Semantic and orthographic processing characters in Chinese school-age children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the developmental characteristics of Chinese semantic and orthographic processing in normal school-age children by event-related potential (ERP) technique.Methods:Children aged 7-11 in an ordinary primary school in Changzhou were randomly selected and divided into 7-year old group ( n=21 ), 8-year old group ( n=21), 9-year old group ( n=19), 10-year old group ( n=20) and 11- year old group ( n=22) according to their age.ERP was recorded while subjects completed the Chinese character semantic activation task and pseudo word judgment task. Then the N400 and P200 amplitudes of school-age children under the conditions of semantic correlation, semantic uncorrelation and pseudo word judgment were collected, and the data were analyzed by three factors mixed design ANOVA.Data of behavioral accuracy and response time were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni correction was used for multiple hypothesis testing. The statistical software was SPSS 25.0. Results:(1)Behavioral results: the accuracy of semantic related and semantic unrelated tasks of children in the five groups aged 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 were statistically significant ( F=15.55, 4.01, both P<0.01), and the accuracy of children in the 7-year old group was significantly lower than those in the other four groups (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the accuracy of pseudo word judgment task among the five groups ( F=0.68, P=0.609). The response time of children in the five groups under semantic related and semantic unrelated tasks was significantly different ( F=3.90, 3.13, both P<0.05). The response time of the 11-year old group under semantic related tasks was significantly shorter than those of the 7-, 8- and 9-year old groups (all P<0.05). The response time of the 7-year old and 11-year old groups under semantic unrelated tasks was significantly shorter than those of the 8-, 9- and 10-year old groups (all P<0.05). (2)ERP results: N400 amplitudes of 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- and 11-year old children under semantic related tasks were significantly smaller than those under semantic unrelated tasks and pseudo word judgment tasks (all P<0.05). The N400 amplitude of the subjects gradually decreased with the increase of age, except that there was no statistical difference between the 10-year old and 11-year old groups under the semantic related task, between the 8-year old and 9-year old groups under the semantic unrelated task and the pseudo word judgment task, and between the 10-year old and 11-year old groups (all P>0.05), there were statistical differences between the other age groups (all P<0.05). P200 amplitude of semantic related task at 7-, 8-, 9- and 10-year old was significantly higher than that at semantic unrelated task (all P<0.05), and the amplitude of semantic related task at 7-, 8-, 10- and 11-year old was significantly higher than that at pseudo word judgment (all P<0.05). The amplitude of P200 gradually increased with age, and there were significant differences in pairwise comparison among other age groups ( P<0.05), except semantic related task and unrelated task among 7-, 8- and 9-year old groups, between 10- and 11-year old groups, and pseudo word task between 7- and 8- years old groups, 10- and 11- year old groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The semantic processing and orthographic processing of school-age children develop with age in a unique way. The age of 7 is an important period for cognitive development of Chinese language.The age of 8-9 may be a sensitive period for the development of brain plasticity, and the development slows down at the age of 10-11.

Neurocognitive Correlates of Statistical Learning of Orthographic-Semantic Connections in Chinese Adult Learners / 神经科学通报·英文版

We examined the neural correlates of the statistical learning of orthographic-semantic connections in Chinese adult learners. Visual event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants were exposed to a sequence of artificial logographic characters containing semantic radicals carrying low, moderate, or high levels of semantic consistency. The behavioral results showed that the mean accuracy of participants' recognition of previously exposed characters was 63.1% that was significantly above chance level (50%), indicating the statistical learning of the regularities of semantic radicals. The ERP data revealed a temporal sequence of the neural process of statistical learning of orthographic-semantic connections, and different brain indexes were found to be associated with this processing, i.e., a clear N170-P200-N400 pattern. For N170, the larger negative amplitudes were evoked by the high and moderate consistency than the low consistency. For P200, the mean amplitudes elicited by the moderate and low consistency were larger than the high consistency. In contrast, a larger N400 amplitude was observed in the low than moderate and high consistency; and more negative amplitude was elicited by the moderate than high consistency. We propose that the initial potential shifts (N170 and P200) may reflect orthographic or graphic form identification, while the later component (N400) may be associated with semantic information analysis.

Activación Hemisférica Cerebral en Adultos Jóvenes Mientras Ejecutan Tareas Ortográficas Utilizando fMRI / Hemispheric Brain Activation in Young Adults While Performing Orthographic Tasks Using fMRI

Resumen El dominio del lenguaje escrito se basa en la consolidación de representaciones neurales complejas de los patrones ortográficos de las palabras. En virtud de explorar las características presentes en procesos neurales relacionados con la especialización ortográfica, se estudiaron con métodos de imagen por resonancia magnética funcional los niveles neurales de activación intrahemisférica de 27 jóvenes con alto y bajo rendimiento ortográfico mientras ejecutaban tareas ortográficas. Los resultados sugieren que, en participantes con alto rendimiento ortográfico, la intensidad de activación neural en el hemisferio izquierdo no difiere ante el estímulo de palabras o pseudohomófonos (palabras con error ortográfico); en cambio, difieren cuando se emiten respuestas correctas vs. incorrectas. En participantes con bajo rendimiento ortográfico no se encontró diferencia interhemisférica en ninguna tarea. Se encontró tendencia de que los participantes con bajo rendimiento ortográfico tienen mayor dispersión de la activación neural, respecto a los participantes con alto rendimiento, en el hemisferio derecho e izquierdo, además, en participantes con bajo rendimiento ortográfico se encontró tendencia de que la detección consciente aumenta la variación de la activación neural; sin embargo, no se encontró evidencia estadística concluyente. Este estudio ha abonado a la evidencia de la existencia de la especialización neural orientada a habilidades ortográficas.

