Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación / Resistance to Peer Pressure for Cigarette Smoking in University Students: Scale Adaptation and Validation / Escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarros em universitários: adaptação e validação

Introducción: la influencia o presión de pares que fuman es uno de los principales factores por los que los estudiantes universitarios inician el consumo del cigarro convencional; sin embargo, no se ha encontrado un instrumento que evalúe este fenómeno. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue adaptar y validar la Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional. Materiales y métodos: participaron 237 estudiantes universitarios del estado de Nuevo León (México), de 18 a 24 años. Se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio, análisis de confiabilidad, correlación de Spearman y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: el 63.3 % de los estudiantes fueron mujeres y la media de edad fue de 19.66 años. Se identificaron dos factores con un total de 13 ítems. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.81. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los distintos tipos de consumidores de cigarro convencional y los puntajes de la escala de resistencia a la presión de pares (H[4] = 23.85; p < 0.001). Conclusiones: la nueva versión de la Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional evidenció adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la presión que ejercen los pares en estudiantes universitarios para el consumo de cigarro convencional

Introduction: Influence or peer pressure is one of the leading factors in developing cigarette smoking habits in university students; however, no effective strategy to assess this phenomenon has been developed yet. This study aimed to adapt and validate the peer pressure resistance scale to conventional cigarette consumption. Materials and methods: A total of 237 university students from the Nuevo León State (Mexico), aged 18­24 years, were enrolled. Exploratory factor and reliability analyses, the Spearman correlation, and the Kruskal­Wallis test were performed. Results: 63.3% of the students were women, and the mean age was 19.66 years. The exploratory analysis extracted two factors with a total of 13 items. A Cronbach's Alpha of 0.81 was found. Statistically significant differences were found between the different types of conventional cigarette users and peer pressure resistance scale scores [H(4) = 23.85; p < .001] were found. Conclusions: The peer pressure resistance scale showed appropriate psychometric properties for assessing the peer pressure to smoke conventional cigarettes in university students.

Introdução: a influência ou pressão dos pares que fumam é um dos principais fatores que levam os universitários a começarem a fumar cigarros convencionais, porém não foi encontrado nenhum instrumento para avaliar esse fenômeno. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi adaptar e validar a escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarro convencional. Materiais e métodos: participaram 237 estudantes universitários do estado de Nuevo León, México, de 18 a 24 anos. Foram realizadas análise fatorial exploratória, análise de confiabilidade, correlação de Spearman e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: 63,3% dos alunos eram mulheres e a média de idade foi de 19,66 anos. Dois fatores foram identificados com um total de 13 itens. Obteve-se um alfa de Cronbach de 0,81. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre os diferentes tipos de usuários de cigarros convencionais e as pontuações na escala de resistência à pressão dos pares (H(4) = 23,85; p < 0,001). Conclusões: a nova versão da escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarros convencionais apresentou propriedades psicométricas adequadas para avaliar a pressão exercida pelos pares sobre os universitários para o consumo de cigarros convencionais

Evaluation of knowledge, prevalence and effects of opioid abuse among undergraduate students in a public university

In Nigeria currently, opioids are the second most widely used substances among young individuals after cannabis. A review of several literatures reported the prevalence of drug abuse, especially tramadol and codeine, among Nigerian students as 20% - 40%. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, prevalence, factors and effects associated with opioid abuse among final year undergraduate students. A cross- sectional study was carried out at a public University. A validated questionnaire was self-administered to 395 respondents. Data obtained were organized and analysed with Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics was done; frequencies and proportions were used to summarize variables of interest. Chi square test was done for association between variables and opioid abuse. Ethical considerations were observed. A response rate of 98.48% was obtained from the respondents. A total of 101 (26%) respondents used opioids. The most popular opioids abused among the respondents are codeine and tramadol (60 and 63 respondents respectively). A total of 5 respondents used heroin, 3 use pentazocine while only 1 respondent uses oxycodone and morphine. It was observed that majority of the users were males (76%). Peer pressure was the major factor, effects of opioid abuse observed were drowsiness, absence from lectures, examinations and altered daily activities (eating, sleeping and mood). The study revealed a good knowledge of opioid drugs and a high prevalence of opioid abuse among final year students. Tramadol and codeine were the most abused opioids among the respondents. Major effects of opioid abuse were alteration in daily functions and absence from academic activities.

