useful option for the surgeon in performing strabismus surgery with a reduction in the importance of the assistant, in a safe and reproducible way.

YANG Jun's clinical experience of acupuncture for oculomotor paralysis / 中国针灸

Professor YANG Jun's clinical experience of acupuncture and moxibustion for oculomotor paralysis is summarized. Professor YANG Jun pays attention to disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation in the treatment of this disease. According to the characteristics of oculomotor paralysis, "early diagnosis and seeking treatment from the source" is advocated. According to the etiology and pathogenesis, professor YANG divides oculomotor paralysis into three types: the syndrome of wind-evil attacking collaterals, the syndrome of spleen-stomach weakness and the syndrome of qi-deficiency and blood-stasis. As such, the acupoints are selected according to syndrome differentiation, and several different acupuncture methods (pricking needling at eyelids, penetrating needling and lifting eyelids and contralateral- balance needling on the healthy side) are adopted to improve the symptoms of oculomotor paralysis. It is also suggested to use the combination of scalp acupuncture and electroacupuncture to achieve the best dose-effect state. Moreover, local stimulation around the eyes is important to achieve the effects of "qi reaching affected area".

Superior oblique myositis mimics a subperiosteal abscess in a patient with sinusitis / Miosite oblíqua superior mimetiza abscesso subperiosteal em paciente com sinusite

ABSTRACT Isolated superior oblique myositis is a rare variant of idiopathic orbital myositis. We are reporting for the first time the case of a 19-year-old woman who had isolated superior oblique myositis with sinusitis that mimics a subperiosteal abscess. Despite the typical history of upper respiratory tract infection and laboratory test results and initial radiological findings suggestive of orbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis, the initial response to systemic steroid with subsequent imaging changes and the relapse after cessation of steroid therapy helped us reach the diagnosis.

RESUMO A miosite oblíqua superior isolada é uma variante muito rara da miosite orbital idiopática. Trata-se do primeiro relato de uma mulher de 19 anos como um caso de miosite oblíqua superior isolada com sinusite que mimetiza abscesso subperiosteal. Apesar da história típica de infecção do trato respiratório superior, exames laboratoriais e achados radiológicos iniciais sugestivos de celulite orbital secundária à sinusite, a resposta inicial ao esteróide sistêmico com subsequentes alterações de imagem e recaída, após a cessação do esteróide, nos ajudou a alcançar o diagnóstico.

Magnocellular visual function in developmental dyslexia: deficit in frequency-doubling perimetry and ocular motor skills / Função visual magnocelular na dislexia do desenvolvimento: déficit na perimetria de frequência duplicada e nas habilidades motoras oculares

