ABSTRACT
Plant metabolites are important for plant development and human health. Plants of celery (Apiumgraveolens L.) with different-colored petioles have been formed in the course of long-term evolution. However, the composition, content distribution, and mechanisms of accumulation of metabolites in different-colored petioles remain elusive. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), 1159 metabolites, including 100 lipids, 72 organic acids and derivatives, 83 phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and several alkaloids and terpenoids, were quantified in four celery cultivars, each with a different petiole color. There were significant differences in the types and contents of metabolites in celery with different-colored petioles, with the most striking difference between green celery and purple celery, followed by white celery and green celery. Annotated analysis of metabolic pathways showed that the metabolites of the different-colored petioles were significantly enriched in biosynthetic pathways such as anthocyanin, flavonoid, and chlorophyll pathways, suggesting that these metabolic pathways may play a key role in determining petiole color in celery. The content of chlorophyll in green celery was significantly higher than that in other celery cultivars, yellow celery was rich in carotenoids, and the content of anthocyanin in purple celery was significantly higher than that in the other celery cultivars. The color of the celery petioles was significantly correlated with the content of related metabolites. Among the four celery cultivars, the metabolites of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were enriched in purple celery. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) suggested that the differential expression of the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway might affect the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in celery. In addition, HPLC analysis revealed that cyanidin is the main pigment in purple celery. This study explored the differences in the types and contents of metabolites in celery cultivars with different-colored petioles and identified key substances for color formation. The results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for genetic improvement of celery petiole color.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anthocyanins , Apium/metabolism , Chlorophyll/metabolism , Color , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Metabolomics , Plant Proteins/genetics , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In order to produce an effective callus in Echinacea purpurea L.; determination of the explant type and growth regulators that best respond to callus induction and the optimization of the culture conditions to increase the amount of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) in the obtained callus. CADs contents of callus cultures of E. purpurea were evaluated by establishing an effective callus induction system in vitro. RESULTS: Various medium containing different growth regulators were tested using leaf, petiole, cotyledon and root as the explants. The best callus development was achieved in MS medium with 1.0 mg l 1 2,4- D + 2.0 mg l 1 BAP in leaf, 1.0 mg l 1 NAA + 0.5 mg l 1 TDZ in petiole, 2.0 mg l 1 NAA + 1.0 mg l 1 TDZ in cotyledon and 0.5 mg l 1 NAA + 0.5 mg l 1 BAP in roots. Upon optimisation of callus growth, each type of explant was cultured for 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks in medium for the analyses of caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and chicoric acid contents. The highest amounts of caftaric acid (4.11 mg/g) and chicoric acid (57.89 mg/g) were found from petiole explants and chlorogenic acid (8.83 mg/g) from root explants at the end of the 10-week culture time. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the present study, the production of caffeic acid derivatives was performed by providing the optimization of E. purpurea L. callus cultures. Effective and repeatable protocols established in this study may offer help for further studies investigating the production of caffeic acid derivatives in vitro.
Subject(s)
Caffeic Acids , Echinacea , Plant Growth Regulators , Time Factors , In Vitro Techniques , Cells, Cultured , Plant Roots/growth & development , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Cotyledon/growth & development , Culture TechniquesABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the wound-healing effect of Alocasia longiloba (A. longiloba) petiole extract on wounds in rats. Methods: Twenty-two male Sprague-dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive 10% solcoseryl gel, phosphate buffer saline, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol and hexane extracts of A. longiloba at 1.5%, 3% and 6% doses, respectively. A full thicknesses wound (6 mm) was created on the dorsal of the rat; and all rats were applied with the extract solutions, 10% solcoseryl gel and phosphate buffer saline once a day topically until day 12. The wound was photographed on day 1, 6 and 12, and the percentage of wound contraction was calculated. On day 12, rats were sacrificed and histological examination of granulation tissue was carried out using haematoxylin & eosin and Masson's Trichrome stain