Mortalidad de la sepsis en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Mortality from sepsis in intensive care unit

INTRODUCCIÓN. La sepsis es un estado de disfunción multisistémica, que se produce por una respuesta desregulada del huésped a la infección. Diversos factores influyen en la gravedad, manifestaciones clínicas y progresión de la sepsis, tales como, heterogeneidad inmunológica y regulación dinámica de las vías de señalización celular. La evolución de los pacientes depende del tratamiento oportuno, las escalas de puntuación clínica permiten saber la mortalidad estimada. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos; establecer el manejo y la utilidad de aplicar paquetes de medidas o "bundlers" para evitar la progresión a disfunción, fallo multiorgánico y muerte. METODOLOGÍA. Modalidad de investigación tipo revisión sistemática. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos como Google académico, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, revistas como New England Journal Medicine, Critical Care, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal. Se obtuvo las guías "Sobreviviendo a la sepsis" actualización 2021, 3 guías internacionales, 10 estudios observacionales, 2 estudios multicéntricos, 5 ensayos aleatorizados, 6 revisiones sistémicas, 5 metaanálisis, 1 reporte de caso clínico, 4 artículos con opiniones de expertos y actualizaciones con el tema mortalidad de la sepsis en UCI con un total de 36 artículos científicos. RESULTADOS. La mortalidad de la sepsis en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, fue menor en el hospital oncológico de Guayaquil, seguido de Australia, Alemania, Quito, Francia, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y Vietnan, La mortalidad más alta se observa en pacientes con enfermedades del tejido conectivo. DISCUSIÓN. La aplicación de los paquetes de medidas o "bundlers" en la sepsis, se asocia con una mejor supervivencia y menores días de estancia hospitalaria. CONCLUSIÓN. Las escalas SOFA, APACHE II y SAPS II ayudan a predecir la mortalidad de forma eficiente, en la detección y el tratamiento temprano en pacientes con enfermedades agudas y de alto riesgo.

INTRODUCTION. Sepsis is a state of multisystem dysfunction, which is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Several factors influence the severity, clinical manifestations and progression of sepsis, such as immunological heterogeneity and dynamic regulation of cell signaling pathways. The evolution of patients depends on timely treatment, clinical scoring scales allow to know the estimated mortality. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate mortality in the intensive care unit; to establish the management and usefulness of applying bundlers to prevent progression to dysfunction, multiorgan failure and death. METHODOLOGY. Systematic review type research modality. A bibliographic search was carried out in databases such as Google Scholar, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, journals such as New England Journal Medicine, Critical Care, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal. We obtained the guidelines "Surviving Sepsis" update 2021, 3 international guidelines, 10 observational studies, 2 multicenter studies, 5 randomized trials, 6 systemic reviews, 5 meta-analyses, 1 clinical case report, 4 articles with expert opinions and updates on the subject of sepsis mortality in ICU with a total of 36 scientific articles. RESULTS. The mortality of sepsis in the intensive care unit, was lower in the oncological hospital of Guayaquil, followed by Australia, Germany, Quito, France, United States of America and Vietnam, The highest mortality is observed in patients with connective tissue diseases. DISCUSSION. The application of bundlers in sepsis is associated with better survival and shorter days of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS. The SOFA, APACHE II and SAPS II scales help to predict mortality efficiently in the early detection and treatment of patients with acute and high-risk disease.

Value of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and albumin-bilirubin score combined with β2-microglobulin in predicting liver cirrhosis with acute kidney injury / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of combined determination of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease （MELD） score， albumin-bilirubin （ALBI） score， and β2-microglobulin in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with acute kidney injury （AKI）. MethodsClinical data were collected from 258 patients with liver cirrhosis who attended The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from October 2019 to October 2022， and according to the presence or absence of AKI， they were divided into AKI group with 117 patients and non-AKI group with 141 patients. The changes in each index were compared between the two groups and between the patients with different stages of kidney injury. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups， and a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups； the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups， and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups； the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve was plotted to evaluate the efficacy of each index in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with AKI. ResultsCompared with the non-AKI group， the AKI group had significantly higher age （t=2.307， P=0.022）， proportion of patients with hepatic encephalopathy （χ2=18.064， P<0.001） or with spontaneous peritonitis （χ2=16.397， P<0.001）， mortality rate （χ2=45.251， P<0.001）， levels of creatinine （Z=-8.737， P<0.001） and β2-microglobulin （Z=-8.829， P<0.001）， and scores of CTP （Z=-4.058， P<0.001）， ALBI （t=2.563， P=0.011）， and MELD （Z=-5.628， P<0.001）， as well as a significantly shorter length of hospital stay （Z=-3.391， P=0.001）. There were significant differences in creatinine， β2-microglobulin， MELD score， and ALBI score between the patients with stage 1， 2 or 3 AKI （P<0.05）， while there was no significant difference in CTP score between these three groups （P>0.05）. The combined determination of ALBI score， MELD score， and β2-microglobulin had an area under the ROC curve （AUC） of 0.837 （95% confidence interval ［CI］： 0.782 — 0.892）， with a sensitivity of 75.2% and a specificity of 90.8%； ALBI score combined with MELD score had an AUC of 0.700 （95%CI： 0.636 — 0.764）， ALBI score combined with β2 microglobulin had an AUC of 0.823 （95%CI： 0.765 — 0.881）， and MELD combined with and β2 microglobulin had an AUC of 0.835 （95%CI： 0.779 — 0.890）， suggesting that combined determination of ALBI score， MELD score， and β2-microglobulin had a better diagnostic efficacy than ALBI score， MELD score， or β2-microglobulin used alone or in pairs， as well as a better diagnostic efficacy than creatinine. ConclusionCombined determination of ALBI score， MELD score， and β2-microglobulin has a relatively high value in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with AKI.