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to verify if patients with developmental dyslexia present deficits coherent with visual magnocellular dysfunction. Methods: Participants with confirmed diagnosis of developmental dyslexia (n=62; age range=8-25 years; mean age=13.8 years, standard deviation=3.9; 77% male) were compared to a control group with normal development, matched for age, sex, ocular dominance, visual acuity, and text comprehension. The frequency-doubling technology perimetry was used to evaluate the peripheral visual field contrast sensitivity threshold. The Visagraph III Eye-Movement Recording System was used to evaluate ocular motor skills during text reading. Results: The developmental dyslexia group had significantly worse contrast sensitivity in the frequency-doubling technology, with strong effect size, than the matched control group. The developmental dyslexia group had more eyes classified in the impaired range of sensitivity threshold to detect frequency-doubling illusion than the control group. Moreover, the developmental dyslexia group had poorer ocular motor skills and reading performance, revealed by a difference in ocular fixations, regressions, span recognition, reading rate, and relative efficiency between groups. A significant correlation was found between contrast sensitivity and ocular motor skills. Participants with good relative efficiency had significantly better contrast sensitivity than participants with poor relative efficiency. Conclusions: The developmental dyslexia group presented a markedly worse performance in visual variables related to visual magnocellular function (i.e., frequency-doubling technology perimetry and ocular motor skills) compared with a matched control group. Professionals need to be aware of the importance of evaluating vision of individuals with developmental dyslexia beyond visual acuity and including in their assessments instruments to evaluate temporal processing, with contrast sensitivity threshold.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se pacientes com dislexia do de­senvolvimento (DD) apresentam déficits coerentes com uma disfunção magnocelular visual. Métodos: Participantes com diagnóstico confirmado de dislexia do desenvolvimento (n=62; faixa etária=8 a 25 anos; Média da idade=13.8 anos, desvio padrão=3.9; 77% homens) foram comparados a um grupo con­trole com desenvolvimento típico, pareado por idade, sexo, dominância ocular, acuidade visual e compreensão de texto. A perimetria Frequency-Doubling Technology avaliou o limiar de sensibilidade ao contraste do campo visual periférico. O ras­treador ocular Visagraph-III registrou os movimentos dos olhos durante leitura de texto. Resultados: O grupo com dislexia do desenvolvimento apresentou piores limiares de sensibilidade no Frequency-Doubling Technology , com tamanho de efeito forte, do que o grupo controle. O grupo com dislexia do desenvolvimento apresentou mais olhos classificados com déficits na sensibilidade à ilusão de frequência duplicada do que o grupo controle. O grupo com dislexia do desenvolvimento apresentou pior habilidade motora ocular e no desempenho de leitura, revelado pela diferença entre os grupos em relação às fixações oculares, regressões, alcance de reconhecimento, taxa de leitura e eficiência relativa. Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a sensibilidade ao contraste e as habilidades motoras oculares. Os participantes com boa eficiência relativa apresentaram uma sensibilidade ao contraste significativamente melhor do que os participantes com baixa eficiência relativa. Conclusões: O grupo com dis­lexia do desenvolvimento apresentou desempenho inferior nas variáveis visuais relacionadas à função visual magnocelular (i.e., perimetria de frequência duplicada e habilidades motoras oculares), quando comparado ao grupo controle pareado. Os profissionais precisam estar cientes da importância de investigar a visão dos pacientes com dislexia do desenvolvimento além da acuidade visual e incluir nos seus procedimentos diagnósticos instrumentos para avaliar o processamento temporal, com limiar de sensibilidade ao contraste.

Identificação da velocidade anormal da dilatação de pupila como biomarcador de lesão cerebral em pacientes neurocríticos / Identification of abnormal pupil dilation velocity as a biomarker of cerebral injury in neurocritically ill patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Calcular as velocidades médias da dilatação de pupila para classificar a gravidade da lesão derivada da escala de coma de Glasgow, estratificada por variáveis de confusão. Métodos: Neste estudo, analisaram-se 68.813 exames das pupilas para determinar a velocidade normal de dilatação em 3.595 pacientes com lesão cerebral leve (13 - 15), moderada (9 - 12) ou grave (3 - 8), segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow. As variáveis idade, sexo, raça, tamanho da pupila, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, pressão intracraniana, uso de narcóticos, classificação pela escala de coma de Glasgow e diagnóstico foram consideradas confundidoras e controladas para análise estatística. Empregou-se regressão logística com base em algoritmo de classificação com aprendizado de máquina para identificar os pontos de corte da velocidade de dilatação para as categorias segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow. Resultados: As razões de chance e os intervalos de confiança desses fatores se mostraram estatisticamente significantes em sua influência sobre a velocidade de dilatação. A classificação com base na área sob a curva mostrou que, para o grau leve, na escala de coma de Glasgow, o limite da velocidade de dilatação foi de 1,2mm/s, com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1602 e 0,1902 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8380 e 0,8080, respectivamente, para os olhos esquerdo e direito. Para grau moderado na escala de coma de Glasgow, a velocidade de dilatação foi de 1,1mm/s com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1880 e 0,1940 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8120 e 0,8060, respectivamente, nos olhos esquerdo e direito. Mais ainda, para o grau grave na escala de coma de Glasgow, a velocidade de dilatação foi de 0,9mm/s, com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1980 e 0,2060 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8020 e 0,7940, respectivamente, nos olhos esquerdo e direito. Esses valores foram diferentes dos métodos prévios de descrição subjetiva e das velocidades de dilatação previamente estimadas. Conclusão: Observaram-se velocidades mais lentas de dilatação pupilar em pacientes com escores mais baixos na escala de coma de Glasgow, indicando que diminuição da velocidade pode indicar grau mais grave de lesão neuronal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To calculate mean dilation velocities for Glasgow coma scale-derived injury severity classifications stratified by multiple confounding variables. Methods: In this study, we examined 68,813 pupil readings from 3,595 patients to determine normal dilation velocity with brain injury categorized based upon a Glasgow coma scale as mild (13 - 15), moderate (9 - 12), or severe (3 - 8). The variables age, sex, race, pupil size, intensive care unit length of stay, intracranial pressure, use of narcotics, Glasgow coma scale, and diagnosis were considered as confounding and controlled for in statistical analysis. Machine learning classification algorithm-based logistic regression was employed to identify dilation velocity cutoffs for Glasgow coma scale categories. Results: The odds ratios and confidence intervals of these factors were shown to be statistically significant in their influence on dilation velocity. Classification based on the area under the curve showed that for the mild Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity threshold value was 1.2mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1602 and 0.1902 and areas under the curve of 0.8380 and 0.8080 in the left and right eyes, respectively. For the moderate Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity was 1.1mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1880 and 0.1940 and areas under the curve of 0.8120 and 0.8060 in the left and right eyes, respectively. Furthermore, for the severe Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity was 0.9mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1980 and 0.2060 and areas under the curve of 0.8020 and 0.7940 in the left and right eyes, respectively. These values were different from the previous method of subjective description and from previously estimated normal dilation velocities. Conclusion: Slower dilation velocities were observed in patients with lower Glasgow coma scores, indicating that decreasing velocities may indicate a higher degree of neuronal injury.