Abstract The written language domain is based on the consolidation of complex neural representations of words' orthographic patterns. Here, we studied the characteristics and differences of the neural activation levels that occur in the neural processes related to orthographic specialization, with functional magnetic resonance imaging, in each hemisphere, of 27 young adults with low and high orthographic abilities when they performed orthographic tasks. The results suggest that in high-orthographic-performance participants' left hemispheric neural activation does not vary between words and pseudohomophones; otherwise, their neural activation variates in incorrect vs. correct responses. There were not found interhemispheric differences in low-orthographic-performance participants where they performed any type of task. There were some tendency in the low-orthographic-performance participants to have greater neural activation dispersion, regarding the high-orthographic-performance participants, in both hemispheres, also, there were found tendency in low-orthographic-performance participants to have greater neural activation variation in explicit tasks; nevertheless, there is not enough conclusive statistic evidence. This study increases the evidence of lateralized neural specialization of orthographic abilities.

Programas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas e linguísticas envolvidas na alfabetização e no aprendizado da ortografia: propostas metodológicas / Programs for the development of cognitive and linguistic skills involved in literacy and spelling: methodological proposal

Considerando que vivemos um momento crucial para reflexões a respeito do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, este artigo apresenta três propostas metodológicas, de aplicação prática, que têm por objetivo desenvolver competências e habilidades fundamentais para a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita e que, de modo geral, contemplam as habilidades/capacidades definidas pela Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC). Mais especificamente, os programas estão voltados para a alfabetização, entendida como processo de codificação e decodificação, e para o ensino subsequente da ortografia. Tais programas foram criados para aplicação em vários níveis na educação regular (ensino infantil e ensino fundamental - séries iniciais e séries mais avançadas), assim como foram planejados para uso clínico, na forma de material de apoio para os profissionais que atuam na área dos transtornos de aprendizagem.

Considering that we are living a crucial moment for reflections on the teaching-learning process, this paper presents three methodological proposals for practical application, which aim to develop essential skills and abilities needed for learning to read and write. In a general way, the proposals include the skills/abilities defined by the National Common Curricular Base (NCCB). Particularly, the programs focus on literacy, that is, the coding and decoding process and on the subsequent spelling teaching. Those programs have been designed for multi-level application in regular education (elementary and junior high school education), as well as for clinical practice, as support and resources for professionals who work in the field of learning disabilities.

Elementary school students' experiences of writing difficulties / Dificuldades de escrita em alunos do ensino fundamental / Dificultades de escritura em alumnos de la enseñanza básica

The aim of this research was to assess and to analyze the main writing difficulties presented by second to fifth graders of the elementary school, using Rasch model. Some 413 students from public schools participated, from which 227 (55%) were female. Participants were assessed with Writing Assessment Test, in the syllable, word and pseudoword subtests. Data were analyzed by the Rasch Model. It was verified that more complex structured syllables as consonant-consonant-vogal-consonant were the most difficult. The most difficult words had phonemes that could possibly be represented by more than one grapheme and had accent. In the more difficult pseudowords it was necessary to use well defined orthographic rules, like "m" before "p" and "b". Obtained results can help teachers to anticipate probable student difficulties and to plan differentiated educational strategies.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar e analisar as principais dificuldades de escrita apresentadas por alunos do 2ª ao 5ª ano do Ensino Fundamental, utilizando o modelo de Rasch. Participaram da pesquisa 413 alunos de escolas públicas, sendo 227 (55%) do sexo feminino. Os participantes foram avaliados com o Teste de Avaliação da Escrita, nos subtestes sílabas, palavras e pseudopalavras. Os dados foram analisados a partir do modelo de Rasch. Verificou-se que sílabas com estrutura mais complexa como consoante-consoante-vogal-consoante foram mais difíceis. As palavras mais difíceis apresentaram a possibilidade de um fonema ser representado por mais de um grafema e continham acento. Nas pseudopalavras mais difíceis era necessário empregar regras ortográficas bem definidas como o uso do "m" antes de "p" e "b". Os resultados obtidos podem auxiliar o professor a antecipar as prováveis dificuldades dos alunos e planejar estratégias pedagógicas diferenciadas.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar y analizar las principales dificultades de escritura presentadas por alumnos del segundo al quinto curso de la Enseñanza Básica, mediante el uso del modelo de Rasch. Participaron 413 alumnos de escuelas públicas, siendo que 227 (55%) eran del sexo femenino. A los participantes seles evaluó con el Test de Evaluación de la Escritura, en los subtests de sílabas, palabras y pseudopalabras. Se verificó que las sílabas con estructura más compleja como consonante-consonante-vocal-consonante fueron las más difíciles. Las palabras más difíciles presentaron la posibilidad de un fonema ser representado por más de un grafema y contenían tilde. En las pseudopalabras más difíciles era necesario emplear el uso de reglas ortográficas bien definidas como el uso de la "m" antes de la "p" y "b". Los resultados obtenidos pueden auxiliar el profesor a anticipar las probables dificultades de los alumnos y planear estrategias pedagógicas diferenciadas.