Preditores de mortalidade e tempo médio de sobrevivência dos pacientes críticos / Predictores de mortalidad y tiempo promedio de supervivencia de los pacientes críticos / Predictors of mortality and median survival time of critically ill patients

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os preditores de mortalidade e o tempo médio de sobrevivência dos pacientes internados nas unidades de terapias intensivas. Métodos Coorte prospectiva, realizada no período de agosto de 2018 a julho de 2019, em quatro Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de adultos, da rede pública e privada do Estado de Sergipe. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes adultos, desde que possuíssem o tempo de permanência mínima de 24 horas na unidade. O desfecho primário foi o óbito. Os desfechos secundários foram: diálise, lesão por pressão, lesão renal aguda, necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva por mais de 48 horas, infecção e o tempo de internação. Resultados Dos 432 pacientes, houve predomínio de óbito em pacientes do sexo masculino, com idade mais avançada e procedentes da unidade de emergência. A presença de insuficiência cardíaca, valores de creatinina >1,5 mg/dL na admissão, diabetes mellitus, doença hepática e tabagismo também tiveram associação com o desfecho óbito. Quanto aos demais preditores, destacaram-se o maior tempo de internação; maiores escores do Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Phisiology (SAPS 3) e Nursing Activies Score (NAS), além do uso de noradrenalina. O uso do fentanil foi associado ao aumento do tempo de sobrevida e o tempo médio de sobrevivência geral foi 28 dias. Conclusão Os preditores de mortalidade dos pacientes internados em UTI de Sergipe foram o maior tempo de internação; os maiores escores de SOFA, SAPS-3 e NAS; creatinina >1,5mg/dl na admissão; uso de drogas vasopressoras e a necessidade de diálise.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los predictores de mortalidad y el tiempo promedio de supervivencia de los pacientes internados en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Métodos Cohorte prospectivo, realizado durante el período de agosto de 2018 a julio de 2019, en cuatro Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de adultos, de la red pública y privada del estado de Sergipe. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes adultos, con tiempo de permanencia mínima de 24 horas en la unidad. El criterio principal de valoración fue la defunción. Los criterios secundarios fueron: diálisis, úlcera por presión, lesión renal aguda, necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva durante más de 48 horas, infección y el tiempo de internación. Resultados De los 432 pacientes, hubo un predominio de defunciones en pacientes del sexo masculino, con edad más avanzada y procedentes de la unidad de emergencia. La presencia de insuficiencia cardíaca, valores de creatinina >1,5 mg/dL en la admisión, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad hepática y tabaquismo también estuvieron asociados con el desenlace de defunción. Con relación a los demás predictores, se destacaron el mayor tiempo de internación; mayores puntuaciones del Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Phisiology (SAPS 3) y Nursing Activies Score (NAS), además del uso de noradrenalina. El uso de fentanilo estuvo asociado con el aumento del tiempo de sobrevida y el tiempo promedio de supervivencia general fue de 28 días. Conclusión Los predictores de mortalidad de los pacientes internados en una UCI de Sergipe fueron: el mayor tiempo de internación; los puntajes más altos de SOFA, SAPS-3 y de NAS; creatinina >1,5mg/dl en la admisión; uso de drogas vasoactivas y la necesidad de diálisis.

Abstract Objective To analyze the predictors of mortality and the average survival time of patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units. Methods This is a prospective cohort, carried out from August 2018 to July 2019, in four adult Intensive Care Units (ICU) from the public and private network of the State of Sergipe. All adult patients were included, provided they had a minimum length of stay of 24 hours in the unit. The primary outcome was death. Secondary outcomes were dialysis, pressure injury, Acute Kidney Injury, need for invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, infection, and length of hospital stay. Results Of the 432 patients, there was a predominance of death in male patients, older and coming from the emergency unit. The presence of heart failure, creatinine values >1.5 mg/dL at admission, diabetes mellitus, liver disease and smoking were also associated with the death outcome. As for the other predictors, the longest hospital stay, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Physiology (SAPS 3) and Nursing Activities Score (NAS) scores, in addition to the use of noradrenaline, stand out. The use of fentanyl was associated with increased survival time and the overall median survival time was 28 days. Conclusion The mortality predictors of patients admitted to the ICU in Sergipe were longer length of stay; the highest SOFA, SAPS-3 and NAS scores; creatinine >1.5mg/dl on admission; use of vasopressor drugs and the need for dialysis.

Ética do uso de escores prognósticos em unidade de terapia intensiva: revisão integrativa / Ethics in the use of prognostic scores in intensive care units: an integrative review / Ética del uso de puntajes pronósticos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos: una revisión integradora

Resumo O enfrentamento da covid-19 suscitou uma série de problemas na área da saúde, em razão do aumento da demanda de cuidados intensivos. Para solucionar a crise causada pela escassez de recursos de alta complexidade, a tomada de decisão tem se norteado por escores prognósticos, porém esse processo inclui uma dimensão moral, ainda que esta seja menos evidente. Mediante revisão integrativa, este artigo buscou refletir sobre a razoabilidade da utilização de indicadores de gravidade para definir a alocação de recursos escassos na saúde. Observou-se que o trabalho realizado em situações de escassez de recursos provoca sobrecarga moral, convergindo para busca por soluções padronizadas e objetivas, como a utilização de escores prognósticos. Conclui-se que seu uso isolado e indiscriminado não é eticamente aceitável e merece avaliação cautelosa, mesmo em situações emergenciais, como a da covid-19.

Abstract Facing COVID-19 caused many problems in the healthcare field, due to the rise in the intensive care demand. To solve this crisis, caused by the scarcity of resources of high complexity, decision-making has been guided by prognostic scores; however, this process includes a moral dimension, although less evident. With na integrative review, this article sought to reflect on the reasonability of using severity indicators to define the allocation of the scarce resources in healthcare. We observed that the work carried out on resource scarcity situations causes moral overload, converging to the search for standard and objective solutions, such as the use of prognostic scores. We conclude that their isolated and indiscriminate use is not ethically acceptable and deserves cautious evaluation, even in emergency situations, such as COVID-19.

Resumen La lucha contra el Covid-19 implicó una serie de problemas en el área de la salud, debido al aumento de la demanda de cuidados intensivos. Para solucionar la crisis provocada por la escasez de recursos de alta complejidad, la toma de decisiones estuvo orientada por puntuaciones pronósticas, pero este proceso incluye una dimensión moral aún menos evidente. A partir de una revisión integradora, este artículo buscó reflexionar sobre la razonabilidad de utilizar indicadores de gravedad para definir la asignación de recursos escasos en salud. El trabajo realizado en situaciones de escasez de recursos genera sobrecarga moral, llevando a la búsqueda de soluciones estandarizadas y objetivas, como el uso de puntuaciones de pronóstico. Se concluye que su uso aislado e indiscriminado no es éticamente aceptable y merece una cuidadosa evaluación, incluso en situaciones de emergencia, como la del Covid-19.

