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Objective There is a growing need to develop human resources with diverse experience, expertise, and a global perspective who can contribute to global rule-making in health. One of the government’s goals is to increase the number of Japanese personnel working for international organizations, but it has not reached the desired level. This study identified the barriers that medical and non-medical professionals have when applying for or working at international organizations, as well as the support measures they expect from the government, to highlight issues and examine employment support measures.Methods A qualitative and descriptive research was conducted based on semi-structured interviews with 20 physicians, nursing professionals, graduates of public health graduate schools, non-medical professionals, students, etc., who were (1) seeking employment with international organizations, (2) currently employed, and (3) previously employed but left.Results The following seven themes were highlighted as barriers to applying for or working at an international organization: 〈issues specific to Japanese society and people〉, 〈concerns about a career in global health〉, 〈discrepancy between a career as a healthcare professional and a career in global health〉, 〈need to strengthen skills〉, 〈preparation for competitive examinations〉, 〈importance of WLB〉, 〈issues inherent in international organizations〉. Conclusion Possible support measures include individual career counseling, seminars on how to survive in international organizations, and seminars for female applicants of child-rearing age, based on the knowledge and experience of current/former employees of international organizations. As for the issues that hinder the dispatch of medical personnel overseas, the first step would be to compare and verify the positive effects that strengthening the overseas dispatch would have on their skills, the workplace environment, and the acceptance of foreign patients. The development and introduction of systems, such as sabbatical and long-term leave, and reinstatement of employment is especially required of global companies and international hospitals.
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Objective: To investigate the wearing of masks and the knowledge of masks among high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission. Methods: From May 14 to 17, 2022, a convenient sampling method was used to conduct an online survey among 963 workers in high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission in Beijing. The behaviors of individual use and wearing masks, the distribution and supervision of the unit, the knowledge of personal mask protection and the subjective feelings of wearing masks were analyzed. The χ(2) test and logistic regression model were used to analyze the influencing factors of the correct selection of masks. Results: The majority of the workers in high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission were male (86.0%, 828/963), age concentration in 18-44 years old (68.2%, 657/963), and the majority of them had college or bachelor degrees (49.4%, 476/963). 79.4%(765/963) of the workers chose the right type of masks, female, 45-59 years old and high school education or above were the risk factors for correct selection of masks (P <0.05). Workers had good behaviors such as wearing/removing masks, but only 10.5% (101/963) could correctly rank the protective effect of different masks. 98.4% (948/963) of the workers believed that their work units had provided masks to their employees, and 99.1% (954/963) and 98.2%(946/963) of them had organized training and supervision on the use of masks, respectively. 47.4%(456/963) of the workers were uncomfortable while wearing masks. Conclusion: The overall selection and use of masks among occupational groups in high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission in China need to be further standardized. It is necessary to strengthen supervision and inspection on the use of masks among occupational groups, and take improvement measures to improve the comfort of wearing masks.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Masks , China , Surveys and Questionnaires , BeijingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To study the variety included in the List of Overseas New Drugs Urgently Needed in Clinic in China and optimization strategy， in order to better meet the needs of patients. METHODS The release process of List of Overseas New Drugs Urgently Needed in Clinic， the characteristics and attributes of the new drugs urgently needed abroad， and the problems in the implementation process were all analyzed to put forward some suggestions for optimizing the List of Overseas New Drugs Urgently Needed in Clinic. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The release process of the List of Overseas New Drugs Urgently Needed in Clinic was roughly divided into incubation stage， preparation stage and implementation stage. The treatment fields of 3 batches of overseas new drugs urgently needed in clinic were relatively concentrated on endocrine and metabolic diseases，tumor and skin diseases. Of included 73 varieties， 50 varieties have been approved for market，and 26 varieties have been included in the medical insurance， 4 varieties were included in the Catalogue of Encouraged Generic Drugs. At present， there are still some problems in our country， such as the shortage monitoring system needs to be established and improved； the linkage with medical insurance is weakened； the encouragement of generic drugs is insufficient. It is necessary to strengthen the cooperation of monitored departments in the shortage of new overseas drugs，establish a medical insurance payment system oriented by clinical value， and improve the incentive mechanism to encourage the imitation of overseas new drugs urgently needed in clinic.
