Nutritional and Functional Properties of Wheat-Defatted Peanut-Orange Peel Composite Flour

The need to improve and enhance the nutritional quality of locally made foods (bakery and confectionaries) cannot be overemphasized. This study set out to meet this need by producing composite flours from wheat, defatted peanut and orange peel flour blends which will serve an even greater issue of reducing the cost of wheat importation and use. The samples were coded as follows: A-100:0:0, B-90:5:5, C-85:10:5, D-80:15:5, E-75:20:5 of wheat flour: Defatted peanut flour: orange peel flour. The flours produced were analyzed for functional, anti-nutrient, proximate, minerals, and phytochemical properties. The functional properties of flours; bulk density, swelling capacity, OAC, WAC, and Foaming capacity ranged from 0.43 to 0.93 g/ml, 0.89 to 5.67%, 0.47 to 2.55 g/L, 1.75 to 4.35ml/g, 0.52 to 10.56% respectively. The anti-nutritional properties: phytates, tannins, and trypsin inhibitor content of flours ranged from 0.0352 to 0.0845%, 0.040 to 0.600%, and 0.011 to 0.048mg/g respectively. The proximate composition of the flour samples, Moisture, Protein, fats, crude fibre, ash, carbohydrates, and energy values ranged from 5.58 to 9.55%, 6.33 to 15.64%, 1.06 to 3.51%, 0.24 to 4.07%, 1.42 to 2.65%, 85.37 to 64.58% and 376.34 to 352.47kcal/100g respectively. The mineral composition in the samples ranged from 232.05 to 394.62mg/100g for Ca, 76.09 to 122.27mg/100g for Mg, 6.71 to 29.42 mg/100g for Fe, 108.78 to 256.47mg/100g for K, 10.09 to 25.75 mg/100g for Zn. The phytochemical composition of the samples was as follows; 0.067-0.153%, for saponins; 0.043-1.457%, for alkaloids; 1.03-13.77mgGAE/g, for Total phenolics; 3.07-29.31mg/QE, for Total Flavonoids respectively. The composite flour herein produced demonstrates great potential for its use in the development of functional foods given its great nutrients and improved functional characteristics. However sample E with 75%wheat: 20%DPF: 5%OPF surpassed all other samples in terms of the quality attributes and therefore was the best of the formulations.

Ellagic acid production using polyphenols from orange peel waste by submerged fermentation

Background: Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results: The orange peel waste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68 mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2 × 107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion: The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications.

Traditional Chinese medicine Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae from Guangdong and Xinhui textual criticism / 中国中药杂志

Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and has been used for a long history. The authentic drug name Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae was rare in the Song Dynasty literature, but from the textual research of the authors, it was otherwise nicknamed as "real orange peel" or "real tangerine peel". These two names were ahead of the origin of Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. Some scholars believe that the name Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae was from the Ming Dynasty Dr. Lishizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica. Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae has always had the bulk sales of Guangdong medicines and has been sold at home and abroad, with popularity among the doctors and the masses. In 2016, it was selected as one of 8 Lingnan herbal medicines in the first legislative protection medicines in Guangdong province. Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is the top grade of Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, and these two can often refer to each other. Especially in Qing Dynasty, Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae often referred to Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. Therefore, they have a common development grain, but Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae has a unique history of genuine regional drug. In October 2006, the National Quality Inspection Administration formally approved and announced that Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae as one of national geographical indication products.

The empirical pharmacodynamics study of compound orange peel bamboo shavings formula capsules in chemical constipation / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To explore the effect of compound orange peel bamboo shavings formula capsules on constipation by examining on chemical constipation mice.Methods Constipation was induced by oral administration of diphenoxylate and ondansetron.Mice were fed with compound orange peel bamboo shavings formula capsule at the doses of 3.2, 1.6 and 0.8 g/kg, respectively.Results The middle dose and high dose of compound orange peel bamboo shavings formula capsule shortened the start time of defecation, and increased fecal pellets number and wet weight in the diphenoxylate-induced constipated mice or the ondansetron-induced constipated mice (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Compound orange peel bamboo shavings formula capsule produces a laxative activity against diphenoxylate-induced constipated mice or ondansetroninduced constipated mice.