Correlação entre níveis de sindecano 1, escore PELOD-2 e mortalidade em sepse pediátrica / Correlation between syndecan-1 level and PELOD-2 score and mortality in pediatric sepsis

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre a lesão do glicocálix medida pelo nível sérico de sindecano 1 e as disfunções de órgãos avaliadas com o escore PELOD-2, assim como avaliar sua associação com a mortalidade em sepse pediátrica. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo observacional em um hospital terciário público. Sessenta e oito pacientes pediátricos, com diagnóstico de sepse segundo os critérios da International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference, foram consecutivamente recrutados. Nos dias 1 e 5, realizaram-se dosagens dos níveis séricos de sindecano 1 e avaliação dos componentes do escore PELOD-2. Os pacientes foram seguidos por até 28 dias após o diagnóstico de sepse. Resultados: Em geral, o nível de sindecano 1 estava aumentado em todos os participantes, com nível significantemente mais elevado nos pacientes em choque (p = 0,01). O nível de sindecano 1 no dia 1 teve correlação positiva com o escore PELOD-2 no dia 1 e coeficiente de correlação de 0,35 (p = 0,003). Nos primeiros 5 dias após o diagnóstico de sepse, as alterações nos níveis de sindecano 1 tiveram correlação positiva com modificações no escore PELOD-2, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,499 (p < 0,001). Com utilização de um ponto de corte dos níveis de sindecano 1 no dia 1 ≥ 430ng/mL, a disfunção de órgãos (escore PELOD-2 ≥ 8) pôde ser predita com área sob a curva de 74,3%, sensibilidade de 78,6% e especificidade de 68,5% (p = 0,001). Conclusão: O nível de sindecano 1 no dia 1 teve correlação com o escore PELOD-2 no dia 1, porém não se associou com a mortalidade aos 28 dias. A disfunção de órgãos (PELOD-2 ≥ 8) pôde ser predita pelo nível de sindecano 1 nas primeiras 24 horas de sepse, sugerindo seu significante envolvimento na fisiopatologia da disfunção de órgãos associada à sepse.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the correlation between glycocalyx disruption measured via the serum syndecan-1 level and organ dysfunctions assessed by the PELOD-2 score and to evaluate its association with mortality in pediatric sepsis. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study in a tertiary public hospital. Sixty-eight pediatric patients diagnosed with sepsis according to International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference criteria were consecutively recruited. We performed measurements of day 1 and day 5 serum syndecan-1 levels and PELOD-2 score components. Patients were followed up to 28 days following sepsis diagnosis. Results: Overall, the syndecan-1 level was increased in all subjects, with a significantly higher level among septic shock patients (p = 0.01). The day 1 syndecan-1 level was positively correlated with the day 1 PELOD-2 score with a correlation coefficient of 0.35 (p = 0.003). Changes in syndecan-1 were positively correlated with changes in the PELOD-2 score, with a correlation coefficient of 0.499 (p < 0.001) during the first five days. Using the cutoff point of day 1 syndecan-1 ≥ 430ng/mL, organ dysfunction (PELOD-2 score of ≥ 8) could be predicted with an AUC of 74.3%, sensitivity of 78.6%, and specificity of 68.5% (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The day 1 syndecan-1 level was correlated with the day 1 PELOD-2 score but not 28-day mortality. Organ dysfunction (PELOD-2 ≥ 8) could be predicted by the syndecan-1 level in the first 24 hours of sepsis, suggesting its significant pathophysiological involvement in sepsis-associated organ dysfunction.

Insuficiência hepática crônica agudizada está independentemente associada com menor sobrevida em pacientes com peritonite bacteriana espontânea / Acute-on-chronic liver failure is independently associated with lower survival in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a decompensation of cirrhosis with an in-hospital mortality ranging from 20% to 40%. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze if EASL-CLIF definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is able to predict mortality in cirrhotic patients with SBP. METHODS: Historical cohort study conducted in a public tertiary care teaching hospital. Data from medical records from January 2009 to July 2016 were obtained by searching the hospital electronic database for samples of ascites collected in the period. Electronic and physical medical records were analyzed and patients were included if they were over 18-years old, with cirrhosis and an ascites fluid compatible with SBP: 69 patients were included. Liver-specific scores were calculated and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used for univariate analysis and a stepwise approach to the Cox regression for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: All cause mortality was 44%, 56.5% and 74% for 28-, 90- and 365-day, respectively. The prevalence of ACLF was 58%. Of these, 65% grade 1, 17.5% grade 2 and 17.5% grade 3. In multivariate analysis, the use of proton-pump inhi­bitors, alanine transaminase lower than 40 U/L, hemoglobin higher than 9 g/dL, absence of ACLF and lower CLIF-SOFA and MELD scores were independently associated with higher survival for both 28- and 90-day interval. CONCLUSION: The presence of ACLF and higher CLIF-SOFA scores were independently associated with higher 28- and 90-day mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted due to SBP.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A peritonite bacteriana espontânea (PBE) é uma descompensação da cirrose com uma mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 20% a 40%. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar se a definição de insuficiência hepática crônica agudizada (IHCA) como definido pelo consórcio EASL-CLIF é capaz de predizer mortalidade em pacientes cirróticos com PBE. MÉTODOS: Coorte histórica conduzida em um hospital de ensino público terciário. Foram obtidos dados de prontuários médicos de janeiro de 2009 até julho de 2016, buscando no banco de dados eletrônico do hospital por todas as amostras de ascite coletadas no período. Prontuários eletrônicos e físicos foram analisados e os pacientes com mais de 18 anos com cirrose e líquido de ascite compatível com PBE foram incluídos. Foram incluídos 69 pacientes. Escores específicos para o fígado foram calculados e a análise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizada para a análise univariada, e uma abordagem progressiva para a regressão logística de Cox foi usada para a análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade por todas as causas foi 44%, 56,5% e 74% para 28-, 90- e 365-dias, respectivamente. A prevalência de IHCA foi de 58%. Desses, 65% grau 1, 17,5% grau 2 e 17,5% grau 3. Na análise multivariada, o uso de inibidores da bomba de prótons, alanina transaminase menor que 40 U/L, hemoglobina acima de 9 g/dL, ausência de IHCA e menores valores dos escores CLIF-SOFA e MELD foram independentemente associados com maior sobrevida para ambos intervalos de 28- e 90-dias. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de IHCA e maiores valores de CLIF-SOFA foram independentemente associados em maior mortalidade para pacientes cirróticos admitidos por PBE no intervalo de 28- e 90-dias.