Revisión sistemática sobre intervenciones en alfabetización temprana: implicancias para intervenir en español / A systematic review on early literacy interventions: implications for interventions in Spanish

Resumen Contar con herramientas para el diseño y la implementación de intervenciones en alfabetización con niños hispanohablantes reúne cada vez mayor interés entre docentes e investigadores. Para contribuir a esta demanda, realizamos una revisión sistemática con el objetivo de sintetizar la información disponible sobre intervenciones basadas en la evidencia (IBE) con niños de primero a tercer grado escolar. Nuestros resultados recogen información sobre 20 IBE, que buscaron mejorar al menos uno de los siguientes componentes críticos nombrados por el NRP (2000): conciencia fonológica, principio alfabético, fluidez, vocabulario y comprensión. Dado que el 90% de ellos fue realizado con niños angloparlantes nos dedicamos a discutir críticamente la aplicabilidad de esta evidencia al contexto particular de países hispanohablantes. Si bien muchas de las características generales de las IBE implementadas en inglés podrían servir de guía para intervenir en español, resulta imprescindible tener en cuenta las diferencias estructurales en la ortografía de ambas lenguas. A su vez, identificamos estrategias transversales y técnicas de implementación en las IBE, que por su carácter universal podrían ser de utilidad práctica también para intervenir en el desarrollo lector en español.

Abstract An area of increasing interest amongst teachers and researchers is the availability of tools for the design and implementation of literacy interventions with Spanish speaking children. The present systematic literature review contributes to this need by summarizing available findings on evidence-based literacy interventions (EBI) for children from first to third year of primary school. Our results are based on 20 EBI that aimed at improving at least one of the critical components mentioned by the NRP (2000): phonological awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. As 90% of the studies were completed with English-speaking children, we critically discussed the applicability of this evidence to the specific context of Spanish-speaking countries. Although many of the general characteristics of the EBI completed with English speaking children could also guide interventions in Spanish, it remains crucial to take into account structural differences between the orthographies of both languages. Moreover, we identified transversal strategies and implementation techniques that due to their universal character could also be useful for early literacy interventions in Spanish.

Disortografias de escolares do 4º ano do ensino fundamental da rede pública do interior do estado de Goiás / Dysorthographia of schoolchildren in the 4th year of elementary school in the interior of the State of Goiás

A apropriação da ortografia pelo aprendiz pode ser uma tarefa difícil, que envolve processos complexos em seu aprendizado. O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar o desempenho ortográfico de alunos do 4º ano do ensino fundamental, de escolas públicas de uma cidade do interior de Goiás. A amostra foi composta por 186 escolares com idade entre 8 e 13 anos, de 13 escolas, cujos conhecimentos ortográficos foram coletados a partir dos seguintes instrumentos: Ditado de Palavras, Pseudopalavras e Frases, além da aplicação do Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras (TCLPP). A coleta aconteceu coletivamente em sala de aula pelo pesquisador, acompanhado do(a) professor(a) responsável pelas turmas. Os dados foram tratados com análise descritiva, análise de frequência e correlação de Spearman. Em todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância estatística de 5% (p≤0,05). As disortografias mais recorrentes entre os escolares foram "Representações Múltiplas" (94,6%), "Uso do H" (78,5%), "Trocas surdas e sonoras" (75,3%), "Terminação AM e ÃO" (74,2%), "Apoio na Oralidade" (66,1%) e "Omissão de Letras" (61,3%). Concluiu-se que as disortografias encontradas nas avaliações são compatíveis com as citadas em pesquisas de outras localidades do Brasil, e caracterizam o desenvolvimento da escrita conforme a literatura, mesmo com grande recorrência de erros não esperados já no segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental, que podem indicar comprometimento de aspectos mais básicos no processo de aquisição da linguagem escrita.

The orthographic appropriation by the learner is a hard task since that involves complex processes in its learning. The present study aims to verify the orthographic performance of 4th-grade students from a public school in a city of the interior of Goiás, Brazil. The sample was composed by 186 school children, age 8-13 years old, from 13 different schools, whose orthographic knowledge was collected by the following instruments: Word Dictation, Pseudowords, and sentences, besides the application of Word and Pseudoword Reading Competence Test. The data were acquired collectively in a classroom by a member of the research team, which was accompanied by the responsible teacher. The data analysis was performed by descriptive analysis, frequency analysis, and Spearman correlation test. In all analysis were adopted significance level of 5% (p≤0,05). The most common dysorthography were "multiple representations" (94.6%), "use of H" (78.5%), "deaf and sonorous exchanges" (75.3%), "am and ão termination" (74.2%), "support in orality" (66.1%) and "Letters omission" (61.3%). It was concluded that the dysorthographias found in the evaluations are compatible with those found in studies from other Brazilian locations, and characterize the writing development according to the literature, even with a large recurrence of errors not expected in the second cycle of elementary school, which may indicate basic aspects commitment in the process of acquisition of written language.