Preparación de aarbón activado a partir de cáscra de naranja por activación quuímica. caracterización física y químcaa / Preparatin of acctivated carbon from orane peel by chemical activation pphysical and chemical characterization / Preparação e carrvão ativado de casca de laanja por ativação química. caraacterização física e uíímica

Se preparan carbones activados por pirólisis de cáscara de naranja, residuos lignocelulósicos, por activación química mediante impregnación con soluciones de ácido fosfórico a diferentes concentraciones (32 %, 36 %, 40 % y 48 % p/V), a una temperatura de 373 K y un tiempo de residencia de 3 h, presentando rendimientos alrededor del 36 %. La caracterización de la textura porosa de los carbones activados obtenidos se determina por adsorción física de N2 a 77 K. El análisis isotérmico muestra para los carbones materiales activados obtenidos áreas superficiales entre 940 y 1200 m²g-1 con características de materiales mesoporosos. El estudio mediante técnicas de equilibrio como las titulaciones tipo Boehm y la determinación del fósforo residual, así como técnicas espectroscópicas como el infrarrojo (IR) permiten observar cómo la variación en la concentración del agente activante muestra una influencia sobre la química superficial del material carbonoso a obtener.

Activated carbons are prepared by pyrolysis of orange peel, lignocellulosic wastes by chemical activation by impregnation with phosphoric acid at different concentrations (32 %, 36 %, 40 % and 48 % w/V), at a temperature of 373 K and a time residence of 3 h, showing about 36 % yield. The characterization of the porous texture of the activated carbons obtained is determined by physical adsorption of N2 at 77 K, the isothermal analysis sample to the activated carbons obtained surface areas between 940 and 1200 m2g-1 with characteristics of mesoporous materials. The study by equilibrium techniques such as: the titrations type Boehm and determination of residual phosphorus, and spectroscopic techniques such as infrared (IR) can observe how variation in the concentration of activating agent shows an influence on surface chemistry of the carbonaceous material to obtain.

Carbonos ativados foram preparados a partir da pirólise de casca de laranja, resíduos lignocelulósicos, por activação química mediante impregnação com soluções de ácido fosfórico em diferentes concentrações (32 %, 36 %, 40 % e 48 % p/V), a uma temperatura de 373 K e um tempo de residência de 3 h, mostrando cerca de 36 % de rendimento. A caracterização porosa textural dos carbonos ativados obtidos foi determinada por adsorção física de N2 a 77 K, e a análise isotérmica apresenta para os materiais obtidos, áreas superfíciais entre 940 e 1200 m²g-1 caracterizando materiais mesoporosos. A partir de estudos por meio de técnicas de equilíbrio, tais como titulações tipo Boehm e determinação de fósforo residual, e técnicas espectroscópicas tais como infravermelho (IR) puderam-se observar como a variação na concentração de agente de ativação apresenta uma influência sobre a química superfícial do material carbonoso obtido.

Citric acid production from orange peel wastes by solid-state fermentation

Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) peel was employed in this work as raw material for the production of citric acid (CA) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Aspergillus niger CECT-2090 (ATCC 9142, NRRL 599) in Erlenmeyer flasks. To investigate the effects of the main operating variables, the inoculum concentration was varied in the range 0.5À10³ to 0.7À10(8) spores/g dry orange peel, the bed loading from 1.0 to 4.8 g of dry orange peel (corresponding to 35-80 percent of the total volume), and the moisture content between 50 and 100 percent of the maximum water retention capacity (MWRC) of the material. Moreover, additional experiments were done adding methanol or water in different proportions and ways. The optimal conditions for CA production revealed to be an inoculum of 0.5À10(6) spores/g dry orange peel, a bed loading of 1.0 g of dry orange peel, and a humidification pattern of 70 percent MWRC at the beginning of the incubation with posterior addition of 0.12 mL H2O/g dry orange peel (corresponding to 3.3 percent of the MWRC) every 12 h starting from 62 h. The addition of methanol was detrimental for the CA production. Under these conditions, the SSF ensured an effective specific production of CA (193 mg CA/g dry orange peel), corresponding to yields of product on total initial and consumed sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) of 376 and 383 mg CA/g, respectively. These results, which demonstrate the viability of the CA production by SSF from orange peel without addition of other nutrients, could be of interest to possible, future industrial applications.