Social Factors Contributing to Substance Abuse: A Narrative Analysis

Background: India has seen a rise in the use of substance abuse. A national survey in 2019 showed that around 2.1% of the country’s population uses opioids and 2.8% of Indians between the ages 10-75 use cannabis. In order to prevent substance related disorders it is necessary to get in-depth understanding of the various social factors leading to the use of substance use. Methodology: The researcher used Narrative Analysis to gather data from 4 individuals through the use of semi-structured interview. The participants were undergoing treatment at a rehabilitation center in Mumbai. Results: Through narrative analysis 3 common themes namely, friends (peer pressure), curiosity and parental neglect were identified. There were 3 unique themes identified- stamina/booster, bad neighbourhood and resentment towards family. Conclusions: This research identifies some common themes that can help those working in the field of mental health to focus on those areas while working with young children and their families. This research shows the importance of teaching assertiveness training to young children to prevent them from trying substances. The parents need to be trained and informed about various parenting styles and how to develop secure attachment styles with children. This research also paves the way for further research by identifying which other parental styles leads substance abuse

Relationship between Peer Pressure and Initiation of Smoking and Alcoholism among the College‑Going Students of Kolkata: A Case–Control Study

Introduction: Substance abuse is now steadily increasing in the adolescent age group across the globe. Pressure to blend in with substance‑using peers is an important predictor of substance abuse among adolescents. Smoking and alcohol intake are the two most common forms of substance abuse. Hence, this study tried to explore the effect of peer pressure on both substance users and nonusers and tried to find the adjusted effect of that pressure on substance abuse focused on smoking and alcohol intake. Materials and Methods: Acase–control study was conducted on college‑going students from various colleges and institutions in Kolkata during September and October 2021. The sample size for this case–control study was calculated taking confidence level at 99% and power 90%. Case and control ratio was taken as 1:1. Age‑based matching was ensured. Further matching among the cases and controls was done based on gender. Data were collected by investigators using a pretested self‑administered questionnaire that particularly focused on peer pressure along with some demographic factors. The questionnaire was distributed via electronic media and was circulated on various social platforms. A modified Peer Pressure Inventory containing 8 factors was created to evaluate the effect of peer pressure, and the Likert scale was used to score the responses of the participants. The odds ratio for the effect of peer pressure on smoking and drinking was calculated with a 99% confidence interval separately. Risk calculation was performed by multiple logistic regression to describe predictability and adjusted odds ratio of peer pressure on initiation of substance abuse. Results: The odds of the effect of peer pressure on initiation of drinking are 24.008 times higher. We also found that 53.62% of the cases have been drinking alcohol for at least 12 months. The odds of peer influence on initiating smoking tobacco were calculated to be 31.320. We found that 84.38% of the smokers had been subjected to significant peer pressure while 85.29% of the control subjects had not been subjected to significant peer pressure. Conclusion: Odds of peer pressure on smoking and alcohol initiation is quite high. Staying alone for more time has a protective effect on initiation of substance abuse.

Exploring the Pathway towards Depression among Working Married Women � A Qualitative Study Done In Urban Area of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu

Introduction: Globally, around 264 million people suffer from depression according to World Health Organization (WHO). As per the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), in the year 2015-2016, one in 20 people over the age of 18 years have ever had depression in India amounting to 45 million persons with depression in the year 2015. This study aimed to find out the self-perceived reasons of depression among married working women residing in an urban area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Methodology: This is a qualitative study done on married working urban women above 18 years of age visiting an UHTC of a private medical college at Anakaputhur. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess whether they have depression. Data was collected by in-depth interviews, and it was recorded and transcribed verbatim. Results: Based on the responses obtained from the participants the following themes and subthemes are formed like Workplace factors, Factors related to family, social factors and Mental Health seeking behaviour. Among the workplace factors job satisfaction, long working hours and relationship with peers were common reasons elicited. Conclusion: Most of these problems could be overcome only if the society changes their mentality about women and practice gender equality and social justice.

