Effect of air pollution on carbonylated protein level in the stratum corneum and protective effect of pink pepper tree extracts and lipid mixtures on skin damage / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of air pollution on carbonylated protein level in the stratum corneum,and to assess the protective effect of pink pepper tree extracts and lipid mixtures on skin damage.Methods After the investigation of influencing factors in the preliminary experiment,fluorescence labelling assay was performed to detect the carbonylated protein level in the skin stratum corneum at different body sites of 34 healthy testees.Cigarette smoke was used to simulate pollutants,and the forearms of 15 healthy testees were exposed in the customized pollution simulation chamber with the flexor aspects facing upwards.After 0,1,2,4,5 hours of exposure,stratum corneum samples were collected by using D-squame tapes.In each of 14 selected healthy testees,3 adjacent areas on the flexor aspect of unilateral forearm were divided into 3 groups:pink pepper tree group treated with 1％ aqueous solution of pink pepper tree extracts,control group treated with deionized water,and blank group receiving no treatment.Then,the forearms of the 14 testees were exposed in the pollution simulation chamber for 5 hours,and stratum corneum samples were collected from the 3 areas before and after the exposure.Another 16 healthy testees were included,and 3 adjacent areas on the flexor aspect of their unilateral forearms were divided into 3 groups:lipid mixture group treated with 5％ lipid mixture emulsion,control group treated with lipid mixture-free placebo emulsion,and blank group receiving no treatment.Then,the forearms of the 16 testees were exposed in the pollution simulation chamber for 5 hours,and stratum corneum samples were collected from the 3 areas before and after the exposure.Moreover,twenty healthy testees were enrolled into the double-blind split-face clinical trial.That is,one half of the face was randomly chosen to be treated with 1％ emulsion of pink pepper tree extracts,and the other facial side was treated with placebo emulsion.Before and after 56-day treatment,stratum corneum samples were collected from the cheeks of testees by using D-squame tapes.Fluorescence labelling assay was conducted to detect the carbonylated protein level in the above stratum corneum samples.Results The analysis of 34 testees showed that carbonylated protein levels (average fluorescence intensity) significantly differed among different body sites (P ＜0.001),and the carbonylated protein levels were significantly higher in the cheeks (26.3 ± 7.1) and forehead (22.9 ± 7.9) than in the forearm (14.7 ± 4.9) and waist and back (12.6 ± 4.2) (P ＜ 0.001),and higher in the forearm than in the waist and back (P =0.046).In the short-term simulated accelerated exposure experiment,the carbonylated protein level increased along with the increase of the duration of exposure to pollution (R2 =0.995 9).After 5-hour exposure,the pink pepper tree group and lipid mixture group both showed significantly lower elevated levels of carbonylated protein in the stratum corneum (9.7 ± 5.2,5.8 ± 4.9) compared with the corresponding blank groups (19.0 ± 10.0,17.4 ± 8.8;P ＜ 0.005) and control groups (18.5 ± 7.3,15.9 ± 6.4;P ＜ 0.005).In the long-term human trial,the carbonylated protein levels significantly decreased in the facial side treated with 1％ emulsion of pink pepper tree extracts for 8 weeks compared with the placebo-treated facial side.Conclusion Air pollution aggravates skin damage induced by protein carbonylation in the stratum corneum,and pink pepper tree extracts and lipid mixtures can effectively reduce the carbonylated protein level.

Schinus terebinthifolius: phenolic constituents and in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities

ABSTRACT Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, native to Brazil, is referred to as "pimento-rosa" and is used to treat inflammatory disease in folk medicine. Studies have reported important pharmacological properties, but these effects have still not been fully exploited. This study reports that the crude extract and isolated compounds of S. terebinthifolius (leaves) have in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. The samples were evaluated for antioxidant activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, β-carotene/linoleic acid and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid reagents. The anti-inflammatory effects were assayed against a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in mice to test doses of 10, 100 and 300 mg/kg at different time points in addition to myeloperoxidase activity analysis. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated using ten human tumour cell lines. Two derivatives of gallic acid and four flavonoids were isolated and exhibited considerable antioxidant activity. The extract and its compounds showed selectivity towards ovarian cancer cells, with growth inhibitory activity values ranging from 1.9 to 6.5 µg/ml. Sample extracts and methyl gallate significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced oedema in the mice paw oedema experimental model. The calculated topological polar surface area for methyl gallate (86.98 Å2) showed good intestinal absorption. The effects reported herein are be related to the presence of flavonoids and the galloyl phenolic derivative content.