Desempenho dos escores APACHE II e SOFA em pacientes com injúria renal aguda em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Performance of APACHE II and SOFA scores in patients with acute kidney injury in an intensive care unit

Objetivo: Validar o desempenho dos escores APACHE II e SOFA para predizer a mortalidade em pacientes com injúria renal aguda em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo observacional e retrospectivo realizado de janeiro de 2018 a setembro de 2020 em um hospital do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídos 256 pacientes. Resultados: Ambos os escores apre- sentaram desempenho adequado para a discriminação da mortalidade em pacientes com injúria renal aguda (área sob a curva para APACHE II de 0,80 e para SOFA de 0,77). Conclusão: A injúria renal aguda é uma condição frequente em ambiente de unidade de terapia intensiva, e os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que ambos os índices são mais precisos quando aplicados em centros únicos e podem ser utilizados rotineiramente para predizer a mortalidade na população

Objective: To validate the performance of the APACHE II and SOFA scores to predict mortality in patients with acute kidney injury in an Intensive Care Unit. Methods: This is an observational and retrospective study conducted from January 2018 to September 2020 at a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 256 patients were included. Results: Both scores showed adequate performance for the discrimination of mortality in acute kidney injury patients (area under the curve of 0.80 for APACHE II and 0.77 for SOFA). Conclusion: Acute kidney injury is a frequent condition in intensive care unit settings and the results of the present study suggest that both indices are more accurate when applied in single centers, and can be used routinely to predict mortality in the population

Bar, soft and dri post-hepatic transplantation: what is the best for survival analysis? / Bar, soft e dri pós-transplante hepático: qual é o melhor para análise da sobrevida?

ABSTRACT Background: Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with terminal liver disease. The Balance of Risk Score (BAR), Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT) and Donor Risk Index (DRI) scores are predictive systems for post-transplant survival. Aim: To evaluate the most accurate score and the best cutoff point for each predictor in the brazilian population. Method: Retrospective cross-sectional study of 177 patients. Data on the recipient, donor and transplant were analyzed and the prognostic scores BAR, SOFT and DRI were calculated for each transplant. To determine the BAR and SOFT cutoff points associated with death in three months, ROC curves were adjusted. Results: The best cutoff point for BAR was 9 points with an area under the ROC curve=0.69 and for SOFT it was 12 points with an area under the ROC curve=0.73. The DRI score did not discriminate survival (p = 0.139). Conclusion: The SOFT score proved to be better than BAR for survival analysis post-hepatic transplantation and the DRI was not effective.

RESUMO Racional: Transplante hepático é tratamento de escolha para pacientes com doença hepática terminal. Os escores Balance of Risk Score (BAR), Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT) e o Donor Risk Index (DRI) são sistemas preditores de sobrevida após o transplante. Objetivo : Avaliar o escore de maior acurácia e o melhor ponto de corte de cada preditor na população brasileira. Método : Estudo retrospectivo transversal de 177 pacientes. Foram analisados dados sobre o receptor, doador e o transplante e calculados os escores prognósticos BAR, SOFT e DRI para cada transplante. Para a determinar os pontos de corte de BAR e SOFT, associados a óbito em três meses, foram ajustadas curvas ROC. Resultados : O melhor ponto corte para BAR foi 9 pontos com área sob a curva ROC=0,69 e para SOFT foi 12 pontos com área sob a curva ROC=0,73. O escore DRI não discriminou a sobrevida (p=0,139). Conclusão: O escore SOFT mostrou-se melhor do que o BAR para análise de sobrevida pós-transplante hepático, e o DRI não foi efetivo.

Performance of scores in the prediction of clinical outcomes in patients admitted from the emergency service / Desempenho de escores na predição de desfechos clínicos em pacientes admitidos a partir de emergência / Rendimiento de los puntajes en la predicción de desenlaces clínicos en pacientes ingresados en el servicio de emergencia

Objective: to evaluate the performance of the quickSOFA scores and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome as predictors of clinical outcomes in patients admitted to an emergency service. Method: a retrospective cohort study, involving adult clinical patients admitted to the emergency service. Analysis of the ROC curve was performed to assess the prognostic indexes between scores and outcomes of interest. Multivariate analysis used Poisson regression with robust variance, evaluating the relationship between variables with biological plausibility and outcomes. Results: 122 patients were selected, 58.2% developed sepsis. Of these, 44.3% had quickSOFA ≥2 points, 87% developed sepsis, 55.6% septic shock and 38.9% died. In the evaluation of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, 78.5% obtained results >2 points; of these, 66.3% developed sepsis, 40% septic shock and 29.5% died. quickSOFA ≥2 showed greater specificity for diagnosis of sepsis in 86% of the cases, for septic shock 70% and for mortality 64%, whereas the second score showed better results for sensitivity with diagnosis of sepsis in 87.5%, septic shock in 92.7% and death in 90.3%. Conclusion: quickSOFA showed by its practicality that it can be used clinically within the emergency services, bringing clinical applicability from the risk classification of patients for the early recognition of unfavorable outcomes.