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This study selected the top five general hospitals in the United States of America, collected the practice information of acupuncturists through the official website, and analyzed the professional department, expertise, professional title, education background, residency, fellowship, board certification, etc. of these acupuncturists to understand the practice situation of acupuncturists in the hospitals. The results of the study showed the practice of acupuncturists in the United States of America is improving. With further localization, locally trained acupuncturists have gradually become the main body of acupuncturists; acupuncture treatment is still mainly for analgesia, but the scope of treatment continues to expand, and departments that accept acupuncturists are gradually increasing. However, the group of licensed acupuncturists is still a minority in the group of acupuncturists in the United States of America. Native American physicians still use acupuncture as an alternative option and neglect to obtain a license. The entry barrier for acupuncturists still needs to be raised.
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Introduction The number of Japanese working in developing countries is increasing, and it is critical to understand more clearly their perceived travel risks and ensuing behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate health risk perception, health behavior, and disease prevention among Japanese overseas workers who had lived in low and middle-income countries. Methods A qualitative descriptive design was used. A purposive sample of Japanese (N = 8; [3 men; 5 women]) experienced in sponsored overseas volunteer work were interviewed. Results Three categories emerged from the content analysis of health risk perceptions: pre-overseas travel concerns, increased awareness of travel-related risks, and desire to avoid injury or illness. The related health behaviors and disease preventions were: pre-departure preparatory steps for preventive actions, preventive efforts against injury and illness using available resources, finding a safe hospital, and treatment of health problems. Their health behaviors reflected the extent of activities they had to undertake to protect health when they had limited knowledge of and access to the country’s resources. In the absence of continuous health advice from reliable sources, past experience became important.Conclusions The health risk perceptions of the overseas worker were informed by their past experience and from pre-departure advice, which in turn influenced their pre-departure preparation. Pre-departure and in-country advice could be very important to support the efforts of overseas workers to avoid injury or illness.
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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of health education on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) relating to malaria control among overseas enterprise employees. Methods In September 2019, on-site malaria control health education was conducted among all Chinese employees of a China-funded mining enterprise in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The KAP questionnaire for malaria control was generated on the Questionstar website, and the participants were subjected to two questionnaire surveys prior to and 14 months after health education. After the questionnaires were recovered, all valid questionnaires were divided into 4 groups, including the baseline group (the questionnaires filled out by respondents who received health education and participated in two questionnaire surveys before health education), the loss-to-follow-up group (the questionnaires filled out by respondents who received health education but only participated in the questionnaire survey after health education), the retest group (the questionnaires filled out by respondents who received health education and participated in two questionnaire surveys after health education) and the new group (questionnaires filled out by respondents who did not receive health education and only participated in the questionnaire survey after health education) according to subjects’ receiving health education and participation in two questionnaire surveys. The correct rate of malaria control knowledge, the proportion to good attitudes towards malaria control and the proportion of good practices towards malaria control were compared between the baseline group and the loss-to-follow-up group, between the baseline group and the retest group, and between the retest group and the new group. Results A total of 110 and 142 valid questionnaires were recovered during the two surveys, and the recovery rates were 90.9% and 70.3%, respectively. There were 77, 77, 33, and 65 valid questionnaires recovered from the baseline group, the loss-to-follow-up group, the retest group, and the new group, respectively. There were no significant differences in respondents’ gender, age and educational levels between the baseline group and the loss-to-follow-up group (all P values > 0.05), and there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the mean score of malaria control knowledge (Z = 2.011, P > 0.05), the mean score of attitudes towards malaria control (t = −0.787, P > 0.05) and the mean score of practices towards malaria control (t = −0.787, P > 0.05). There were significant differences between the retest group and the baseline group in terms of the mean score of malaria control knowledge (10.83 vs. 9.79; Z = −4.017, P < 0.05), the mean score of attitudes towards malaria control (29.48 vs. 28.61; Z = −1.981, P < 0.05) and the mean score of practices towards malaria control (6.43 vs. 5.91; Z = −2.499, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the retest group and the new group in terms of gender, age or education levels (all P values > 0.05), and a higher mean score of malaria control knowledge was found in the retest group than in the new group (10.83 vs. 9.81; Z = −2.962, P < 0.05), while no significant differences were seen in the mean score of attitudes towards malaria control (29.48 vs. 30.17; Z = −1.158, P > 0.05) and the mean score of practices towards malaria control (6.43 vs. 6.37; Z = −0.048, P > 0.05) between the two groups. Conclusion Malaria control health education may significantly improve the understanding of malaria control knowledge, positive attitudes towards malaria control and the compliance of practices towards malaria control among overseas enterprise employees.