Varied presentations of congenital ocular synkinesis: do they all fit congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder spectrum? / Apresentações variadas de sincinesias oculares congênitas: todas elas se enquadram ao espectro das desordens congênitas da desnervação craniana?

ABSTRACT Purpose: Synkinesis results from nerve miswirings and causes aberrant movements of the affected muscles. We present a series of cases of rare congenital ocular synkinesis involving the extraocular muscles and the levator palpebrae superioris and speculate the possibility of classifying these entities in the spectrum of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder. Methods: Records of patients with the diagnosis of congenital ocular synkinesis were analyzed retrospectively. We analyzed the sex, laterality, and complete features of the ocular motility of each patient. Results: Nine patients with congenital ocular synkinesis were included. A slight predominance of women was noted. In terms of laterality, four patients had only the right eye involved, four had only the left eye, and one had both eyes involved. Notably, 55.5% were orthotropic in the primary position. The third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves were involved in the miswiring in 100%, 44.4%, and 11.1% of the cases, respectively. Conclusions: Congenital synkinesis might present in a very eclectic and uncommon fashion. The aberrant innervation in these cases classifies them into the group of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders.

RESUMO Objetivo: Sincinesias são resultado de inervações anômalas e ocasionam movimentos aberrantes dos músculos envolvidos. Apresentamos uma série com casos raros de sincinesias oculares congênitas dos músculos extraoculares e do levantador da pálpebra superior e especulamos a possibilidade de classificá-las dentro do espectro das desordens congênitas da desnervação cranianana. Métodos: Prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de sincinesia ocular congênita foram estudados retrospectivamente. Analisamos sexo, lateralidade e as características completas do exame de motilidade de cada paciente. Resultados: Nove pacientes com sincinesias oculares congênitas foram incluídos. Houve discreta predominância no sexo feminino. Em termos de lateralidade, o olho direito foi o único envolvido em 4 casos, o olho esquerdo também em 4 casos e 1 caso apresentou acometimento bilateral. 55,5% dos pacientes eram ortotrópicos na posição primária. Os III, VI e IV nervos participaram da sincinesia em 100%, 44,4% e 11,1% dos casos, respectivamente. Conclusões: Sincinesias oculares congênitas podem se apresentar de modo bastante eclético e incomum. A inervação aberrante presente em cada um desses casos os coloca na lista de candidatos a integrar o grupo das desordens congênitas da desenervação craniana.