Objetivo: avaliar o desempenho dos escores quickSOFA e Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica como fatores preditores de desfechos clínicos em pacientes admitidos em um serviço de emergência. Método: coorte retrospectiva, envolvendo pacientes adultos clínicos admitidos em serviço de emergência. A análise da curva ROC foi realizada para a avaliação dos índices prognósticos entre escores e desfechos de interesse. Análise multivariável utilizou regressão de Poisson com variância robusta avaliando a relação entre as variáveis com plausibilidade biológica e os desfechos. Resultados: foram selecionados 122 pacientes, 58,2% desenvolveram sepse. Destes 44,3% tiveram quickSOFA ≥2 pontos, 87% desenvolveram sepse, 55,6% choque séptico e 38,9% morreram. Na avaliação de Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica 78,5% obtiveram resultados >2 pontos, destes 66,3% desenvolveram sepse, 40% choque séptico e 29,5% morreram. O quickSOFA ≥2 apresentou maior especificidade para diagnóstico de sepse em 86% dos casos, para choque séptico 70% e para mortalidade 64%, já o segundo escore mostrou melhores resultados para sensibilidade com diagnóstico de sepse de 87,5%, choque séptico 92,7% e óbito 90,3%. Conclusão: o quickSOFA demonstrou pela sua praticidade que pode ser utilizado clinicamente dentro dos serviços de emergência trazendo aplicabilidade clínica a partir da classificação de risco de pacientes para o reconhecimento precoce de desfechos desfavoráveis.

Objetivo: evaluar el rendimiento de los puntajes quick SOFA y del Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica como predictores de desenlaces clínicos en pacientes ingresados en un servicio de emergencia. Método: cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes clínicos adultos ingresados en el servicio de emergencia. El análisis de la curva ROC se realizó para evaluar los índices de pronóstico entre puntajes y desenlaces de interés. El análisis multivariado utilizó regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, evaluando la relación entre las variables con plausibilidad biológica y los desenlaces. Resultados: se seleccionaron 122 pacientes, 58,2% desarrollaron sepsis. De estos, el 44,3% tenía quick SOFA ≥2 puntos, el 87% desarrolló sepsis, el 55,6% shock séptico y el 38,9% falleció. En la evaluación del Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica el 78,5% obtuvo resultados ≥2 puntos, de los cuales el 66,3% desarrolló sepsis, el 40% shock séptico y el 29,5% falleció. El quick SOFA ≥2 mostró mayor especificidad para el diagnóstico de sepsis en el 86% de los casos, para shock séptico en el 70% y para mortalidad en el 64%, mientras que el segundo puntaje mostró mejores resultados de sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de sepsis de 87,5%, shock séptico 92,7% y muerte 90,3%. Conclusión: el quick SOFA demostró, por su practicidad, que se puede utilizar clínicamente dentro de los servicios de emergencia aportando aplicabilidad clínica por medio de la clasificación de riesgo de los pacientes para el reconocimiento temprano de desenlaces desfavorables.

Hiperprocalcitonemia como pronóstico clínico en pacientes sépticos de los centros hospitalarios privados de la ciudad de Cuenca ­ Ecuador / Hyperprocalcitonemia as a clinical prognosis in septic patients of private hospitals in the city of Cuenca­Ecuador

La procalcitonina, reactante de fase aguda, permite establecer el estado de los pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis, brindando la posibilidad de asociarlo con su pronóstico. El objetivo de este estudio fue el determinar el pronóstico clínico de la hiperprocalcitonemia en pacientes sépticos de los centros hospitalarios privados de Cuenca­Ecuador. El estudio fue analítico de corte transversal, la muestra fueron 207 pacientes. Los datos se analizaron con el programa estadístico SPSS (25,0); el análisis se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva; la asociación mediante Odds Ratio (OR), intervalo de confianza (95%), considerando valores estadísticamente significativos con p <0,05. La prevalencia de hiperprocalcitonemia severa fue 63,29%, la media de edad 67,25±19,07 años; predominó el sexo masculino 57% y la etnia mestiza. Se evidenció asociación estadística entre hiperprocalcitonemia severa y mayor estancia hospitalaria (>15 días) OR: 2,41 (IC 95% 1,11-5,19 p: 0,015); de igual manera con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria OR: 9,37 (IC 95% 4,31-20,37 p: <0,000). Se determinó asociación, mas no significancia estadística con la presencia de comorbilidades OR: 1,35 (IC 95% 0,69-2,64 p: 0,243). Se evidenció hiperprocalcitonemia severa en casi 2/3 de los pacientes, y existió asociación con aumento de mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria.

Procalcitonin, an acute phase's reactant, enables to establish sepsis-diagnosis'-patients status, bringing the possibility of associate it with its prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical prognosis of hyperprocalcitonemia in septical patients of private hospital centers in Cuenca­Ecuador. The study was cross-sectional, the sample were 207 patients. Data was analyzed with SPSS statistical program (25.0); analysis was done through descriptive statistic; association through Odds Ratio (OR), confidence interval (95%), considering statiscally significant values with p <0.05. Severe hyperprocalcitonemia prevalence was 63.29%, average age 67.25±19.07 years old; male sex prevailed 57% and half-blood ethnic group. A statistical association between severe hyperprocalcitonemia and longer hospital stay (≥15 days) was shown OR: 2.41 (CI 95% 1.11­5.19 p: 0.015); likewise, with in-hospital mortality OR: 9.37 (CI 95% 4.31­20.37 p: <0.000). Association was determined, but statistical significance with presence of comorbidities was not OR: 1.35 (CI 95% 0.69­2.64 p:0.243). Severe hyperprocalcitonemia was shown in almost 2/3 of patients, and there was an association with mortality increase and hospital stay.

Comparación de la escala qSOFA para evaluar la falla orgánica secuencial y los criterios SIRS para sepsis a la cabecera de pacientes con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus / Comparison of quick SOFA and SIRS scales at the bedside of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus es una de las principales causas de bacteriemia, adquirida en la comunidad o asociada con la atención en salud, la cual presenta un gran porcentaje de complicaciones y elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Los criterios SRIS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) se han usado tradicionalmente con el fin de establecer la presencia de sepsis; sin embargo, recientemente se ha cuestionado su valor predictivo dada su baja sensibilidad y especificidad. En el 2016, apareció la escala qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), como una nueva herramienta para la evaluación rápida de las infecciones en los servicios de urgencias. Objetivo. Comparar las herramientas qSOFA y SRIS para la predicción de la bacteriemia por S. aureus. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional sobre el comportamiento clínico de pacientes con bacteriemia por S. aureus para evaluar el perfil de resistencia fenotípica, algunas características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio, las complicaciones y la mortalidad, así como los resultados de las evaluaciones con la escala qSOFA y los criterios SRIS, para establecer cuál podría predecir mejor la presencia de bacteriemia por S. aureus. Resultados. Se seleccionaron 26 pacientes con bacteriemia, en cuyas muestras S. aureus había sido el segundo germen más frecuentemente aislado. Se encontró una mortalidad del 50 % (13 casos) y una prevalencia del 30 % de S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM). Según los puntajes clínicos obtenidos, la escala qSOFA fue positiva en 30,8 % de los pacientes y los criterios SRIS lo fueron en el 92,3 %. Discusión. Se encontró una elevada mortalidad en la población analizada. La escala qSOFA fue menos efectiva para el diagnóstico que los criterios clásicos de reacción inflamatoria sistémica.