Desarrollo de la conciencia sintáctica y fonológica en niños chilenos: un estudio transversal / Development of syntactic and phonological awareness in Chilean children: a cross-sectional study

El desarrollo de la conciencia sintáctica ha sido escasamente investigado en una ortografía transparente como la del español. Situación totalmente contraria es la que ha experimentado la conciencia fonológica, cuyo desarrollo y rol en la adquisición lectora han recibido mucha más atención tanto en lenguas transparentes como en opacas. Investigaciones en inglés y en francés han demostrado que las habilidades metasintácticas siguen desarrollándose después de comenzada la alfabetización y que incluso a los 11 o 14 años aún no ha culminado este desarrollo. El propósito del presente estudio es describir y comparar el desarrollo evolutivo de la conciencia sintáctica y conciencia fonológica en niños chilenos del periodo básico. Para ello, se seleccionó una muestra de 234 sujetos, pertenecientes a colegios públicos y privados, quienes realizaron individualmente una tarea de conciencia sintáctica y otra de conciencia fonémica. Los resultados en español confirman los hallazgos obtenidos en lenguas opacas, puesto que muestran que el desarrollo de ambas habilidades metalingüísticas continúa evolucionando durante el periodo básico.

The development of syntactic awareness has still not been widely investigated in a transparent orthography, such as Spanish. On the other hand, the increase of phonological awareness and its contribution to reading acquisition has received much more attention, both in opaque and transparent languages. Studies with English and French speaking children have demonstrated that syntactic awareness continues developing after reading instruction begins, and that even at the age of 11 or 14 it is not completely developed. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the development of syntactic awareness and phonological awareness in Chilean children from elementary grades. A sample of 234 Chilean children participated in the study, and they were assessed individually in syntactic and phonological awareness tasks. Results in Spanish confirmed similar findings found in opaque languages, as it was shown that both meta-linguistic abilities are still being developed at the school levels evaluated in this study.

Desenvolvimento de um teste computadorizado de avaliação da ortografia / Development of a computerized orthography assessment test / Desarrollo de un test informatizado de evaluación de la ortografía

Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma nova versão computadorizada da Escala de Avaliação de Reconhecimento de Palavras. A escala foi aplicada inicialmente, em 2001, em 338 alunos de segundo a quinto ano de 3 escolas do interior de São Paulo. A média de idade das crianças foi de 8,81 anos (DP=0,42). Em 2013, a versão computadorizada foi aplicada em 269 alunos de segundo a quinto ano, com média de idade de 8,90 (DP=1,06). Foram eliminados 116 itens, com base no índice de dificuldade, níveis de dificuldades redundantes e indicadores de ajuste e dificuldade linguística, originando uma escala de 55 itens. A análise de Rasch evidenciou melhor ajuste e a ANOVA indicou diferenças significativas entre as médias das crianças de segundo a quinto ano. Os resultados foram interpretados como evidências de validade da nova versão do instrumento; no entanto, outros estudos psicométricos ainda são necessários.(AU)

This study aimed to develop a new computerized version of the Word Recognition Assessment Scale. The scale was initially administered in 2001 to 338 students from second to fifth grades of three schools from São Paulo's countryside. Children's mean age was 8.81 years old (SD=.42). In 2013, the computerized version was administered to 269 students from second to fifth grades, whose mean age was 8.90 (SD=1.06). Some 116 items were eliminated, based on difficulty index, redundant difficulty levels, adjustment indexes and linguistic difficulty, originating a scale composed of 55 items. Rasch analysis evidenced a better adjustment, and ANOVA indicated significant differences among children from second to fifth grades. Results were interpreted as validity evidences for the new version of the instrument. Nevertheless, further psychometric studies are necessary.(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una nueva versión informatizada de la Escala de Evaluación del Reconocimiento de Palabras. Inicialmente, en 2001, se aplicó la escala a 338 alumnos de segundo a quinto curso de tres escuelas del interior de São Paulo. La edad media fue 8,81 años (DE=0,42). En 2013, la versión informatizada se aplicó en 269 alumnos de segundo a quinto curso, con edad media de 8,90 (DE=1,06). Se eliminaron 116 ítems, con base en los índices de dificultad, niveles de dificultad redundantes, indicadores de ajuste y dificultades lingüísticas, produciendo una escala de 55 ítems. El análisis de Rasch evidenció un mejor ajuste y el ANOVA indicó diferencias significativas entre las medias de los niños del segundo al quinto curso. Los resultados se interpretaron como evidencias de validez de la nueva versión del instrumento. Indicaron que la nueva versión fue más discriminativa que el instrumento original y que se ajustó mejor, sin embargo, más estudios psicométricos todavía se hacen necesarios.(AU)

Desempenho Ortográfico e Habilidades de Produção Textual em Diferentes Condições de Solicitação / Orthographic Knowledge and the Ability to Produce Texts in Different Production Conditions

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivos investigar as relações entre conhecimento ortográfico e produção escrita de textos, além de analisar em que medida diferentes condições de produção afetam a qualidade dos textos narrativos. Participaram do estudo 72 alunos do 5º. ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública. Os dados foram coletados pela aplicação de um ditado e por três produções de texto: livre, a partir de sequência de figuras e reconto. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos possuem conhecimento precário da ortografia, sendo os erros mais frequentes aqueles envolvendo regularidades contextuais e morfossintáticas, além dos casos irregulares. Os textos mais elaborados foram aqueles produzidos a partir do reconto. Obteve-se correlação positiva moderada, mas estatisticamente significativa entre escrever ortograficamente correto e produzir textos mais elaborados.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the relationship between orthographic knowledge and writing texts, and analyze whether different production conditions affect the quality of narrative texts. Study participants were 72 students in the 5th year of Public Elementary Education. Data were collected by applying a dictation and by the writing of texts in three production situations: free theme, from a sequence of figures and retelling. The results showed that students have a poor knowledge of spelling, being the most frequent errors those involving contextual and morphosyntactic rules, besides the irregular cases. The more elaborated texts were those produced from the retelling condition. A moderate but statistically significant positive correlation was obtained between spelling correctly and writing more elaborated texts.