Óleo essencial das folhas e frutos de Schinus terebinthifolius raddi no controle de Pratylenchus zeae / Essential oil from the leaves and fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius raddi in the control of pratylenchus zeae / Aceite esencial de las hojas y frutos de Schinus terebinthifolius raddi en el control de pratylenchus zeae

Os óleos essenciais (OEs) são metabólitos secundários que podem apresentar potencial no controle alternativo de nematoides. Assim objetivou-se testar o OE de pimenta rosa no controle de P. zeae em condições in vitro e na cultura do milho. O OE foi extraído por hidrodestilação, utilizando massa fresca das folhas e frutos maduros. O experimento in vitro foi instalado em arranjo fatorial 8x2, sendo oito concentrações (0,00, 7,80, 15,00, 31,00, 62,00, 125,00, 250,00 e 500,00 µg mL-1) e OE das folhas e dos frutos. As unidades experimentais foram tubos de ensaio com capacidade para 5mL, contendo 1 mL de cada concentração, e 1mL de suspensão de 50 nematoides. Decorrido 48 horas avaliou-se a porcentagem de mortalidade. O experimento em casa de vegetação foi instalado em arranjo fatorial 5x2, sendo cinco concentrações (0,00, 7,8, 15,0, 31,0 e 62,0 µg mL-1) e OEs (Folhas e frutos). As unidades experimentais constituíram-se por vasos com capacidade para 1,5 kg, os quais foram inoculados com 2000 e 1800 nematoides e semeados com sementes de milho tratadas com as concentrações dos OEs. Os OEs e as concentrações avaliadas apresentaram porcentagem de mortalidade em condições in vitro e reduziram a população de P. zeae, em casa de vegetação, o OE dos frutos promoveu maior mortalidade nos testes in vitro. Sendo assim os OEs demonstraram potencial no controle de fitonematoide, porém, há a necessidade de estudos a aplicabilidade dos mesmos.(AU)

Essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites that may present potential for an alternative control of nematodes. The purpose of this study was to test the EO of pink peppercorn in the control of P. zeae under in-vitro conditions and in the maize crop. Essential Oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using fresh leaf mass and mature fruits. The in-vitro experiment was installed in an 8x2 factorial arrangement, with eight concentrations (0.00, 7.8, 15.0, 31.0, 62.0, 125.0, 250.0 and 500.0 µg mL-1) and EO from leaves and fruits. The experimental units were 5-mL test tubes containing 1 mL of each concentration and 1 mL of suspension of 50 nematodes. The mortality percentage was evaluated after 48 hours. The greenhouse experiment was installed in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, with five concentrations (0.00, 7.8, 15.0, 31.0 and 62.0 µg mL-1) and EOs (leaves and fruits). The experimental units consisted of 1.5-kg capacity vases, which were inoculated with 2000 and 1800 nematodes, and seeded with corn seeds treated with EO concentrations. The EOs and concentrations evaluated presented a mortality percentage under the in-vitro conditions and reduced the P. zeae population in the greenhouse, while the EO from the fruits promoted higher mortality in the in-vitro tests. Therefore, EOs have shown potential in the control of phytonematodes, but further studies are required for their applicability.(AU)