Introduction: One of the primary causes of community-acquired bacteremia also associated with nosocomial infections is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a high percentage of complications leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria have been traditionally used to evaluate the presence of sepsis; however, recent evidence questions its predictive value due to its low sensitivity and specificity. In 2016, new criteria for sepsis were published and a new tool emerged, quick SOFA (qSOFA), for the rapid evaluation of infection in emergency services. Objective: To compare the qSOFA and SRIS tools for the prediction of bacteremia caused by S. aureus. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational study in patients with S. aureus bacteremia to evaluate their phenotypic resistance patterns, some special features (sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and paraclinical values), complications, and mortality. The results of the qSOFA and SIRS scales were analyzed to identify which of them could better predict the presence of S. aureus bacteremia. Results: Twenty-six bacteremic patients were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the second most frequently isolated bacteria. The results evidenced a mortality rate of 50% (13 cases) and a prevalence of 30% of MRSA. For the clinical scores evaluated, the qSOFA scale was positive in 30.8% of the patients, and the SIRS scale, in 92.3%. Discussion: The mortality rate for the population under study was high and the qSOFA tool had a lower diagnostic yield compared to the classic criteria for SIRS.

Evaluation of the performance of the modified early warning score in a Brazilian public hospital / Evaluación del desempeño de la puntuación de alerta temprana modificada en un hospital público brasileño / Avaliação do desempenho do escore de alerta precoce modificado em hospital público brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the performance of the modified early warning score (Mews) in a nursing ward for patients in clinical deterioration. Method: This is an analytical, quantitative and predictive study. Mews' parameters (systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and level of consciousness) were evaluated every six hours. The following events were reported: death, cardiopulmonary arrest and transfer to intensive care. The evaluations were performed in a hospital of reference in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: A total of 300 patients were included (57 ± 18 years old, males: 65%). There number of combined events was observed to be greater the higher the score's value (00%; 00%; 01; 09%; 19%; 28%; 89%, respectively, for Mews 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6; p < 0.0001). Mews ≥ 4 was the most appropriate cut-off point for prediction of these events (sensitivity: 87%, specificity: 85% and accuracy: 0.86). Conclusion: Mews properly measured the occurrence of severe events in hospitalized patients of a Brazilian public hospital's nursing ward. Mews ≥ 4 seems to be the most appropriate cut-off point for prediction of these events.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño de la puntuación de alerta temprana modificada (Mews) en una enfermería de pacientes con deterioro clínico. Método: Se trata de un estudio analítico, cuantitativo y predictivo. Los parámetros Mews (presión arterial sistólica, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria, temperatura y nivel de conciencia) se evaluaron cada 6 horas. Se registraron los siguientes eventos: muerte, parada cardiorrespiratoria y transferencia para la terapia intensiva. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en un hospital de referencia del interior del estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Participaron 300 pacientes (57 ± 18 años; sexo masculino: 65%). Se observó un número creciente de eventos asociados según el mayor valor de la puntuación (00%; 00%; 01%; 09%; 19%; 28%; 89%, respectivamente, para los Mews 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 y 6; p <0,0001). Los Mews ≥ 4 fueron el punto de corte más adecuado para la predicción de estos eventos (sensibilidad: 87%; especificidad: 85%; y exactitud: 0,86). Conclusión: Los Mews permitieron estimar adecuadamente la ocurrencia de eventos graves en pacientes hospitalizados en la enfermería de un hospital público brasileño. Los Mews ≥ 4 parece ser el punto de corte más adecuado para predecirlos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do escore de alerta precoce modificado (Mews) em uma enfermaria de pacientes em deterioração clínica. Método: Trata-se de um estudo analítico, quantitativo e preditivo. Os parâmetros do Mews (pressão arterial sistólica, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura e nível de consciência) foram avaliados de 6 em 6 horas. Os seguintes eventos foram registrados: óbito, parada cardiorrespiratória e transferência para terapia intensiva. As avaliações foram realizadas em um hospital de referência do interior do estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 300 pacientes (57 ± 18 anos, sexo masculino: 65%). Observou-se número crescente de eventos combinados de acordo com o maior valor do escore (00%; 00%; 01%; 09%; 19%; 28%; 89%, respectivamente, para os Mews 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6; p < 0,0001). Mews ≥ 4 foi o ponto de corte mais adequado para predição destes eventos (sensibilidade: 87%, especificidade: 85% e acurácia: 0,86). Conclusão: Mews mensura adequadamente a ocorrência de eventos graves em pacientes hospitalizados em enfermaria de um hospital público brasileiro. Mews ≥ 4 parece ser o ponto de corte mais adequado para predição destes eventos.

Trombocitopenia versus SOFA para predecir mortalidad en pacientes con sepsis en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital de tercer nivel de Guatemala / Thrombocytopenia versus SOFA to predict mortality in patients with sepsis in the Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary hospital in Guatemala

El trastorno de la coagulación más frecuente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos es la trombocitopenia. Teniendo en cuenta el papel fundamental de las plaquetas en la hemostasia y como marcadores de la coagulación intravascular diseminada, una disminución significativa en el recuento de plaquetas es alarmante en el contexto de pacientes sépticos, y se sabe que es un predictor de muerte. El objetivo fue comparar la capacidad del recuento de plaquetas con la puntuación Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) para predecir la muerte en pacientes con sepsis grave o choque séptico. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal con una muestra de 29 casos consecutivos evaluados durante enero a diciembre de 2015 en la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo del Hospital General de Enfermedades (HGE) del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social. Se realizó recuento de plaquetas y SOFA al primero y al quinto día de hospitalización, documentando el desenlace de los pacientes. El 51.7 % de los pacientes eran hombres y 48.3 % mujeres, con edad promedio (desviación estándar) de 62.0 (16.9) años, mediana de SOFA al ingreso de 10 unidades (Q1=4, Q3=14) y mediana de plaquetas al ingreso de 196,000 (Q1=100,000, Q3=250,000). La asociación univariante entre trombocitopenia y muerte fue significativa (p = .021; RR = 2.45, IC95% [1.21, 4.99]). Según una prueba Bootstrap, no existe diferencia significativa entre la capacidad predictiva de SOFA y recuento plaquetario (p = .965). Se concluyó que la presencia de trombocitopenia es un predictor sencillo de muerte en pacientes con sepsis grave o choque séptico, con capacidad similar a SOFA