Assessment of depression and its correlates among college students in Rishikesh Uttarakhand

Background: Depression is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Objective: To assess the levels of depression and its correlate among college students in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Methodology: Community based cross sectional study was conducted from February 2018 to April 2018 among 126 students of a Government PG College Rishikesh belonging to age 18 -26 years. A pre-validated semi- structured pretested Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was applied for this purpose. Results: Mean age of the participants was 22.84±1.5 years. Overall prevalence of depression among study population was 74.60% among them 4% were severely depressed. 58% of females and 40% males had suicidal ideations. Majority of participants were stressed with the undue peer pressure followed by career pressure. Physical activity for atleast 30 minutes a day for 5 days in a week was found to be significantly (p<0.02, odds ratio 0.20 (0.06-0.7 at 95%CI) beneficial for depression. Conclusion: Depression is prevalent among college going population. Peer pressure, academic stress, career pressure, financial stress in home, undue parental expectations on students are associated with depression among college going students.

Smoking and Peer Preference in College Students: an exploratory study

Background: Smoking in adolescents is related to multiple factors like genetics, family variables and peerpreference and influence. The aim of the following study was to study the prevalence of smoking and age ofinitiation college students while comparing peer preferences in smoker and non-smoker college students.Methods: 100 college students were divided on the basis of current smoking status into two groups. Thesetwo groups were administered the Evers-Pasquale peer preference test and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey(GYTS). Sociodemographic variables were assessed using a semi-structured proforma. The data was thenstatistically analysed.Results: The prevalence of current smoking was 54%. Almost 44% of college students had initiated smokingat or after 16 years of age, whereas only 4% of the entire sample had initiated smoking before 10 years ofage. Close to one fifth (18.52%) of current smokers smoked daily and smoked cigarettes first in morningsuggesting dependence. Students who currently smoked were most likely to engage in any activity in thecompany of best friends, followed by cool friends (p = 0.0001).Conclusion: Smoking and peer pressure are linked and there is a need for tobacco intervention programmesto be directed at adolescent specific factors. Further research is needed to understand other factors promotingsmoking like personality factors, social influence, genetic factors etc.

A study on substance abuse among male undergraduate students of medical college, Kanpur.

Introduction: According to the 2009 Global Health Risks report, substance abuse is one of the top 20 factors for death and disability worldwide. Globally, there is an increasing trend for people to use multiple substances, either together or at different times, which is likely to further increase the risks. This study was undertaken to know out the prevalence of substance abuse among male undergraduate students and to find out any influencing factor. Material & Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among male undergraduate students of G.S.V.M Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh in 2015. Data was recorded in a pre-designed and pretested questionnaire and analyzed using standard statistical tools Results: Nearly 40.5% of students accepted substance abuse. Peer pressure (41.97%) and anxiety or stress (37.03%) were the commonest reasons for initiation. Substance abuse by parents was found to be significantly associated with substance abuse by students (P<.001). Conclusion: Substance abuse is prevalent among male medical undergraduates. Peer pressure followed by anxiety or stress were the commonest reasons for initiation. Substance abuse by parents increases the likelihood of substance abuse by students.

Smoking behaviour among young doctors of a tertiary care hospital in North India.

Background: Tobacco use is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. There are more than one billion smokers in the world. Almost half of the world's children breathe air polluted by tobacco. Aim of current study was to study the smoking trends among young doctors in a tertiary care institute in north India. Methods: A descriptive observational cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 250 doctors of a tertiary care Hospital in Jammu & Kashmir (Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, SKIMS) during the two months of February-March, 2014. The predesigned tool adopted during data collection was a questionnaire that was developed at the institute with the assistance from the faculty members and other experts. Results: Among 250 participants, (20%) were smokers; among smokers, (76%) were regular smokers and (24%) were occasional smokers. Majority of smokers were in the age group of 21-30 years (80%) & started smoking between 11-20 years (70%). All of them were male (100%). No significant difference was observed among urban and rural students. Among smokers, majority (60%) was in the practice of smoking for last 6 months to 1 year and 26% smoked for <6 months; & (14%) smoked for more than 5 years .It was found more than half of the responding (60%) students used to smoke 5-9 cigarettes per day; 14% is <5 and 26% consumed 10 or more per day .Among smokers, peer pressure was found in 80% cases. (χ2 = 107, P <0.001). Among smokers, almost 20% had other addiction and among non-smokers only 5% had .Effect of parental smoking was significantly higher in smokers than non-smoker (χ2 = 66.2, P <0.001) .It was seen that peer pressure was the most important risk factor (60%) of initiation of smoking habit followed by parental influence (20%). Majority (78.4%) had no intention to quit in the next 6 months. Lack of Incentive (36.36%) and Addiction (27.27%) were the main reasons for not quitting. Conclusion: We need to create more awareness regarding hazards of smoking in general population especially in medical students, and afterwards provide psychological and pharmacological support for those who intend to quit, as medical students can themselves become a tool to fight this hazard at all levels.