O impacto do ensino de regras morfológicas na escrita / The impact of teaching morphological rules in writing / El impacto de la enseñanza de reglas morfológicas en la escritura

Este estudo investiga a contribuição do ensino de regras morfológicas para a escrita de palavras e pseudopalavras. Participaram 111 (cento e onze) alunos do 4º ano fundamental de uma escola pública, separados em três grupos experimentais e um grupo de controle. Os estudantes foram submetidos a pré-teste e pós-teste (imediato e diferido) em medidas de controle e discriminação escrita. A intervenção trabalhou com o ensino explícito de regras abordando os seguintes elementos mórficos: "-esa"/"-eza" (morfologia derivacional), "-am"/"-ão" (morfologia flexional), "-iu"/"-il" (morfologia flexional e derivacional). Os resultados mostraram que a intervenção provocou um impacto específico no aumento de desempenho na escrita de palavras e, principalmente, na escrita de pseudopalavras, cuja grafia não pode ser acessada de informações lexicais. Os resultados corroboram os de outros estudos, confirmando o efeito positivo e duradouro do ensino explícito de regras morfológicas sobre a escrita de palavras complexas.

This study investigates how teaching morphological rules contributes to the writing of words and pseudo-words. A total of 111 students from the 4^th grade of a public school were assigned to three experimental groups and one control group. The students were submitted to pre- and post-tests (immediate and delayed) in control measures and word discrimination. The intervention addressed the explicit teaching of rules concerning the following morphological elements in Portuguese: "-esa"/"-eza" (derivational morphology), "-am"/"-ão" (inflectional morphology), "-iu"/"-il" (inflectional and derivational morphology). The results show that the intervention had a specific impact on improved performance in the spelling of words, especially pseudo-words, the spelling of which cannot be derived from lexical information. The results corroborate those reported by other studies, confirming the positive and lasting effect of explicitly teaching morphological rules for the spelling of complex words.

Este estudio investiga la contribución de la enseñanza de reglas morfológicas para la escritura de palabras y seudopalabras. Participaron 111 (ciento once) alumnos de 4º año de la enseñanza primaria de una escuela pública, separados en tres grupos experimentales y uno de control. Los estudiantes se sometieron a un pre-test y post-test (inmediato y diferido) en medidas de control y discriminación escrita. La intervención trabajó con la enseñanza explícita de reglas que abordan los siguientes elementos mórficos: "-esa"/"-eza" (morfología derivativa), "-am"/"-ao" (morfología flexiva), "-iu"/"-il" (morfología flexiva y derivativa). Los resultados mostraron que la intervención provocó un impacto específico en el aumento de desempeño en la escritura de palabras y, principalmente, en la escritura de pseudopalabras, cuya ortografía no puede ser accedida por informaciones de léxico. Los resultados corroboran los de otros estudios, confirmando el efecto positivo y duradero de la enseñanza explícita de reglas morfológicas sobre la escritura de palabras complejas.

Escrita em grupo de escolares / Writing in a group of school children / Escritura en un grupo de escolares

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a habilidade de escrita de estudantes de ensino fundamental e identificar eventuais diferenças entre as crianças pelos critérios sexo, série e idade. Participaram 519 estudantes, de ambos os sexos, entre sete e 10 anos, do 2º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas de uma cidade do Recôncavo da Bahia. Os instrumentos aplicados, coletivamente, foram um questionário de identificação e a Escala de Avaliação da Escrita (EAVE). Os resultados indicaram que os escolares apresentaram desempenho em escrita abaixo do esperado para o nível de escolarização em que se encontram. A pontuação das meninas, em coerência com a literatura, foi significativamente mais baixa que a dos meninos. As crianças de oito anos obtiveram pior desempenho quando comparadas às demais. Verificou-se, como esperado, uma progressão no desempenho dos alunos com o avançar da escolaridade...

This study aimed to assess the writing skills of elementary school students, as well as to identify any differences between children with regard to gender, grade and age. Five hundred nineteen students participated, of both sexes, between seven and 10 years old, from the 2nd to the 5th grade in public schools in a city in the Reconcavo, Bahia. The instruments applied, collectively, were an identification questionnaire and the Writing Assessment Scale (EAVE). The results indicate that the students performed as a lower level than expected given their grade level. The girls’ scores, consistent with findings in the literature, were significantly lower than boys’, and 8-year-old children had the worst performance when compared to the others. Aside from this, the expected increase in performance in accordance with advancing education was found...

