Oral hygiene status, interdental cleaning and perception of gingival bleeding among a group of pregnant women in Nigeria

Background: Hormonal and vascular changes in pregnancy can lead to exaggeration of inflammatory response to local irritants like dental plaque causing pregnancy gingivitis which if not treated can result in advanced periodontal diseases and consequent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective: Toassess the oral hygiene and gingival bleeding perception of pregnant womenMethods: Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Oral hygiene status and gingival status were assessed with Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and gingival bleeding index respectively. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 25. Results were presented in frequency and percentages and chi square analysis done for the categorical variables with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: One hundred and fifty-one participants with age range of 20 to 43 years with a mean age of 29.85±4.05years participated in the study. All participants used toothbrush to clean their teeth and 44.4% used medium bristled toothbrush. Two-third used herbal toothpaste. More than two-thirds (84.1%) of the participants used both horizontal and vertical tooth brushing technique. Only 33.8% brushed twice daily. Though 92.1% claimed to clean interdentally, only 19.4% used dental floss. Prevalence of gingival bleeding was 31.8%. Two persons (1.3%) thought it normal to bleed from the gum while brushing and 86.8% did not know one can bleed from the gum during pregnancy Forty-four (29.1%) and 18(11.9%) of participants had fair and poor oral hygiene status respectively. 55.6% bled on probing and had gingival bleeding index of 1 and 2. Four (2.6%) of participants had gingival recession measuring 3mm to 4mm and 8.6% had halitosis. Statistical analysis of the association between participants' perception of gum bleeding and oral hygiene status showed statistical significance. Conclusion: The knowledge of pregnancy gingivitis is poor among the participants. There is the need to educate them about this and incorporate periodontal care into antenatal care so as to increase their quality of life during pregnancy.

Oral Hygiene status of Leprosy Patients from Raichur district, South India

Patients with leprosy may not be commonly reporting to the dental professionals. This study describes the oral hygiene status of the leprosy patients from a developing district of South India. A descriptive crosssectional study was conducted to assess the oral hygiene status of leprosy patients in Raichur district, Karnataka. A total of 225 patients were examined during 2012 as a part of the study. These are patients who registered at Raichur and Mudgal leprosy centres during this period for leprosy treatment. Oral Hygiene Index – Simplified was recorded according to the criteria given by Greene and Vermillion in 1964. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 software package. Male : female ratio was 2:1 and age of these patients ranged from 6-80 years, mean 33.25 ± 15.49 years. The mean Debris Index-Simplified score was 1.94 ± 0.66; mean Calculus Index-Simplified score 2.08 ± 0.64 and the mean Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified score was 4.02 ± 1.22. Percentage of leprosy patients with poor oral hygiene increased with increasing age. There was also association with habits of pan chewing, smoking, alcohol use and cleaning practice of not using tooth brush or neemstick. No relationship could be found with broader classification of leprosy, socio-economic status and other parameters. Patients with good and fair oral hygiene reported of lower dental problems than those with a poor oral hygiene. Lack of association with socioeconomic status and type of leprosy suggests a general awareness problem but this issue deserves in depth studies. The current study among leprosy patients in Raichur district is the first kind of study from this area which highlights the poor plight of these patients with respect to their oral hygiene status. Periodic surveys and interventions in terms of awareness campaigns among the leprosy patients as well as care providers and community in general will be useful. Orientation of health systems accordingly will be required to bring desired changes in the situation.

Oral health status of 6-12 year old children attending a Government Hospital in Kashmir

Background: Dental caries is an irreversible disease, with a likelihood of new lesions that continue to affect humanity Dental caries or tooth decay is an acquired chronic infective disease process caused by the acidic by-products of bacteria inhabiting organized dental plaque or oral bio-film that, if left undisturbed, can dissolve or demineralise the enamel surfaces of the teeth. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the oral health status of school children visiting Department of Pedodontics in Government Dental College, Srinagar. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study involving 543 schoolchildren attending Department of Pedodontics, Government Dental College, Srinagar was conducted in 2015. Oral examination was performed in 543 children to check decayed, missing and filled teeth (deft/DMFT) index and simplified oral hygiene (OHI-S) score. Data were collected via clinical examination. Results: Mean caries experience in deciduous dentition was 3.52 ±4.63. Males presented a higher caries prevalence of 1.59 ±2.05 than the female counter parts who had 1.1±1.17 (p <0.001) which was lower than the caries experience seen in males of the similar age group. Mean defs of the male Behal R, Lone N, Shah AF, Yousuf A, Jan SM. Oral health status of 6-12 year old children attending a Government Hospital in Kashmir. IAIM, 2016; 3(3): 139-146. Page 140 subjects of age 6 was 4.09±5.32 which was much higher than females in similar age group (p <0.001). It was also observed that there was a statistically significant difference in the decayed component of the primary dentition in males and females. (p <0.005) Conclusion: Caries experience was significantly higher in male students as compared to their female counterparts.

Prevalence of dental caries, periodontitis, and oral hygiene status among 12‑year‑old schoolchildren having normal occlusion and malocclusion in Mathura city: A comparative epidemiological study.

