ABSTRACT
Phytoremediation, which utilizes the remarkable ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and metabolize various molecules in their tissues, appears very promising for the removal of pollutants from the environment. In this study, the soil was altered by continuously adding industrial waste, affecting factors like pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, and metal concentrations. The Contamination factor for metals in the Metoda soil sample was Cu (1.98), Mn (1.58), Cr (1.58), Cd (7.67), and Pb (166.72), while the Pollution load index was 397.51. In comparison, the Shapar soil sample had a Contamination factor of Cu (2.24), Mn (1.58), Cr (1.23), Cd (12.67), and Pb (167.44), with a Pollution load index of 480.49. The contaminated sites showed higher micronutrient and trace element concentrations in weed plants compared to non-contaminated sites. Withania somnifera L. and Calotropis gigantea L. had the highest concentrations of Cd 2.08±0.05 and 2.60±0.05, respectively. Amaranthus spinosus L. accumulated the most Pb (36.34±0.2) and Cr (64.30±0.50), while Withania somnifera L. accumulated the most Mn (28.08±0.43), and Ipomoea aquatica Forssk accumulated the most Cu (43.68±0.37).This article addresses key research, potential benefits and the potential future needs for phytoremediation. Results indicated that uptake patterns of heavy metals by weed plant tissues were more or less related with nature of metals and species specifications. All the studies suggested that each weed plant could be used as a modern tool as a biomonitor.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Se describe la anatomía foliar de las especies Gaiadendron punctatum y Tripodanthus belmirensis, al objeto de estudiar posibles caracteres que permitan una identificación precisa de estos dos géneros de la familia Loranthaceae, de hábito arbustivo o arbóreo. Las muestras se procesaron y sometieron a tinción con técnicas clásicas para su observación al microscopio óptico. Ambas especies presentaron similitudes como una epidermis monoestratificada y estomas de tipo rubiáceo. Sin embargo, se observó una composición anatómica claramente diferenciada en aspectos como el mesófilo, forma y ubicación de las células epidérmicas y la presencia de acumulaciones de súber en G. punctatum o idioblastos abundantes en T. belmirensis. Se construyó una clave dicotómica para la determinación de especies con base en caracteres anatómicos de la hoja entre las especies del género Tripodanthus y G. punctatum, además se discute brevemente el uso de caracteres anatómicos en la determinación y soporte de entidades taxonómicas diferenciables dentro de la familia Loranthaceae.
ABSTRACT Leaf anatomy of Gaiadendron punctatum and Tripodanthus belmirensis species is described with the aim of exploring possible characters that allow a precise identification of these two genera, characterized by tree or shrub habit, belonging to Loranthaceae family. Samples were processed and stained with routine techniques for observation on optical microscope. Both species showed similarities, such as one-layered epidermis and rubiaceous type stomata. However, a different anatomic composition was observed in aspects such as: mesophyll, position and shape of epidermic cells and presence of suber accumulations in G. punctatum, or numerous idioblasts in T. belmirensis. A dichotomous key was constructed for species determination based on anatomical leaf characters, between the species of genus Tripodanthus and G. punctatum. Furthermore, the use of anatomical characters in determination and support of distinguishable taxonomical entities inside Loranthaceae is also briefly discussed.
ABSTRACT
A method was developed for the determination of zeranols (α,β-zearalanol,α,β-zearalenol,zear-alanone,zearalenone) with RRLC-MS/MS in the plant tissue. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and reextracted with aqueous alkaline solution,cleaned up with MAX column and then determined by RRLC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring ( MRM) scan mode. The results showed that the working curves were linear in the range of 0 -20 μg/kg. The limits of detection ( LOD) of zeranols were 0.5 μg/kg and the limits of quantification (LOQ) was 1. 0μg/kg. Extraction recoveries for zeranols ranged from 75. 8% to 105.4% and RSD was between 2.4% and 12.1%. The method is suitable for the determination of zeranols in the plant tissue.