Utilización de residuos de la industria de jugos de naranja como fuente de fibra dietética en la elaboración de alimentos / Orange juice residues as dietary fiber source for foods

En este trabajo se plantea la formulación de un alimento tipo"snack" utilizando residuos en polvo provenientes de la industria procesadora de jugo de naranja, como fuente de fibra dietética. Para ello se elaboraron 6 formulaciones, utilizando el polvo con 3 niveles de humedad (25, 15 y 10%) que se incorporó a 2 mezclas, una compuesta por un 33,3% de polvo de naranja, 33,3% de miel, 16,6% de maní tostado y molido y 16,6% de pasas molidas y otra compuesta por un 28,6% de polvo de naranja, 35,7% de miel, 17,85% de maní y 17,85% de pasas. El residuo de naranja presentó un contenidode 64% de fibra dietética total, 54% fibra dietética insoluble y 10% fibra dietética soluble. Los "snack" tuvieron forma esférica con 2,5cm de diámetro y 10g de peso; una humedad que fluctuó entre 12,6 y 17,4%, y una actividad de agua entre 0,65 a 0,71. La composición proximal (base materia seca), fluctuó entre 1,6 y 1,9% de cenizas; 12,3 y 15,2% de lípidos; 6,1 y 7,1% de proteínas y 56,2 a 59,6% de hidratos de carbono con 326,8 a 342,9 Kcal/100g de producto. El aporte de fibra en los "snack" fluctuó entre un 20 a 26% de fibra dietética total, 18 a 22% de fibra dietética insoluble y 3,0 a 4,5% de fibra dietética soluble. El "snack" con mayor contenido de polvo de naranja presentó el mayor contenido de fibra dietética. Los "snack" fueron bien aceptados por el panel de evaluación sensorial sin registrar diferencias significativas entre los distintos tratamientos.

Orange juice residues as dietary fiber source for foods. Food snacks using powdered residues from the orange juice industry as a source of dietary fiber were formulated. Six formulations utilizing powdered orange residues with three different moisture levels (25%, 15% and 10%) were elaborated. There were used two basic blends. The first one was 33.3% of orange dry powder, 33.3% of honey, 16.6% of roasted peanut, 16.6% of raisins; the second one was 28.6% of orange powder, 35.7% of honey, 17.85% of roasted peanut, 17.85% of raisins. Snacks had spherical shape with 2.5 cm diameter and a weight close to 10g. The snack moisture was between 12.6 and 17.4%, and their aw between 0.65 and 0.71. The snack chemical composition, on dry matter basis, was 1.6 and 1.9% of ash; 12.3 and 15.2% of lipids; 6.1 and 7.1% of proteins; and 56.2 to 59.6% of carbohydrates; the caloric contribution (calculated) was between 326.8 and 342.9 kcal/100g. The powdered orange residue had 64% of total dietary fiber, 54% of insoluble dietary fiber and 10% of soluble dietary fiber. In the snack the fiber amount fluctuated between 20 and 26% of total dietary fiber; 18 and 22% of insoluble dietary fiber, and 3.0 and 4.5% of soluble dietary fiber. The snack with the higher content of orange residue presented the higher content of dietary fiber. The snacks were well accepted by a sensory panel, without showing differences among treatments.

Adsorption Performance in Binding of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Solution by Orange Peel / 中国生物工程杂志

Orange peel was used as lowcost adsorbent in binding of Methylene Blue.The effects of equilibrium time,pH,dye concentration have been studied.Carboxyl,amine and phosphonate functional groups were present in the orange peel.The equilibrium time was 1 hour,the maximum adsorption capacities of the orange peel was 370.3?31.0 mg/g at pH 10.The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were well fitted in this biosorption system.Results showed relatively higher rate constant and biosorption capacities.These adsorption performance indicate the orange peel as a potentially economical adsorbent for dye removal.