Objective: The aim was to find the prevalence of dental caries, periodontitis, and oral hygiene index‑simplified (OHI‑S) among 12‑year schoolchildren having normal occlusion and malocclusion in Mathura city. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross‑sectional study done among the 100 subjects who have been selected from 5 schools in four different geographical locations. The data regarding their socio‑demographic characteristics, dental caries status, periodontitis status and oral hygiene status was collected using structured proforma. Means, standard deviations and test of significant were used as statistics to describe the data. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between dental caries status, periodontitis status among subjects having normal occlusion and malocclusion (P = 0.06, 0.093) but significant relationship was found OHI‑S and children who were having malocclusion (and P = 0.022). Significant difference was also found between periodontitis and oral hygiene status (P = 0.00). Conclusion: It was observed from the present study that normal occlusion and malocclusion had no or weak significant effect on overall caries and periodontitis prevalence whereas oral hygiene status had a strong effect on overall periodontitis prevalence but not in relation to prevalence of dental caries in 12‑year‑old school children in Mathura city.

Oral Health Promotion among Rural School Children through Teachers: An Interventional Study.

Background: The lack of national oral health policy and organized school dental health programs in the country call for affordable, accessible, and sustainable strategies. Objectives: The objective was to compare the oral hygiene, plaque, gingival, and dental caries status among rural children receiving dental health education by qualifi ed dentists and school teachers with and without supply of oral hygiene aids. Materials and Methods: This interventional study was conducted among 15-year-old children selected randomly from four schools in Nalgonda district between September 2009 and February 2010. Schools were divided into four different intervention groups. The intervention groups varied in the form of intervention provider and frequency of intervention one of which being the control group. The oral hygiene, plaque, gingival, and dental caries status was assessed at baseline and 6 months following the intervention. SPSS 16 was used for analysis. Results: The preintervention and postintervention comparison within each group revealed a substantial reduction in mean oral hygiene index-simplifi ed (OHI-S), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) at postintervention compared to baseline in group 4 (1.26, 0.87, and 0.74, respectively) followed by group 3 (0.14, 0.37, and 0.12, respectively). The OHI-S, PI, and GI scores increased in group 1 (0.66, 0.37, and 0.34, respectively) and group 2 (0.25, 0.19, and 0.14, respectively). Mean decayed, missing fi lled surfaces score between the groups was not statistically signifi cant at baseline and postintervention. Conclusion: The dramatic reductions in the OHI-S, PI, and GI scores in the group supplied with oral hygiene aids call for supplying low cost fl uoridated toothpastes along with toothbrushes through the school systems in rural areas.

Effectiveness of a school dental education program in improving oral health knowledge and oral hygiene practices and status of 12- to 13-year-old school children.

Background: Children with poor oral health are 12 times more likely to have restricted-activity days. Dental health education [DHE], with the objective of improving the oral hygiene of the participants, would have obvious merits. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of school DHE, conducted at repeated and differing intervals, in improving oral health knowledge, practices, oral hygiene status, and the gingival health of schoolchildren belonging to two socioeconomic classes. Materials and Methods: This 36-week duration study assessed the effectiveness of school DHE conducted every three weeks against every six weeks on oral health knowledge, practices, oral hygiene status and gingival health of 415, 12- to 13-year-old schoolchildren belonging to social classes I and V. Of the three selected schools of each social class, one each was subjected to the intervention of either three or six weeks or was a control, respectively. Oral health knowledge and practices were evaluated using a questionnaire. Oral hygiene and gingival health were assessed using plaque and gingival indices. Statistical Analysis Used: Friedman's test was used for the longitudinal analysis of data. ANOVA and Student's t test were used for continuous data. Results: Plaque and Gingival score reductions were highly significant in intervention schools, and were not influenced by the socioeconomic status. When oral health knowledge was evaluated, highly significant changes were seen in intervention schools; more significantly in schools receiving more frequent interventions. The socioeconomic status influenced the oral hygiene aids used and the frequency of change of toothbrush. Controls showed no significant changes throughout. Conclusions: The DHE program conducted at three-week intervals was more effective than that conducted at six-week intervals in improving oral health knowledge, practices, oral hygiene status, and gingival health of schoolchildren.

Practice Research on Hygiene Status of Anchorage Molar Wearing Band and Buccal / 医学研究杂志

Inspect the anchorage molars with band and the anchorage molars with buccal tube with dental plaque index and gum in- dex and then statistically process the objective data obtained.The results show that both wearing band and wearing buccal tube lead to dental plaque.The influence is less worse on the the anchorage molars with buccal tube.

DMFT Index, Periodontal Index and Oral Hygiene Status in Diabetic Patients / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: This study examined the oral health condition of diabetic patients and evaluated the oral health behavior through a questionnaires survey. In addition, this study provide primary informations for developing a dental health program for diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were fifty patients with diabetes mellitus or glucose tolerance (controlled by a community health center at Dalsung-Gun in Daegu City and fifty non- diabetic age, gender and location matched control subjects. Data were collected by a direct oral examination and by questionnaires from 100 subjects in July, 2004. RESULTS: The DMFT (Decay, Missing, Filling Teeth) mean values in diabetics were significantly higher than that in non-diabetics (p< 0.05). The decay teeth index and Filling teeth index was similar in the two groups, but the mean Missing teeth index was significantly higher in the diabetics than in non-diabetics. The PI (Periodontal Index) mean values were significantly higher in the diabetics than in the non-diabetics (p< 0.01). There was a significant difference between the diabetics and non diabetics aged in their 50s and 60s, but there was no difference with those aged in their 70s. The oral hygiene status was similar in the two groups. The average number of remaining teeth was significantly lower in the diabetics (16.1+/-10.35) than in the non-diabetics (20.04+/-8.70) (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the diabetic patients, the M component of the DMFT index was found to be higher than the controls. Diabetics lose their teeth mainly due to periodontal disease, which is supported by the increased PI mean values.