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las habilidades de escritura de los estudiantes de primaria, así como para identificar las diferencias entre los niños con respecto al género, grado y edad. Quinientos diecinueve estudiantes participaron, ambos sexos, entre 7 y 10 años, el segundo para el quinto año de la escuela primaria en las escuelas públicas en una ciudad en el Recôncavo da Bahía. Las herramientas, en conjunto, tienen un cuestionario de identificación y la Escala de Evaluación de la Escritura (EAVE). Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes tenían que realizar por escrito por debajo del nivel que se espera de la educación donde se encuentren. Las chicas puntuación, en consonancia con la literatura, fue significativamente menor que la de los chicos y niños de 8 años tuvieron peor rendimiento en comparación con los demás. Junto a esto, se encontró, como era de esperar, un aumento de rendimiento de los estudiantes con el avance de la educación...

Consciência morfológica: que papel exerce no desempenho ortográfico e na compreensão de leitura? / Morphological awareness: what is its role in orthographic performance in orthography and reading comprehension? / Conscience morphologique: quel rôle exerce-t-elle sur les performances orthographiques et sur la compréhension en lecture? / Conciencia morfológica: ¿qué papel ejerce en el desempeño ortográfico y en la comprensión de la lectura?

A consciência morfológica diz respeito à habilidade para refletir sobre as menores unidades de sentido de uma língua e utilizá-las intencionalmente na estruturação e reconhecimento das palavras. São apresentados argumentos que apoiam a ideia de que no português, como em outras línguas alfabéticas, a consciência morfológica contribui tanto para a compreensão de leitura como para o desempenho. Participaram 72 alunos de 3º, 4º e 5º anos de uma escola pública (Curitiba-PR), separados em dois grupos de desempenho ortográfico para cada um dos anos letivos. A coleta de dados envolveu a aplicação de sete instrumentos de avaliação, sendo: um de ortografia, três de consciência morfológica e dois de compreensão de leitura de texto. A análise dos dados empíricos apresentados mostra que o desempenho nas tarefas de avaliação da consciência morfológica (flexional e derivacional) contribui significativamente para explicar a variância de desempenho dos participantes em ambas as habilidades, ou seja, compreensão de leitura e escrita ortográfica...

Morphological awareness refers to the ability of reflecting on the smallest units of meaning in a language and in using them intentionally in word structuring and recognition. In this study arguments are presented to support the idea that in Portuguese, as in other alphabetic languages​​, morphological awareness contributes to both reading comprehension and for orthographic performance. The participants were 72 students from 3rd through 5th grades in a Public School (Curitiba, Brazil), divided in two groups (for each grade) according to orthographic performance. The data collection involved the application of seven assessment tools, as follows: one for spelling, three for morphological awareness and two for reading comprehension. The analysis of empirical data shows that performance in the morphological awareness assessment tasks (inflectional and derivational) contributes significantly to explain the variance in the performance of the participants for both reading comprehension and orthographic writing...

La conscience morphologique est l'habileté à réflechir sur les plus petites unités de signification de la langue et à utiliser ces unités intentionnellement dans la construction et la reconnaissance des mots. Nous présentons dans cette recherche des arguments qui appuient l'idée qu'en portugais, comme dans d'autres langues alphabétiques, la conscience morphologique contribue à la compréhension en lecture et aux performances orthographiques. 72 enfants scolarisés en 3ème, 4ème et 5ème année dans une école publique (Curitiba, PR) et répartis en deux groupes en fonction de leurs performances orthographiques ont participé à cette étude. Les sujets ont été soumis à plusieurs instruments d'évaluation : une tâche de production orthographique, trois de conscience morphologique et deux de compréhension en lecture de texte. L'analyse de données empiriques montre que les performances aux tâches d'évaluation de la conscience morphologique (flexionnelle et dérivationnelle) contribuent aussi bien à la variance observée en compréhension en lecture qu'à celle observée en production orthographique...

Análise pelo modelo de Rasch do ditado ADAPE: considerações da ortografia / Analysis by Rasch model of ADAPE dictation: considerations from orthography / Análisis por el modelo de Rasch del dictado ADAPE: consideraciones de la ortografía

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as palavras com maior dificuldade de escrita, com base na análise pelo modelo de Rasch, e indicar a composição das palavras do ditado ADAPE que produzem mais erros. Participaram 221 estudantes, com idades compreendidas entre 6 e 11 anos, do segundo ao quinto ano de uma escola particular do estado de Minas Gerais. A média da dificuldade dos itens foi estabelecida convencionalmente como zero. Os resultados indicaram que a palavra Cássio foi a mais difícil. Outras sete palavras também foram muito difíceis. Mostrou-se que o ditado contém palavras que exigem diferentes conhecimentos ortográficos, o que permite avaliar os estudantes em distintas etapas da alfabetização. As palavras foram discutidas em função de categorias de erros da língua portuguesa.

This study aimed to identify the most difficult words, based on the Rasch model analysis, and indicate specific word compositions from the ADAPE dictation that produce more errors. Participants were 221 students, aged between 6 and11 years, from the second to fifth grade of a private school in the State of Minas Gerais. The mean item difficulty was conventionally established as zero. Results indicated that the most difficult word was Cássio. Other seven words were also very difficult. It was shown that the dictation contains words that require different orthographic knowledge, which allows the assessment of students in different literacy stages. The words were discussed according to Portuguese language error categories.

Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de identificar las palabras con mayor dificultad de escritura, basándose en el análisis por el modelo de Rasch, e indicar la composición de las palabras del dictado ADAPE que producen más errores. Participaron 221 estudiantes, con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 11 años, del segundo al quinto curso de una escuela privada del Estado de Minas Gerais. Los resultados indicaron que la palabra Cássio fue la más difícil. Siete otras palabras también fueron muy difíciles. Se mostró que el dictado contiene palabras que requieren diferentes conocimientos ortográficos, lo que permite evaluar los estudiantes en diferentes etapas de alfabetización. La dificultad de las palabras se discutió en función de categorías de errores de la lengua portuguesa.

The Role of Morphosyntactic Awareness in Conventional Lexical Segmentation / O Papel da Consciência Morfossintática na Segmentação Lexical Convencional / El Papel de la Consciencia Morfosintactica en la Segmentacion Lexical Convencional

Starting with the alphabetic stage of writing acquisition, the learner struggles with issues related to spelling, including the segmentation of writing in graphic words. This study examined the conventional segmentation of words and its relation to morphosyntactic awareness in a sample of students in the 4th and 5th years of elementary education in public schools. Results reveal a discrepancy between the oral identification of words and performance in the segmentation of writing, with three criteria being used by students to define “word”: (1st) full meaning; (2nd) sequence of letters, not only one or two; (3rd) frequency of word use. Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between conventional segmentation and morphosyntactic awareness. It is inferred that morphosyntactic skills support the establishment of the conventional notion of the word, and it is suggested that teachers promote the development of these skills, in order to ensure a greater command of the written language.

A partir do estágio alfabético de aquisição da escrita o aprendiz precisa enfrentar questões relativas à ortografia, entre elas a segmentação do escrito em palavras gráficas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a segmentação convencional de palavras e sua relação com a consciência morfossintática em uma amostra de alunos de 4º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas. Os resultados revelaram uma discrepância entre a identificação oral de palavras e o desempenho na segmentação da escrita, sendo três os critérios utilizados pelos alunos para definição de “palavra”: 1º) sentido pleno; 2º) sequência de letras e não apenas uma ou duas; 3º) frequência de utilização do vocábulo. Análises estatísticas mostraram correlações positivas e significativas entre segmentação convencional e consciência morfossintática. Infere-se que as habilidades morfossintáticas favorecem o estabelecimento da noção convencional de palavra e sugere-se que os professores promovam o desenvolvimento dessas habilidades para garantir aos alunos maior domínio na linguagem escrita.

Desde la etapa alfabética de adquisición de la escritura, el aprendiz necesita enfrentar cuestiones relativas a la ortografía, entre ellas la segmentación de la escritura en palabras gráficas. Se investigó la segmentación convencional de palabras y su relación con la consciencia morfosintáctica en una muestra de alumnos de 4º y 5º año de la enseñanza primaria de escuelas públicas. Los resultados revelaron discrepancia entre la identificación oral de palabras y el desempeño en la segmentación de la escritura. Los alumnos utilizaron tres criterios para la definición de “palabra”: 1º) sentido pleno; 2º) secuencia de letras, no sólo una o dos; 3º) frecuencia de utilización del vocablo. Análisis estadísticos mostraron correlaciones positivas y significativas entre segmentación convencional y conciencia morfosintáctica. Se infiere que las habilidades morfosintácticas favorecen la noción convencional de palabra y se sugiere que los profesores promuevan el desarrollo de esas habilidades, garantizando mayor dominio del lenguaje escrito.

Anglocentrismo en los modelos de adquisición lectora?: un estudio en una lengua de ortografía transparente / Anglocentrism in reading acquisition models?: a study in a language with transparent orthography

En el estudio se analiza si las revisiones propuestas por Share (2008) a los modelos anglosajones de adquisición lectora pueden dar cuenta de estos procesos en español, una lengua de ortografía transparente. Share cuestionó la noción de aprendizaje en etapas, la importancia otorgada a la precisión lectora por sobre la velocidad y el peso atribuido al procesamiento fonológico. Se evaluó a un grupo de 52 niños de nivel socioeconómico bajo mediante pruebas de conocimiento de correspondencias, conciencia fonológica, denominación rápida y lectura de palabras a principios y mediados de primer grado y mediante una prueba de lectura de palabras y pseudopalabras hacia el final de primer y segundo grado. Los resultados mostraron la irrelevancia de las tempranas estrategias no fonológicas de lectura, un alto nivel de precisión lectora a fin de segundo grado acompañado de importantes diferencias en la velocidad de lectura, habilidad que estuvo estrechamente ligada a la denominación rápida. Estos resultados dan apoyo al modelo de adquisición lectora propuesto por Share (2008). Éste se caracteriza por un proceso continuo de gradual incremento de las habilidades de recodificación fonológica, con un temprano logro de la precisión y un peso importante de las diferencias individuales en el logro de la velocidad lectora.

The present research aimed to check Share’s (2008) thesis about conventional reading acquisition models in a group of Argentinean children. This author proposes that reading models developed for English need to be reviewed when children are learning to read in a language with transparent orthography. Share questions the idea of learning proceeds in stages, the importance given to reading accuracy over speed and the relevance of phonological processing. A group of 52 children from low-income families were tested on letter knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid naming and reading of frequent words at the beginning and the middle of first grade. Additionally, children’s word and pseudo-word reading skills were tested at the end of first and second grade. Results showed that most children never resorted to non-phonological strategies as it is usually done by their equals in English. By the end of second grade the group had reached a high level of accuracy in reading, but important differences were found in reading speed. These results support Share’s (2008) proposal since reading acquisition did not develop in a series of stages but could be described as a continuous process in which children gradually increase their phonological recoding abilities and achieve accuracy early on. Therefore individual differences in reading speed become a critical aspect of reading.