Escala de resistencia a la presión de los amigos para el consumo de alcohol / Scale of Resistance to Peer Pressure to Alcohol Consumption

En México el consumo de alcohol se ha incrementado principalmente en los adolescentes. Aunque se ha demostrado que la habilidad de resistencia a la presión de pares es un factor que protege al joven del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas, aún no se cuenta con un instrumento que evalúe dicha habilidad específicamente para el consumo de alcohol. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y validar una escala que evalúa la resistencia a la presión de pares, específicamente para el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de nivel medio y medio superior de la ciudad de México; además se evaluó si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el nivel de resistencia por sexo y por nivel de consumo de alcohol. La muestra fue no probabilística y estuvo conformada por 900 estudiantes de nivel medio (38.6%) y medio superior (61.4%) de la Ciudad de México (42.9% hombres y 57.1% mujeres) con una media de edad de 15.6 años (de=2.5). Mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio se obtuvo un solo factor de seis reactivos con buen nivel de confiabilidad, posteriormente se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio el cual tuvo buenos índices de ajuste y mantuvo los seis reactivos. Las mujeres mostraron mayor resistencia a la presión de pares que los hombres y se encontró que los jóvenes que tienen un déficit en la habilidad de resistir a la presión de pares presentan mayores niveles de consumo de alcohol, por lo que es importante el fortalecimiento de dicha habilidad en programas de prevención.

In Mexico alcohol consumption has increased mainly in adolescents. It has been identified that the ability to resist peer pressure can be a factor that protects the young from alcohol, tobacco and drugs, although this does not have an instrument to assess the skill specifically for alcohol. The aim of this work was to design and validate a scale that assesses the ability to resist peer pressure specifically for alcohol in public high schools and college students from Mexico City, and assessed whether there were significant differences in the resistance level by gender and level of alcohol consumption. The sample was not random and consisted of 900 public high schools (38.6%) and college (61.4%) students of Mexico City (42.9% men and 57.1% women) with a average age was 15.6 years (sd = 2.5). Exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor of six items with good level of reliability, afterwards was a confirmatory factor analysis in which the fit indices performed well and kept the six items. Women showed greater resistance to peer pressure than men and it was found that young people who have a deficit in the ability to resist peer pressure have higher levels of alcohol consumption so it is important to strengthen that skill in prevention programs.

Resistencia a la presión de grupo y consumo de alcohol en 50 jóvenes universitarios entre los 16 Y 22 años de la Universidad de San Buenaventura Medellín, extensión ibagué / Resistance to peer pressure and alcohol consume in 50 university students between 16 and 22 years of St. Bonaventure University - head office medellin, Ibagué extention

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir la correlación entre la presión del grupo y el consumo de alcohol en 50 jóvenes universitarios entre los 16 y 22 años estudiantes de la Universidad San Buenaventura Medellín extensión Ibagué en convenio con la Fundación Universitaria San Martín, para lo cual se aplicó el cuestionario de resistencia a la presión de grupo y consumo de alcohol (CRPG) el cual divide la presión de grupo bajo tres componentes: presión de grupo directa, presión de grupo indirecta y nivel de presión percibido. De acuerdo a los hallazgos se encontró que hombres y mujeres presentan puntajes altos (84%) en la resistencia ante la presión de grupo aun cuando evidencian un consumo elevado de alcohol (80%) y de no consumo (20%). La frecuencia de consumo en ambos es moderado (60%) y las bebidas que prevalecen son: la cerveza (42%), el aguardiente (21%) y el ron (16%).

