ABSTRACT
El morbillivirus de los Delfines (DMV) es uno de los agentes más patógenos de los cetáceos; descrito por primera vez a finales de los años 80, y desde entonces ha venido causando brotes que afectan no sólo a las poblaciones de delfines sino también a las de otros cetáceos tanto en las costas de los EEUU como del mediterráneo. En la presente revisión se realizó una búsqueda de literatura científica en MedLine, SciELO, Scopus® y Google Scholar sin límite de fecha, usando descriptores tales como Cetacean morbillivirus, Pilot Whale morbillivirus, Dolphin morbilivirus, strandings, con el objetivo de presentar una actualización crítica sobre los aspectos básicos, clínicos y epidemiológicos de una de las infecciones emergentes más importantes para la fauna cetácea mundial, haciendo especial énfasis en las alternativas actuales para su diagnóstico y control. Con base en la información recopilada se concluye que hace falta no solo estudiar y cuantificar los varamientos, sino desarrollar conciencia sobre la importancia de la infección en los cetáceos y poner en marcha de planes efectivos de control que permitan mantener estas poblaciones en equilibrio biológico.
Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) is one of the most important pathogen of cetaceans. It was first described in the late 80s, since has been causing outbreaks that affects dolphin populations and also in other cetaceans in the U.S. and in the Mediterranean sea. We conducted a bibliographic search in MedLine, SciELO, Scopus® and Google Scholar without timeline limits using MeSH terms such as Cetacean morbillivirus, Pilot Whale morbillivirus, Dolphin morbillivirus, Strandings, etc., with the aim of provide a critical update on basic, clinical and epidemiological aspects of one of the most important emerging infections for cetacean wildlife, with particular emphasis on the current alternatives for diagnosis and control. Based on the information gathered we concluded that there is not only a need to study and quantify the strandings, but we need to develop awareness of the importance of this viral infection in cetaceans and to apply effective management plans that maintain those populations in biological balance.
O morbillivirus dos Golfinhos (DMV) é um dos mais importantes agentes patógenos dos cetáceos; foi descrita pela primeira vez no final dos anos 80, e desde entáo tem provocado surtos que afetam tanto as populac.5es de golfinhos quanto as de outros cetáceos nas duas regioes litorais dos EUA mesmo que no mediterráneo. Nesta revisáo, a pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada no Medline, Scielo, Scopus e Google Scholar®, usando descritores como Cetacean morbillivirus , Pilot Whale morbillivirus, Dolphin morbilivirus, strandings, objetivando apresentar uma atualizacáo crítica e básica dos aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos das infectes emergentes mais importantes para a vida dos cetáceos no mundo, fazendo especial énfase nas atuais alternativas de diagnostico y controle. Concluísse, na base destas informacoes que além de estudar e quantificar os animais encalhados deve se desenvolver a consciéncia da importáncia da infeccáo em cetáceos e implementar planos de gestáo eficazes que mantenham as populacoes em equilibrio biológico.
ABSTRACT
Nipah virus, a member of the genus Henipavirus, a new class of virus in the Paramyxoviridae family, has drawn attention as an emerging zoonotic virus in south east and south asian region. Case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection ranges from 40-70% although it has been as high as 100% in some outbreaks. Many of the outbreaks were attributed to pigs consuming fruits partially eaten by fruit bats, and transmission of infection to humans. In Bangladesh, 7 outbreaks of Nipah virus infection were identified during the period 2001–2007. In Bangladesh, Nipah virus infection was associated with contact with a sick cow, consumption of fresh date palm sap (potentially contaminated with pteropid bat saliva), and person-to-person transmission. In the most recent epidemic at least 15 people died due to Nipah virus infection in Hatibandha, Lalmonirhat district in a remote northern Bangladesh town in 2011 adding to the previous death toll of 113 in the country . Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Infected people initially develop influenzalike symptoms of fever, headaches, myalgia , vomiting and sore throat. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis. Some people can also experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems. The virus is detected by ELISA, PCR, immunofluoroscent assay and isolation by cell culture. Treatment is mostly symptomatic and supportive as the effect of antiviral drugs is not satisfactory, and an effective vaccine is yet to be developed. So the very high case fatality addresses the need for adequate and strict control and preventive measures.