Los aceites esenciales (OEs) son metabolitos secundarios que pueden presentar potencial en el control alternativo de nematodos. Así se objetivó probar el OE de pimienta rosa en el control de P. zeae en condiciones in vitro y en el cultivo del maíz. El OE fue extraído por hidrodestilación utilizando masa fresca de las hojas y frutos maduros. El experimento in vitro fue instalado en un arreglo factorial 8x2, siendo ocho concentraciones (0,00, 7,80, 15,00, 31,00, 62,00, 125,00, 250,00 y 500,00 µg mL-1) y OE de las hojas y de los frutos. Las unidades experimentales fueron tubos de ensayo con capacidad para 5 mL, conteniendo 1 mL de cada concentración, y 1 mL de suspensión de 50 nematodos. Después de 48 horas se evaluó el porcentaje de mortalidad. El experimento en casa de vegetación fue instalado en arreglo factorial 5x2, siendo cinco concentraciones (0,00, 7,8, 15,0, 31,0 y 62,0 µg mL-1) y OEs (Hojas y frutos). Las unidades experimentales se constituyeron por floreras con capacidad para 1,5 kg, los cuales fueron inoculados con 2000 y 1800 nematodos y sembrados con semillas de maíz tratadas con las concentraciones de los OEs. Los OEs y las concentraciones evaluadas presentaron un porcentaje de mortalidad en condiciones in vitro y redujeron la población de P. zeae, en casa de vegetación, el OE de los frutos promovió mayor mortalidad en las pruebas in vitro. Así los OE demostraron potencial en el control de fitonematodos, sin embargo, hay la necesidad de estudios a la aplicabilidad de los mismos.(AU)

Óleo de aroeira vermelha e de suplementação de vitamina E em substituição aos promotores de crescimento sobre a microbiota intestinal de frangos de corte / Supplementation of pink pepper oil and vitamin E in replacement to antibiotic growth promoters in the broilers diet on response of ileal microbiota

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de óleo de aroeira-vermelha (OAV) e da suplementação de vitamina E (VitE) sobre a microbiota intestinal de frangos de corte. Utilizou-se 400 pintos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em grupos de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições: dieta sem antimicrobiano; dieta com antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,4% OAV; dieta com 200mg de VitE kg-1; dieta com 0,4% OAV e 200mg de VitE kg-1. A adição de OAV reduziu o peso relativo dos intestinos (P<0,05). Verificou-se que o controle negativo teve a menor contagem de bactérias do gênero Lactobacillus spp. em contraste com os demais grupos (P<0,05). Observou-se que o uso de OAV com ou sem adição de VitE reduziu significativamente a contagem de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus spp e E. coli, quando comparado com o grupo não tratado com o promotor de crescimento (P<0,05). Para os Staphylococcus spp coagulase-positivos, verificou-se que a concentração inibitória mínima foi de 14,72-117,75mg mL-1 para amostras isoladas de frangos de corte tratados com OAV + VitE, enquanto que para tratados com ou sem promotor de crescimento foi de 117,75 e de 29,44-235,5mg mL-1. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de OAV resultou em modulação da microbiota intestinal.

The aim was to evaluate the supplementation of pink pepper oil (PPO) and vitamin E on the intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 400 day-old male chicks distributed in a randomized design in groups of five treatments and five replicates: diet without antimicrobial; diet with antimicrobial; diet with 0.4% PPO; diet with 200mg vitamin E kg-1; diet with 0.4% PPO and 200mg vitamin E kg-1 The supply of PPO in the diet reduced the relative weight of the intestines (P<0.05). It was verified that the negative control group had the lowest bacteria count of Lactobacillus in contrast to the other groups (P<0.05). It was also observed that the use of PPO with or without vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced the bacterial count of Staphylococcus spp and E. coli when compared with the untreated group with the growth promoter (P<0.05). For Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-positive, it was found that the minimum inhibitory concentration was 14,72-117,75mg mL-1 for isolates from broilers treated with PPO + vitamin E, while for treated with or without growth promoter was 117.75 and 29,44-235,5mg mL-1. It was concluded that the inclusion of PPO resulted in modulation of intestinal microbiota.