The present study aims to describe the correlation between peer pressure and alcohol consumption in 50 university students between 16 and 22 years old, students from the Universidad San Buenaventura Medellin, Ibague Extension in partnership with the Fundacion Universitaria San Martin, for which the Questionnaire of Resistance to Peer Pressure and alcohol consumption (CRPG) was applied, which measures the pressure of the group under three components: direct peer pressure, indirectly peer pressure and pressure level perceived. According to the findings was evident that men and women have high scores (84%) in resistance to peer pressure even if evidence of heavy alcohol consumption (80%) and non-consumption (20%). The frequency of consumption is moderate in both (60%) and beverages that are prevalent: beer (42%), spirits (21%) and rum (16%).

The effects of social networks on tobacco use among high-school adolescents in Mexico / Efectos de redes sociales sobre el uso de tabaco en adolescentes de preparatoria en México

OBJECTIVE: To identify the effect of centrality in social network positions on tobacco-use among high-school adolescents in Tonala, Jalisco, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal sociometric social network data were collected among 486 high-school adolescents in 2003 and 399 in 2004. The survey included: social network components, smoking and sociodemographic characteristics. Social network measures of centrality were calculated and multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: Ever used tobacco (OR= 44.98), marginalized-low stratum (OR= 2.16) and in-degree (OR=1.10) predicted tobacco use. Out-degree (OR= 0 .89) and out-in-degree (OR= 0.90) protected against tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Nominating more friends rather than receiving such nominations was protective for tobacco use. Popular students, those receiving many nominations, were at higher risk for tobacco use. Involvement of leaders with capacity to influence might be an efficient strategy for dissemination of preventive messages.

OBJETIVO: Identificar el efecto de posiciones de centralidad de la red social sobre el uso de tabaco en adolescentes de preparatoria en Tonalá, Jalisco. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal de redes sociales sociométricas. Participaron 486 bachilleres (2003) y 399 (2004). La encuesta incluyó: componentes de redes sociales, tabaquismo y características sociodemográficas. Se calcularon medidas de centralidad de redes sociales y utilizó regresión logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: El consumo alguna vez de tabaco (RM= 44.98), estrato socioeconómico marginado-bajo (RM= 2.16) y vínculos recibidos (RM=1.10) predijeron el tabaquismo; mientras que los vínculos enviados (RM= 0.89) y la diferencia entre vínculos enviados y recibidos (RM= 0.90) protegieron contra el tabaquismo. CONCLUSIÓN: Nombrar más amigos que ser nombrado por otros protegió contra el tabaquismo. Los estudiantes populares, aquellos con muchos nombramientos, tuvieron mayor riesgo de ser consumidores. La inclusión de líderes con influencia podría ser una estrategia eficiente en la diseminación de mensajes preventivos.

Smoking practices among medical students of Jamnagar.

Background: College students may start smoking when they are away from family or with peer pressure or as a curiosity. This is the commonest time to habit formation. Objectives: To study practices of smoking and behavior changes in medical student and to find out factors associated with smoking. Material and Methods: A Cross study was conducted among the 200 medical students of Shri M.P.Shah Medical College, Jamnagar from different batches who were ready to participate and to give response. Study period was15/01/2007 to 30/01/2007 by pretested oral questionnaire method. Statistical analysis was done by excel software. Results: 18.5% students were smoker, 67.55% smokers’ fathers were smoking, and 56.75% of student had history of smoking for more than 6 months. Peers played a major role in initiation of smoking in 70.27% of smokers. 54.05% of students started smoking to relieve exam stress. 56.75% students wanted to quit smoking. Increased smoking frequency was observed in 78.37% students during exam periods. Conclusions: Smoking was significant problem among the male medical students and usually started by peer pressure or family history or exam stress.

Tobacco Addiction Amongst Adolescents in Rural Areas of District Wardha

The present study was conducted in order to find out the use of tobacco amongst adolescents in a village of Wardha district. From the total 2200 population covered, 474 (21.54%) were adolescents {boys 216 (45.57%) and girls 258 (54.43%)}. Majority of the adolescent boys and girls were from unitary family. About 152 boys (70.37%) were using tobacco and remaining boys were non-user of tobacco. About 70 girls were using tobacco and 188 were non-users. Majority of the boys were engaged in tobacco chewing and smoking (69.74% & 17.1% respectively), whereas majority of the girls were found to be practicing other methods of tobacco use (Nas / Mishri, etc.). The exposure of the habit of tobacco use in adolescent was influenced by various factors like peer pressure, friends, elders, boys trying to follow hero images, feel great and powerful when smoking and for fun.