to determine the wound healing effect. Results: In this study, 6% of 50% and 95% ethanol extracts of A. longiloba showed 82.50% and 82.32% wound contraction, respectively, and were comparable with 10% solcoseryl gel (82.30%). Meanwhile, phosphate buffer saline treated group showed the lowest wound contraction (69.86%). Histological assessment of wound treated with 6% of 95% ethanol extract of A. longiloba showed distinct epidermal and dermal layer, higher proliferation of fibroblast and more angiogenesis with collagen compared to other wound treated groups. Conclusions: A. longiloba petiole extracts have a wound healing potential and 6% of 95% ethanol extract of A. longiloba is more effective. Further studies are required to understand the wound healing mechanism of action of the extract.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the wound-healing effect of Alocasia longiloba (A. longiloba) petiole extract on wounds in rats.Methods: Twenty-two male Sprague-dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive 10％ solcoseryl gel, phosphate buffer saline, 50％ ethanol, 95％ ethanol and hexane extracts of A. longiloba at 1.5％, 3％ and 6％ doses, respectively. A full thicknesses wound (6 mm) was created on the dorsal of the rat; and all rats were applied with the extract solutions, 10％ solcoseryl gel and phosphate buffer saline once a day topically until day 12. The wound was photographed on day 1, 6 and 12, and the percentage of wound contraction was calculated. On day 12, rats were sacrificed and histological examination of granulation tissue was carried out using haematoxylin & eosin and Masson's Trichrome stain to determine the wound healing effect.Results: In this study, 6％ of 50％ and 95％ ethanol extracts of A. longiloba showed 82.50％ and 82.32％ wound contraction, respectively, and were comparable with 10％ solcoseryl gel (82.30％). Meanwhile, phosphate buffer saline treated group showed the lowest wound contraction (69.86％). Histological assessment of wound treated with 6％ of 95％ ethanol extract of A. longiloba showed distinct epidermal and dermal layer, higher proliferation of fibroblast and more angiogenesis with collagen compared to other wound treated groups. Conclusions: A. longiloba petiole extracts have a wound healing potential and 6％ of 95％ ethanol extract of A. longiloba is more effective. Further studies are required to understand the wound healing mechanism of action of the extract.
ABSTRACT
Young petiole of Tussilago farfara was used as the material to investigate the plant growth regulators which could influence in vitro culture and plant regeneration and to establish rapid propagation technique. The ideal sterilization method was that young petiole of T. farfara was sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s, and then transferred to saturated bleaching power supernatant for 15 min. The suitable medium for callus induction was MS+6-BA 3.0 mg•L⁻¹+2,4-D 2.0 mg•L⁻¹ with 96.2% induction rate. The seedlings had better differentiation with 91% differentiation rate and 8.26 buds on the medium containing MS+ZT 2.0 mg•L⁻¹+NAA 0.3 mg•L⁻¹. The preferred enrichment medium of adventitious bud was MS+KT 1.0 mg•L⁻¹+IBA 0.3 mg•L⁻¹ with 11.81 enrichment times and 4.9 cm seedling height. The rooting medium included 1/2MS+IBA 0.2 mg•L⁻¹ with the average number of rooting was 5.86 and the rooting rate was above 95.22%. The container seedlings can grow well and the survival rate was more than 90% when they were transplanted on the medium added with river sand and organic fertilizer with the ratio of 3∶1. The field experiments indicated that significant differences in increment and yield of pollen grains among the tissue-culture, cultivation and wild type of T. farfara under the same cultivation conditions. The cultivated plants were relatively high on the increment and yield of pollen grains. The active ingredient content of the tissue culture and the wild materials was basically the same.
ABSTRACT
Objective The petiole of Eleutherococcus senticosus was used as somatic embryo,which is widely original plants with the pharmacological active components whose contents could be determined,the somatic embryo in E.senticosus was studied,the aim of this study is to provide the proof of E.senticosus species which have the higher yield of pharmacological active components.Methods Using the petiole of E.senticosus of three years old plants germinated somatic embryos within 15 d to observe the somatic embryogenesis of E.senticosus with the 2,4-D+BA medium.Results After cultured for 28 d with 2,4-D 1.5 mg/L+BA 1.0 mg/L,71.4% of the petiole somatic embryos were directly produced or 8.5 embryos in total were produced via callus.Both of the two methods could be used in the elicitation medium,but the percentage of indirect production was smaller.After transforming into the same or the lower concentration of 2,4-D medium,the somatic embryos gradually matured.At the same time,those of the new somatic embryos were also produced,the percentage of the somatic embryos which were produced by indirect way was increased with it.Conclusion Using the petiole of E.senticosus germination within 15 d could make somatic embryogenesis.It confirms that the somatic embryogenesis and the bodybmeryos inductivity depend on the 2,4-D and BA concentration.