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Objective@#To analyze the characteristics of individuals positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in a centralized isolation site for people entering China in Huzhou City of Zhejiang Province from December 18, 2021 to January 12, 2022, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of overseas imported COVID-19. @*Methods@#The basic characteristics, nucleic acid detection and epidemiological investigations were collected from individuals positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in a centralized isolation site for people entering China from December 18, 2021 to January 12, 2022, and the temporal distribution, population distribution, source of importation, and virus typing were descriptively analyzed.@*Results @#From December 18, 2021 to January 12, 2022, a total of 2 974 individuals in 19 flights were recorded in this centralized isolation site, and 33 cases were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, including 21 confirmed cases with common type, 9 confirmed cases with mild type, and 3 cases with asymptomatic infections. There were 11 cases with Omicron infections ( 33.33% ), 5 cases with Delta infections ( 15.15% ), and 17 cases with infection of unidentified types ( 51.52% ). The median interval ( interquartile range ) from the time of entry to the time of a positive test was 4.0 ( 7.0 ) days among all positive cases, 0 ( 4.0 ) day among cases with Omicron infections and 4.5 ( 8.5 ) days among cases with infections of Delta and unidentified types. The positive cases had a mean age of ( 36.97±8.58 ) years, and included 27 men (81.82%). There were 30 cases ( 90.91% ) receiving two and more doses of COVID-19 vaccines, and 7 cases ( 21.21% ) with a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infections. There were 19 cases ( 57.58% ) from African countries, and 7 of 11 cases with Omicron infections were imported from African countries.@*Conclusion@#Omicron infection was predominant among individuals positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in this centralized isolation site for people entering China from December 18, 2021 to January 12, 2022, with no severe cases detected, and most positive cases were imported from African countries.
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@#Objective To study the clinical characteristics of overseas imported and related local COVID-19 patients in Chengdu. Methods Fifty overseas imported patients who were Chinese and 14 related local patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu from November to December 2020 were selected. The epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, treatment and prognosis were summarized and analyzed. Results The local group were older, and they were mostly elderly and females (P≤0.05). Compared with the imported group, the proportion of the local group was higher in heart disease and tumor. More patients had cough, fever and expectoration symptoms (P≤0.05). C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose and fibrinogen were higher, and the lymphocyte count, blood platelet count, CD3+ T lymphocyte count, CD4+ T lymphocyte count, CD8+ T lymphocyte count were lower. The positive rate of novel coronavirus total antibody, IgG antibody and IgM antibody in the imported group were higher than those in the local group (P≤0.05). The negative conversion time of the median nucleic acid was shorter than that of local patients (P≤0.05). Conclusion There are differences in sex ratio, age, complications, clinical manifestations, lymphocyte measurement value, T lymphocyte count and negative conversion time of nucleic acid between overseas imported and local COVID-19 patients in Chengdu. The local patients are mostly elderly and have more complicated conditions, but all of them have good prognosis.
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Objective:With the fast increasing of patent applications and authorizations in the field of pharmaceutical industry in China, it is of great significance to deploy the international market in advance. This study takes the overseas patent application work of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University as an example, to explore feasible methods that suitable for research-oriented hospitals to help high-value patents enter the international market.Methods:Based on the working procedures and common ways of overseas patents declared by Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from 2018 to 2020, this study analyzes the process of international applications of scientific of technological innovation achievements of research-oriented hospitals and summarizes the elements of patent application through working practices.Results:A standardized international patent application approach in public hospitals should include the following six parts: value evaluation before international patent filing, selection of the country when entering the national phase, professional assistance of patent agency company, hospital internal audit process, multi-channel access to intellectual property management and operating capital support, professional talent team construction.Conclusions:A set of standardized procedures for the application of overseas patents in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University can help high-value patents enter the advanced market, which is operable and worthy for further generalization in other research hospitals.
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In order to meet our country strategic needs of “The Belt and Road”, it was proposed to use the existing overseas warehouses from domestic companies as prepositioning locations. The situation and functionality were clarified. A comprehensive evaluation for the existing overseas warehouses in the Indian Ocean was conducted. The authors screened out several countries suitable for prepositioning medicinal supplies. Meanwhile, the potential problems were discussed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the future research on overseas medicinal supplies.
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Due to the problems of language barriers and cultural differences existing in the current clinical practice teaching activities of overseas students, this study proposes to divide the oversea students and Chinese students into bilingual mixed groups in the ward rounds teaching. Through the selection of typical cases and the application of flipped classroom, the Chinese and English versions of learning materials related to disease are provided to the interns for learning in advance, and the oversea students and Chinese students are requested to complete the history and auxiliary examination data collection in Chinese and English in cooperation, and then the teacher leads the group to carry out ward rounds teaching, including bedside English history report, physical examination, case analysis, discussion and summary, so as to improve the participation enthusiasm of overseas students and also improve the teaching effects.