Blefaroplastia ampliada: tratando os dois terços superiores da face / Enlarged blepharoplasty: treating the upper two-thirds of the face

RESUMO Introdução: Os pacientes podem apresentar sinais de envelhecimento facial ainda em fases iniciais da vida, quando procedimentos cirúrgicos complexos não são procurados, especialmente se resultarem em cicatrizes maiores. Estes sinais devem ser detectados e tratados adequadamente para um rejuvenescimento eficaz. Métodos: Nos últimos 23 anos, 338 pacientes foram submetidos à blefaroplastia superior associada à elevação transpalpebral das sobrancelhas e miectomias dos corrugadores. Eles também receberam um lifting médio-facial através de uma incisão de blefaroplastia inferior, com descolamento dos ligamentos retentores orbitais e reposicionamento de um extenso retalho do músculo orbicular em direção superolateral. Cantopexia foi realizada rotineiramente. Resultados: O rejuvenescimento simultâneo dos dois terços superiores da face é realizado através de incisões simples de blefaroplastia e essa sistematização não é encontrada na literatura atual. Os pacientes ficaram satisfeitos com os resultados e a cantopexia de rotina efetivamente preveniu defeitos de posicionamento da pálpebra inferior. As complicações mais comuns foram parestesia temporária (regiões frontal e escalpo) e quemose nos aspectos lateral e inferior da conjuntiva. Em uma revisão retrospectiva de 139 procedimentos realizados entre 2010 e 2019, scleral show temporário foi observado em 15 casos (10,8%) e um leve ectrópio em 1 caso (0,72%), tratados de forma conservadora. Dois casos de quemose (1,44%) e um hematoma (0,72%) necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusão: A blefaroplastia ampliada é segura, permite a visão direta das estruturas periorbitais manipuladas, não requer treinamento longo ou instrumental caro. Os autores alcançam resultados estéticos que impressionam pelo rejuvenescimento dos 2/3 superiores da face e pelo efeito duradouro.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients may show signs of facial aging still in the early stages of life when complex surgical procedures are not sought, especially if they result in larger scars. These signals should be detected and treated appropriately for effective rejuvenation. Methods: In the last 23 years,338 patients have undergone upper blepharoplasty associated with transpalpebral elevation of the eyebrows and myectomies of corrugators. They also received a mid-facial facelift through a lower blepharoplasty incision, with a detachment of the retaining orbital ligaments and repositioning an extensive flap of the orbicularis muscle in the superolateral direction. Canthopexy was routinely performed. Results: Simultaneous rejuvenation of the upper two-thirds of the face is performed through simple blepharoplasty incisions, and this systematization is not found in the current literature. Patients were satisfied with the results, and routine canthopexy effectively prevented lower eyelid positioning defects. The most common complications were temporary paraesthesia (frontal and scalp regions) and chemosis in the lateral and lower aspects of the conjunctiva. In a retrospective review of 139 procedures performed between 2010 and 2019, the temporary scleral show was observed in 15 cases (10.8%) and a mild ectropion in 1 case (0.72%), treated conservatively. Two cases of chemosis (1.44%) and one hematoma (0.72%) required surgical treatment. Conclusion: Enlarged blepharoplasty is safe, allows direct vision of manipulated periorbital structures, does not require long or expensive instrumental training. The authors achieve aesthetic results that impress by the rejuvenation of the upper 2/3 of the face and the lasting effect.

Orbital lymphatic vessels: immunohistochemical detection in the lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and extrinsic oculomotor muscles / Vasos linfáticos orbitários: identificação imunohistoquímica na glândula lacrimal, no nervo óptico, no tecido adiposo e nos músculos extrínsecos oculomotores

