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Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.
Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.
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Animals , Animal Migration , Passeriformes , Seasons , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the application effect of dynamic case scenario simulation combined with video playback in the teaching of trauma emergency for nursing interns.Methods:A total of 80 nursing interns who had internship in the Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from December 2017 to November 2018 were recruited in the study, and they were randomly divided into experimental group and control group (40 nurses per group). The dynamic case scenario simulation combined with video playback method was applied in the experimental group, and the traditional teaching method was used in the control group. Both groups had the same teaching hours (8 class hours) and trauma practice outline. Trauma theoretical knowledge and operational skills of the two groups were assessed, and the scores of nursing students in the two groups, teaching satisfaction and teaching evaluation in the experimental group were analyzed. SPSS 19.0 was used for t test. Results:The trauma theoretical knowledge assessment results and clinical operation skills assessment scores of control group were (73.40±7.11) points and (78.69±8.71) points, respectively, and those of experimental group were (78.09±6.84) points and (85.34±6.43) points respectively, with a statistical difference between the two groups ( P<0.05). The overall satisfaction of nursing students in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group [(98.34±2.19) vs. (94.94±2.58), P<0.01]. Most of nursing students (97.5%, 39/40) in the experimental group hoped to apply dynamic case scenario simulation combined with video playback method in the future. Conclusion:The dynamic case scenario simulation combined video playback method could enhance the trauma emergency ability of the nursing interns and improve the teaching satisfaction and teaching effect.
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Human activities result in the formation of a mosaic of forest patches within a non-habitat matrix. The response of the local biodiversity to changes in land-use may occur at different scales. It is important to evaluate the effects of the attributes of both the patches and the surrounding landscape on the occupancy of forest patches by animal populations. Here, we assessed the predictive potential of local (basal area, tree density), patch (size, shape) and landscape scale (total area of forest, number of patches, matrix permeability, patch proximity) variables on the occupancy of forest patches by the syntopic primates Alouatta caraya, Sapajus libidinosus and Callithrix penicillata in the city of Goiânia in the Cerrado region of central Brazil. We used playback to survey primate populations in 22 focal patches and assessed the landscape within a 1000 m buffer zone around each site. In A. caraya, occupancy was influenced by the shape of the focal patches, the amount of forest and fragmentation level of the landscape. Focal patch size and the permeability of the matrix were the principal determinants of the occupancy of S. libidinosus. None of the predictors influenced patch occupancy in C. penicillata, and the structure of the vegetation did not influence occupancy in any of the species. The preservation of as many forest patches as possible, both large and small, as well as gallery forests, and the enhancement of matrix permeability will be essential for the long-term conservation of the syntopic primates of the Cerrado of central Brazil.
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Animals , Soil Permeability , PrimatesABSTRACT
Introducción: La exposición a ruido recreacional y su repercusión sobre la audición es un problema al cual la investigación presta cada vez mayor atención. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de criterio y constructo de un cuestionario de exposición a ruido recreacional ("CHAR"), así como los factores asociados a ésta. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio de validación de cuestionario, de corte transversal, en estudiantes universitarios. El protocolo incluyó evaluación audiométrica, consulta de síntomas auditivos relacionados con la exposición a ruido y el cuestionario "CHAR". Se construyeron modelos mediante regresión logística, obteniendo sus respectivas áreas bajo la curva ROC. Resultados: Se incluyó a 258 estudiantes de la carrera de fonoaudiología. La presencia de escotoma en 4 kHz en el oído derecho obtuvo un área bajo la curva correspondiente a 0,72 (IC 95%: 0,60-0,84), mientras que en el oído contralateral ésta fue de 0,57 (IC 95%: 0,49-0,65). El presentar síntomas auditivos luego de asistir a conciertos podría influir en las medidas de validez. Conclusión: El Cuestionario "CHAR" permite discriminar la presencia de escotoma en la frecuencia 4 kHz del oído derecho. El puntaje de corte va a depender de los objetivos de uso del instrumento; ya sea el orientar en el diagnóstico, o el tamizaje.
Introduction: Recreational noise exposure and its impact on hearing is a problem that the investigation is paying more and more attention to. Aim: To determine the validity of the criteria and construct for the questionnaire on recreational noise exposure (CHAR) and the factors associated. Materials and Methods: We conducted a validation study for the questionnaire, transversal, using university students. The protocol included audiometric evaluation, consultation on auditory symptoms related to noise exposure and the "CHAR" questionnaire. We constructed it using logistic regression models, obtaining their respective areas under the ROC curve. Results: It included 258 students in the audiology program. The presence of notch at 4 kHz in the right ear obtained an area under the curve corresponding to 0.72 (95% CI: 0.60-0.84) while in the contralateral ear, it was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.49-0.65). The auditory symptoms present after attending concerts could influence measures of validity. Conclusion: The "CHAR" questionnaire allows for discrimination for the presence of notch in the 4 kHz frequency in the right ear. The cutoff score will depend on the objectives for the use of the instrument; to guide the diagnosis or screening.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Surveys and Questionnaires , Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/diagnosis , Music , Audiometry , Logistic Models , Cross-Sectional Studies , Predictive Value of Tests , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Self Report , Noise/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Objective To explore the efficacy of the case and scenario teaching method in the neurosurgery practice teaching.Methods By cluster sampling,153 nursing students underwent rotary practice in neurosurgery department in People's Hospital of Three Gorges University from September 2011 to July 2012 were trained with the case and scenario teaching method.Scenario simulation training combined with case playback teaching was used in practice teaching.At the end of the internship,nursing students' satisfaction was investigated and their operational capacity was evaluated.Self-designed questionnaire was adopted to evaluate satisfaction.Operational capacity evaluation scores of nursing students were divided into several parts:basic operation examination (30％),specialized operation (30％),professional theory (30％) and teacher evaluation (10％).Data were analyzed using Excel spreadsheet for entry.Countif and Count function formula were used to calculate eligibility and the passing rate.Results Nursing students had high evaluation on case playback teaching methods.By this method,153(100％) nursing students considered that the learning initiative was improved.At the end of the internship,passing rates of basic operation examination,specialized operation,professional theory were 98.69％ (151/153),96.73 ％ (148/153) and 100％ while the total passing rate was 100％.Conclusion The case and scenario teaching method could develop the study positivity and practice ability of nursing students and can enhance the internship efficacy.
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Objective:To supply a gap on the prompt result of traditional voice system of medical instruments and providing hi-fi speech prompt and to improve the level of humanization of medical instruments.Methods:On the base of the superiority of function of SPCE061A SCM,using the method of combination of software and hardware to design.Results:The constant result can provide functions of hi-fi human speech prompt,voice message,alarm,has the advantage of easy to operate and low-power.Conclusion:The novel design is able to make up the flaws of traditional voice systems which have low accuracy,reliability and flexibility.It has strong practicality and can be applied widely to medical instruments.
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The working principle and application characteristics of ECG machine were introduced in detail from such aspects as the development history,structure,classification,new usage and procurement principle.The objective is to direct new equipment procurement and facilitate clinical application.