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This paper introduces the characteristics and classification of “virtual reality (VR)” technology. Based on the “VR” training plan, training target, training stage and training mode of US army medical staff, combined with the current difficulties and challenges from the medical service work in PLA overseas base, this paper proposes some enlightenment for the construction and training of medical service force in base, so as to provide a reference for improving the medical service support capacity.
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Objective To analyze the characteristics of “Mission Harmony” overseas medical services and medical consumable requisitions, so as to provide reasonable and scientific advice for preparing future “Mission Harmony”overseas medical consumables and to scientifically and reasonably design the proportions of the medical consumable for each department. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on the person times of medical services, medical consumable requisitions and distribution proportion of medical consumable for each department based on “Mission Harmony-2017” overseas medical services in eight countries and “Mission Harmony-2018” overseas medical services at 18 service sites in 10 countries. Results A total of 110 983 patients received diagnosis and treatment, 587 patients received surgical treatment, and 454 patients were hospitalized during the two missions. Department deployment before departure of the hospital ship was the peak period of medical consumable requisitions (43.80%, 241 543/551 510). The basic medical consumables were mainly applied during the overseas medical services (49.72%, 274 225/551 510). Specialized medical consumables were mainly applied during the department deployment period (11.43%, 63 046/551 510). The medical consumables were mainly applied by the General Department of the Outpatient Department (42.39%, 233 811/551 510), Operation Room (22.99%, 126 784/551 510), and the Ward (9.67%, 53 319/551 510), while Imaging Department was the main auxiliary department to apply (4.19%, 23 085/551 510). During the periods of department deployment and overseas medical services, there were significant differences in basic medical consumables and specialized medical consumables in the General Department, Stomatology Department, Ophthalmology Department, Gynecology Department, Laboratory Department, Special Examination Room, Imaging Department, Sterilization and Supply Department, Operation Room, Ward, and others (all P<0.01). During the department deployment period, the General Department, Gynecology Department, Laboratory Department, Special Examination Room, Operation Room, Ward, and others mainly applied for basic medical consumables, while Stomatology Department, Ophthalmology Department, Imaging Department and Sterilization and Supply Department mainly applied for specialized medical consumables. During the period of overseas medical services, the General Department, Stomatology Department, Ophthalmology Department, Gynecology Department, Laboratory Department, Special Examination Room, Sterilization and Supply department, Operation Room, Ward, and others mainly applied for basic medical consumables, while the Imaging Department mainly applied for specialized medical consumables. Conclusion Different departments have different requisitions on medical consumables at different task stages. It is necessary to strengthen the management of consumables and improve the pertinence of requisition and distribution of consumables. The consumption and distribution proportions of medical consumables in each department can provide reference for the preparation, requisition and distribution for future tasks.
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Objective@#To conduct an epidemiological investigation on a cluster of overseas imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in Qingtian County, Lishui,so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19 imported from abroad. @*Methods@#According to the COVID-19 Prevention and Control Program (FiFth Edition) issued by National Health Commission of China,a field investigation was employed and the close contacts of the case were tracked down ;the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was performed to detect the nucleic acid of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the sputum specimens or throat swabs of cases;the epidemiological characteristics,source of infection,route of transmission and disposal of the cluster were analyzed. @*Results@#From March 1 to March 6,2020,eight confirmed cases and one asymptomatic case of COVID-19 were reported. Their median age was 33 years old. The nine cases all had no fever,no decrease in leukocyte and lymphocyte levels,and the clinical symptoms of seven cases were not obvious. The asymptomatic case had been tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 for six times,but had been weakly positive for IgM antibody and strongly positive for IgG antibody. Nine cases were all the employees of the same restaurant in Begamo,Italy. They lived in three independent villas and usually had lunch and dinner in the restaurant where they worked. Begamo had COVID-19 epidemic,but the staff of the restaurant did not take any protective measures such as wearing masks and environmental disinfection. Eight cases reported to have cold symptoms in Italy during mid February. Through a closed-loop management of“all people,all sites,all chains ”,such as treatment of current cases,screening and isolation of close contacts and health education,totally 372 close contacts were traced back,yet no fever or respiratory symptoms have been found. @*Conclusions @# It was a cluster of COVID-19 cases imported from abroad. The clinical symptoms of the cases were not obvious. Qingtian County adopted the closed-loop management in time,and effectively controlled the spread of the epidemic. No second-generation cases have been found.