The most common coagulation disorder in the intensive care unit is thrombocytopenia. Considering the fundamental role of platelets in hemostasis and as markers of disseminated intravascular coagulation, a significant decrease in platelet count is alarming in the context of septic patients, and it is known to be a predictor of death. The objective was to compare the ability of the platelet count with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) to predict death in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. A longitudinal study was conducted with a sample of 29 consecutive cases evaluated during January to December 2015 in the Intensive Care Unit of the General Hospital of Diseases (HGE) of the Guatemalan Social Security Institute. Platelet and SOFA counts were performed at the first and the fifth day of hospitalization, documenting the outcome of the patients. Of the total, 51.7% of the patients were men and 48.3% were women, with an average age of 62.0 (16.9) years, median SOFA on admission of 10 units (Q1=4, Q3=14), and platelet median on admission of 196000 (Q1=100000, Q3=250000). The univariate association between thrombocytopenia and death was significant (p = .021, RR = 2.45, CI 95% [1.21, 4.99]). According to a Bootstrap test, there is no significant difference between the predictive capacity of SOFA and platelet count (p = .965). It was concluded that the presence of thrombocytopenia is a simple predictor of death in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, with similar capacity to SOFA

Predictors of maternal outcome in women on mechanical ventilation in an obstetric intensive care unit: an observational study

Background: Present study was designed to note the indications for and the complications and outcome of women on mechanical ventilation in our obstetric intensive care unit, and in addition to look for the applicability and correlation of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores for the prediction of outcome in these women.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the obstetric intensive care unit of our teaching hospital which included all women requiring mechanical ventilation in the study period. The diagnosis of the woman on admission, the clinical course and outcome along with total maximum sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and SOFA score for each system were noted. Women were divided into two groups, survivors and non-survivors. Student t test and chi square test were used for analysis.Results: The foremost indication for mechanical ventilation was hypertension in pregnancy namely eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, followed by obstetric hemorrhage and then by hepatic failure. Maternal mortality rose significantly as the number of days of mechanical ventilation increased (p value <0.05). The total SOFA score correlated highly significantly with the outcome (p<0.0001).Conclusions: In women with eclampsia and pre-eclampsia suffering from respiratory failure, survival is inversely correlated with the number of days of mechanical ventilation. The total SOFA score is highly predictive of the woman’s outcome and all individual organ system scores also significantly correlate with outcome except for the score of coagulation system.

Efficacy of quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment with lactate concentration for predicting mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the emergency department

OBJECTIVE: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of sepsis, and sepsis-related acute organ dysfunction affects patient mortality. Although the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) is a new screening tool for patients with suspected infection, its predictive value for the mortality of patients with CAP has not been validated. Lactate concentration is a valuable biomarker for critically ill patients. Thus, we investigated the predictive value of qSOFA with lactate concentration for in-hospital mortality in patients with CAP in the emergency department (ED).METHODS: From January 2015 to June 2015, 443 patients, who were diagnosed with CAP in the ED, were retrospectively analyzed. We defined high qSOFA or lactate concentrations as a qSOFA score ≥2 or a lactate concentration >2 mmol/L upon admission at the ED. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality.RESULTS: Among the 443 patients, 44 (9.9%) died. Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the areas under the curves for the prediction of mortality were 0.720, 0.652, and 0.686 for qSOFA, CURB-65 (confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age), and Pneumonia Severity Index, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of qSOFA was lower than that of SOFA (0.720 vs. 0.845, P=0.004). However, the area under the ROC curve of qSOFA with lactate concentration was not significantly different from that of SOFA (0.828 vs. 0.845, P=0.509). The sensitivity and specificity of qSOFA with lactate concentration were 71.4% and 83.2%, respectively.CONCLUSION: qSOFA with lactate concentration is a useful and practical tool for the early prediction of in-hospital mortality among patients with CAP in the ED.

Utilidad del score Quick-SOFA en el diagnóstico de sepsis en pacientes pediátricos: servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga / Usefulness of the Quick-SOFA score in the diagnosis of sepsis in pediatric patients: Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga

El score Quick-SOFA (qSOFA) no ha sido diseñado para utilizarlo en niños, aunque se ha utilizado en numerosos estudios como marcador de disfunción orgánica en sepsis a falta de un score propio para tal fin. Con el objetivo de determinar la utilidad del score Quick-SOFA en el diagnóstico de sepsis en pacientes pediátricos que asistieron al Servicio de Emergencias del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga durante el lapso marzo-abril 2018, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal seleccionando un total de 60 pacientes los cuales se caracterizaron por un promedio de edad de 3,03 ± 3,76 años con predominio de lactantes menores (40%,) así como del sexo masculino (63,3%). Los principales focos de infección fueron respiratorio (41,6%) y digestivo (31,6%). 61,6% de los pacientes contaban con un puntaje de Glasgow mayor de 13 puntos, 68,3% una frecuencia respiratoria elevada y 55% registraron una presión arterial sistólica menor del percentil para la edad. 75% reportaron un qSOFA ≥ 2 puntos y 38,3% presentaron sepsis. De los pacientes con sepsis, 37,7% registraron un puntaje ≥ 2 y 40% menor de 2 puntos. La sensibilidad del qSOFA en este estudio fue de 73,9%, especificidad de 24,3%, valor predictivo positivo de 37,7% y el valor predictivo negativo de 60%. El qSOFA es una escala sencilla de aplicar en cualquier nivel asistencial, lo cual puede facilitar la identificación y estratificación adecuada del riesgo en los pacientes pediátricos con sepsis(AU)