ABSTRACT Purpose: To identify the lymphatic vessels in orbital specimens from human cadavers using light microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. Methods: A postmortem study included 10 orbital specimens from 10 human cadavers. The orbital specimens were obtained no later than 12 hours after death. The orbital specimens were dissected into lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and oculomotor muscles. The histologic criteria to qualify as a lymphatic vessel were thin-walled channels of endothelium without a well-developed basal membrane and with an erythrocyte-free, irregular lumen. The immunohistochemical criteria were irregularly shaped, thin-walled vessels with an erythrocyte-free, irregular lumen and immunopositivity for podoplanin D2-40. Results: The lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and extraocular muscle sections were positively stained with podoplanin D2-40. Conclusions: This study demonstrated lymphatic vessels in the human orbit, more precisely, in the lacrimal gland, dura mater of the optic nerve, adipose tissue, and extrinsic oculomotor muscles via light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivos: Identificar vasos linfáticos em espécimes orbitários de cadáveres humanos através de microscopia óptica e análise imunohistoquímica. Métodos: Um estudo postmortem incluiu dez espécimes orbitários provenientes de dez cadáveres humanos. Todos os espécimes orbitários foram obtidos até 12 horas após a morte com uma técnica cirúrgica de exenteração orbitária e dissecados em glândula lacrimal, nervo óptico, gordura órbitária e músculos extraoculares. Para classificar como um vaso linfático, os critérios histológicos incluíram vasos endoteliais de parede única sem membrana basal bem desenvolvida, irregulares e lúmen sem hemácias, e os critérios imunohistoquímicos incluíram vasos endoteliais de parede única, com formato irregular e lúmen sem hemácias e reagentes a podoplanina D2-40. Resultados: As lâminas histológicas de glândula lacrimal, nervo óptico, tecido adiposo e músculos extraoculares reagiram positivamente a podoplanina D2-40. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou vasos linfáticos na órbita humana, mais exatamente, na glândula lacrimal, no nervo óptico, na gordura orbitária e nos músculos extrínsecos extraoculares via microscopia óptica e imunohistoquímica.(AU)

Stereological quantification of extraocular muscles in humans / Cuantificación estereológica de músculos extraoculares en humanos

SUMMARY: The aim of this study is to quantify muscular and connective tissue volumes of extraocular muscles (EOM) in humans with no ophthalmological disease using stereology. EOM from five cadaveric non-strabismic humans were obtained. The number of muscle fibers in 5,000 µm2 and volume density (Vv) of muscle and collagen were measured using stereology. Comparisons between antagonist EOM were conducted using Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples. A secondary analysis examining differences between pairs of EOM was also conducted. Bilateral tests were performed, and significance was set at 0.05. The horizontal rectus muscles (medial and lateral rectus) had the highest Vv of muscle and the lowest Vv of collagen. The inferior rectus muscle tended to have a fewer number of fibers per 5,000 µm2 than the rest of the EOM. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. This is the first published study describing the normal histology of human EOM using stereology. Our investigation, through the quantification of the proportion of muscle and collagen tissue, as well as the number of muscle fibers in 5,000 µ2, establishes normal stereological parameters for EOM of humans without ophthalmological disease.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar el volumen de tejido muscular y conectivo de los músculos extraoculares en humanos sin enfermedad oftalmológica conocida utilizando estereología. Los músculos extraoculares fueron obtenidos de cinco cadáveres humanos sin estrabismo. El número de fibras musculares en 5.000 µm2 y la densidad de volumen (Vv) de músculo y colágeno fueron medidas usando estereología. Las comparaciones entre músculos extraoculares antagonistas se realizaron a través de la prueba de los rangos con signo de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas. Un análisis secundario examinando diferencias entre pares de músculos extraoculares también fue llevado a cabo. Se realizaron pruebas bilaterales y la significancia fue fijada en 0,05. Los músculos rectos horizontales (recto medial y lateral) tuvieron el mayor Vv de músculo y el menor Vv de colágeno. El músculo recto inferior tuvo la tendencia a poseer menos número de fibras por 5.000 µm2 que el resto de los músculos extraoculares. No obstante, estas diferencias no llegaron a ser estadísticamente significativas. Este es el primer estudio publicado describiendo la histología normal de los músculos extraoculares usando estereología. Nuestra investigación, a través de la cuantificación de la proporción de tejido de músculo y colágeno, así como el número de fibras musculares en µm2, establece parámetros estereológicos normales para músculos extraoculares en humanos sin enfermedad oftalmológica.