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China has started to accept the overseas clinical trial data about drug and medical devices, and the data in accordance with the requirements can be used to register in China. To do this work well, we should consider four key dimensions: data acceptance principle, data quality and reliability, data evaluation usability and data international difference. Among them, the authenticity, integrity, accuracy and traceability of data are the main factors to determine the quality reliability of data. Receiving data from overseas clinical trials about drug and medical devices will be conducive to the establishment of international mutual recognition system for clinical trial data, and to enhance the importance of data management in domestic clinical trials, and to promote the formation of quality management system on clinical trial data.
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Since the COVID-19 epidemic broke out in Wuhan, medical institutions in different parts the country have experienced personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages at different levels. The situation is especially severe in the coronavirus epicenter. Overseas donation is one of the effective methods to ease the shortage of protective equipment. Based on the practice of Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the article discussed the difficulties and risks for public hospitals to receive overseas donations, summarized experience and proposed suggestions which can be used as reference for other public hospitals and related departments.
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Background: Travel insurance represents the most important safety measure for travellers in case of unfortunate events incurred during travel abroad. There are many travel insurance companies which offer services to residents of their state under a wide range of terms and regulations. Objective: This study attempts to explore the different types of medical coverage policies offered by travel insurance organizations operating in the Republic of Ireland. Methods: A web-based content analysis using the Google search engine was performed. Results: Total 16 travel insurance policies were identified for analysis. Each insurance policy identified provides a different travel health cover plans to policyholders, particularly tourists embarking on international journeys. The variance in medical coverage offered by the insurance companies depends on their business strategy and product differentiation. There were differences among the companies offering travel medical insurance. Total 6 out of 16 medical travel plans in the Irish market offer cover for pre-existing conditions provided that clients submit themselves for medical screening tests and pay higher premiums. Only 4 companies offer cover to older travellers and there are 2 travel insurers who specifically excluded acute mental illnesses in their basic cover plan. Conclusion: All the insurance firms within the Irish market insure unexpected illnesses or disorders, dental care, funeral services costs in the event of death, and medical evacuations. However, few policies consider covering unlisted medical conditions such as cancer, mental and heart disorders unless the traveller pays extra premiums.
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In recent years, the number of overseas students has increased sharply because of the growing international influence of China. How to improve their perception of Chinese culture and how to turn them into the outward expresser of Chinese local traditional culture have become new topics regarding to the traditional issue of China’s culture internationalization. Taking the research on international promotion of Ba-yu culture among overseas student community as an entry point, this paper explores the cultural experience guarantee mechanism for overseas students in China with the purpose of strengthening the ideological understanding and providing some feasible suggestions for the government and related cultural promotion departments on financial input, organization management, favorable policies, etc.
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Teaching objects included in this study were overseas students from different countries, whose main courses were western medicine, but also with Traditional Chinese Medicine as their compulsory course. In addition, their study levels were quite different. The theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, especially the five elements and yin-yang theory, is the key and difficult point of teaching. During teaching, teachers should pay attention to explain the profound meaning in simple language and use different ways to explain, which can be better accepted. Most teachers are clinicians, therefore, the measures to improve their teaching levels should be taken. Last but not least, teaching methods focusing on students and reasonable teaching tools should be adopted, so as to improve the quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine learning of overseas students.
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Objective Through the investigation of the research funding status of returnees before and after their long-term (more than 3 months) study at abroad in a three class hospital,this paper analyzed the influence of the hospital level initial funding to help young talent to obtain scientific research funding,discussed appropriate measurement to enhance the scientific research capacity of hospital young talents to provide reference for management.Methods Long-term sponsored study abroad returnees from 2005 to 2015 of this hospital were recruited as subjects,divided into two groups according to whether they got the hospital-level initial funding after returning,comparative analysis was conducted to understand the influence of such funding to help obtaining subsequent research projects of these young talents.Results The number of subjects per capita returned to the obtained group was higher than that of the non obtained group,and the proportion of high-level subjects at provincial and ministerial levels was higher than that of the non-obtained group (P＜0.05),and the average time interval between the groups after returning home was less than that of the non-obtained group (P＜0.05).Conclusions The hospital-level initial funding for overseas returnee can obviously improve the quality and speed of the subsequent projects of the young talents in the hospital,and have a significant positive effect on mobilizing the enthusiasm for scientific research,improving their scientific re search ability,and improving the overall scientific research level and competitiveness of the hospital.