The Quick-SOFA score (qSOFA) has not been designed for use in children, although it has been used in numerous studies as a marker of organic dysfunction in sepsis in the absence of a proper score. In order to determine the usefulness of the Quick-SOFA score in the diagnosis of sepsis in pediatric patients who were attended at the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga during the period March-April 2018, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a total of 60 patients with an average age of 3.03 + 3.76 years of age, predominantly younger infants (40%) as well as male sex (63.3%). The main sites of infection were respiratory (41.6%) and digestive (31.6%). 61.6% of patients had a Glasgow value > 13 points, 68.3% had an elevated respiratory rate and 55% had a systolic blood pressure lower than the percentile for their age. Overall, 75% reported a qSOFA > 2 points and 38.3% presented sepsis. 37.7% of patients with sepsis had a score > 2 and 40% less than 2 points. In this study, qSOFA had a sensitivity of 73.9%, specificity of 24.3%, positive predictive value of 37.78% and negative predictive value of 60%. qSOFA is a simple scale which can facilitate the adequate stratification of risk in pediatric patients with sepsis(AU)

SOFA nas primeiras 24 horas como preditor de desfecho em insuficiência hepática aguda / SOFA in the first 24 hours as an outcome predictor of acute liver failure

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever uma coorte de doentes com insuficiência hepática aguda, e analisar os fatores demográficos e clínicos associados à mortalidade. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo em que todos os pacientes admitidos por insuficiência hepática aguda foram incluídos no período de 28 de julho de 2012 a 31 de agosto de 2017. Dados clínicos e demográficos foram coletados via Sistema Epimed. Foram mensurados SAPS 3, SOFA e MELD. Estimaram-se as OR e seus IC95%. Foram obtidas as curvas Características de Operação do Receptor para os escores de prognóstico, assim como a curva Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida para o escore com melhor predição de mortalidade. Resultados: A maioria dos 40 doentes era do sexo feminino (77,5%), e a etiologia mais frequente foi hepatite pelo vírus B (n = 13). Apenas 35% dos doentes foram submetidos ao transplante hepático. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 57,5% (IC95%: 41,5 - 73,5). Dentre os escores investigados, apenas o SOFA se manteve associado ao risco de morte (OR = 1,37; IC95% 1,11 - 1,69; p < 0,001). Após a estratificação do SOFA em < 12 e ≥ 12 pontos, a sobrevida foi maior nos pacientes com SOFA < 12 (Log-rank p < 0,001). Conclusão: SOFA nas primeiras 24 horas foi o maior preditor de desfecho fatal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a cohort of patients with acute liver failure and to analyze the demographic and clinical factors associated with mortality. Methods: Retrospective cohort study in which all patients admitted for acute liver failure from July 28, 2012, to August 31, 2017, were included. Clinical and demographic data were collected using the Epimed System. The SAPS 3, SOFA, and MELD scores were measured. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Receiver operating characteristics curves were obtained for the prognostic scores, along with the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the score best predicting mortality. Results: The majority of the 40 patients were female (77.5%), and the most frequent etiology was hepatitis B (n = 13). Only 35% of the patients underwent liver transplantation. The in-hospital mortality rate was 57.5% (95%CI: 41.5 - 73.5). Among the scores investigated, only SOFA remained associated with risk of death (OR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.11 - 1.69; p < 0.001). After SOFA stratification into < 12 and ≥ 12 points, survival was higher in patients with SOFA <12 (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusion: SOFA score in the first 24 hours was the best predictor of fatal outcome.

Predictive factors of long-term stay in the icu after cardiac surgery: logistic casus score, serum bilirubin dosage and extracorporeal circulation time

Abstract Objective: To test the capacity of the Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day, the total serum bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day and the extracorporeal circulation time, as possible predictive factors of long-term stay in Intensive Care Unit after cardiac surgery. Methods: Eight-two patients submitted to cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation were selected. The Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day was calculated and bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day was measured. The extracorporeal circulation time was also registered. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A, those who were discharged up to the second day of postoperative care; Group B, those who were discharged after the second day of postoperative care. Results: In this study, 40 cases were listed in Group A and 42 cases in Group B. The mean extracorporeal circulation time was 83.9±29.4 min in Group A and 95.8±29.31 min in Group B. Extracorporeal circulation time was not significant in this study (P=0.0735). The level of P significance of bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day was 0.0003 and an area under the ROC curve of 0.708 with a cut-off point at 0.51 mg/dl was registered. The level of P significance of Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day was 0.0001 and an area under the ROC curve of 0.723 with a cut-off point at 0.40% was registered. Conclusion: The Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day has shown to be better than the bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day as a predictive tool for calculating the length of stay in intensive care unit during the postoperative care period of patients. Notwithstanding, extracorporeal circulation time has failed to prove itself as an efficient tool to predict an extended length of stay in intensive care unit.

Aspectos fisiopatológicos da síndrome pós-ressecção anterior do reto para o tratamento de câncer retal / Pathophysiological aspects of the low anterior resection syndrome for treatment of rectal cancer

RESUMO O número de pacientes com distúrbios funcionais intestinais em decorrência das operações para o tratamento do câncer retal tem aumentado durantes as últimas décadas. Alterações anatômicas e funcionais após a retirada do reto provocam aumento da frequência evacuatória, urgência evacuatória, evacuações múltiplas e incontinência para fezes e flatos, caracterizando a síndrome da ressecção anterior baixa ou LARS - "low anterior resection syndrome". Este artigo apresenta uma revisão geral do tema, com ênfase para conceitos atuais e aspectos fisiopatológicos de distúrbios funcionais do intestino após o tratamento cirúrgico do câncer retal. É fundamental que o cirurgião compreenda esses mecanismos, para melhor abordagem dos pacientes e restabelecimento da sua qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT The number of patients with bowel dysfunction due to the treatment of rectal cancer has increased during the recent decades. Anatomical and functional disorders after the removal of the rectum are followed by increased stool frequency, urgency, multiple evacuations and flatus or stool incontinence characterizing the low anterior resection syndrome - LARS. The purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature on current concepts and pathophysiological aspects of bowel dysfunction after resection of rectal cancer. It is essential to understand these mechanisms for a better management of patients and recovery of their quality of life.