Consciência morfossintática e ortografia do português em crianças bilíngues francês/ português / Morphosyntactic consciousness and orthography of portuguese in french/portuguese bilingual children

O contato entre diversas culturas oferece novas possibilidades de um aprendizado que é permeado pelo fator linguístico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a relação entre a consciência morfossintática e o desempenho na escrita (ortografia) do português em crianças bilíngues (francês/português) de língua materna francesa. A pesquisa teve um caráter exploratório e utilizou como perspectiva teórica o aporte da psicologia cognitiva, envolvendo, sobretudo, os estudos acerca da metalinguagem. Participaram do estudo 12 crianças, com idade entre 6 e 11 anos, que estão aprendendo o português em uma escola francesa de Curitiba, PR. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma prova de ditado de palavras isoladas e seis tarefas de avaliação da consciência morfossintática. Tinha-se como hipótese que os escores nas tarefas que avaliam a consciência morfossintática teriam uma correlação positiva com o desempenho na ortografia do português. O teste de correlação de Spearman mostrou que o desempenho em ortografia correlaciona-se positiva e significativamente com o desempenho em quatro das tarefas aplicadas. É possível que esse resultado tenha sido influenciado pelo número restrito de participantes. Os resultados revelam que o desempenho nas provas aplicadas está relacionado ao tempo de contato das crianças com a língua portuguesa, mas não são conclusivos em razão do número reduzido de participantes desta pesquisa. Sugere-se a realização de novos estudos que envolvam um maior número de participantes e investiguem outros fatores que influenciam o processo de aprendizagem de uma segunda língua.

The contact between different cultures offers new learning possibilities, permeated by the linguistic factor. The current study aimed to investigate the relation between morphosyntactic consciousness and the Portuguese writing performance (orthography) of French/Portuguese bilingual children. This research was exploratory and used the theoretical perspective of cognitive psychology, especially the studies on metalanguage. Participants were 12 children aged between 6 and 11 years, who were learning Portuguese in a French school from Curitiba, PR (Southern Brazil). Data were collected through a dictation of isolated words and six tasks evaluating morphosyntactic consciousness. It was hypothesized that the score in the tasks evaluating morphosyntactic consciousness would be positively correlated to the performance in the orthography of Portuguese. The Spearman correlation test revealed that the performancein orthography is positively and significantly correlated to four of the tasks utilized. It is possible that these results may have been biased because of the restricted sample size. The results reveal that the performance in the set of tasksis related to the period of contact from the children with the Portuguese language, but they are not conclusive due to the reduced number of participants in the study. Further studies involving a larger number of participants are suggested, involving also the investigation of other factors that influence the process of learning a second language.

Pure Alexia in Chinese: A Case Report / 中国康复理论与实践

@#A patient with pure alexia after occipital lobe and splenium infarction was investigated systematically in cognition and speech. It suggested that the damage of the route from orthographic processing to mental lexicon might cause reading disability, that meant the patient can not extract the phonological and semantic information from the mental lexicon. This patient presented some visual perception disorder, but the significance of visual perception still needs further research.

Linguistic Study on Sentences in the Textbooks and Papers of the Neuropsychiatric Community / 신경정신의학

There were many problems related to the regulations of speech and writing, words, meanings, sentences, expressions and paragraphs in the textbooks and papers of the neuropsychiatric community. The Korean orthography, particularly spacing words, the rules of spelling loan word and romanization of Korean were often violated in those literatures. In the aspects of words and meanings, the cases with inappropriate selection of words and vagueness in the sentential meanings were found. Especially, redundant expressions, overuse of the foreign languages and loan words, and unnecessary causative expressions were often found. And also omissions of indispensable constituents, disagreements among the constituents, inappropriate connections occurred in the sentences. The expressions were unnatural because of the overuse of noun phrases and metaphrastic styles, also there were many paragraphs lacking of unity, closeness, and completeness. These problems cause the difficulties in understanding the contents of the writing and deteriorate the credibility of the writing, so the author should improve his abilities to understand and use properly Korean language.

Common Mistakes in Preparing Manuscripts: Review of 21 Original Contributions

BACKGROUND: To analyze orthographic and regulatory mistakes in manuscripts contributed to the Journal of Korean Neurological Association (KNA), and thus to improve the quality of the articles. METHODS: Twenty-one original contributions written in Korean were reviewed and analyzed. They reached me from January to July in 2002 and were at the final editing stage just before being publicated. I analyzed their mistakes according to the Hangul orthographic guidelines and the contribution regulations of KNA. RESULTS: Among the total of 4,586 errors, 3,268 (71.3%) were ortho-graphic and 1,318 (28.7%) regulatory. Orthographic mistakes were mainly in the use of parentheses, selection of terms, and misspelling in the decreasing order. Violations of the contribution regulations were found mainly in tables, references, and figures rather than the body of the articles. CONCLUSIONS: Editorial Committee should make more efforts in the education of Hangul orthography for KNA members. And KNA members should pay particular attention to the mistakes in the orthographic and regulatory aspects to enhance the completeness of the articles.