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Aim: Physicochemical assessment of the surface water sourced from River Ebenyi and its tributaries in Eha-Amufu and environs, Isu-Uzo Local Government Area of Enugu State of Nigeria. Place and Duration: Eha-Amufu and environs, Isu-Uzo Local Government Area of Enugu State of Nigeria. May to July, 2017. Study Design: Experimental design. Methodology: Water samples were spatially collected along the river and stream channels in Eha-Amufu and the adjoining Ihenyi, Amaede, Mgbuji, Umuhu, Agamede and Odobudo villages. Parameters analysed include pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total hardness (TH), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Nitrate, Phosphate, Chloride, and Sulphate. Results: The concentrations of Cd (0.02-0.05 mg/l) and Pb (0.37-0.77 mg/l) exceeded the maximum limit of the range of values considered as safe by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Conductivity (37.14 – 63.30 µs/cm), Total dissolved solids (TDS) (10.80 – 30.80 mg/l), Total suspended solids (TSS) (10.60 – 21.20 mg/l) and Total solid (TS) (20.60-41.00 mg/l) were within the lower limit of the permissible range of values. Chromium (0.26 ± 0.00 mg/l) exceeded the maximum permissible limit at Agamede village. Sulphate was statistical significantly higher (χ2 = 25.697, p < 0.001) relative to the spatial concentrations of nitrate (4.28 – 11.18 mg/l), sulphate (13.68 – 25.23 mg/l), phosphate (0.00 – 0.28 mg/l) and chloride (9.11 – 15.50 mg/l) in the area. Conclusions: The baseline results obtained from this study with regards to Cd, Cr and Pb demands that effective health education programme should be organised to emphasize on the effect of anthropogenic activities that releases pollutants. However, long term sampling covering all the months of the year is needed in order to confirm the reproducibility of our results.
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Objective To develop a portable device for wound perfusion and negative-pressure therapy to solve the problem of the existing one.Methods The device used a unified waste liquid tank/liquid reservoir as the infrastructure,and had its reservoir and waste liquid bags made of flexible materials.Dynamic isolation between the reservoir bag and waste liquid bag was realized by a separator.Wound perfusion was implemented by the gravity of the waste liquid and the elastic force of the spring, and negative-pressure therapy was carried out by the elastic force and vacuum pump. The SCM regulated the switching of the electromagnetic valve according to the information from the flow meter and pressure sensor so as to perform quantitative wound perfusion, stable negative-pressure therapy and switching between the functions of perfusion and negative-pressure therapy.Results The device volume was decreased by regulating dynamically the sizes of reservoir and waste liquid bags,and the power consumption was also reduced by using liquid gravity and spring force. Conclusion The wound perfusion and negative-pressure therapy device gains advantage over the existing one in portability, and thus is of significance for promoting the technology of wound perfusion and negative-pressure therapy.
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Objective To develop a portable pressure detector to facilitate the battlefield self and buddy aids training for dressing,hemostasis and fixation.Methods The changes of pressure were converted into the ones of electric current with the pneumatic cuff,catheter and membrane pressure sensor,and then transmitted to the panel display by Bluetooth.The efficacy for the training was determined based on the acquired data.Results The detector implemented quantifying of the pressures during dressing,hemostasis and fixation,and non-medical staff obtained the results of battlefield treatment training easily to execute rapid assessment of battlefield self and buddy aids training.Conclusion The device gains advantages in visualized data,portability,easy operation and accurate measurement,and contributes to battlefield self and buddy aids training.
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OBJECTIVES: Confidentiality of health information is an important aspect of the physician patient relationship. The use of digital medical records has made data much more accessible. To prevent data leakage, many countries have created regulations regarding medical data accessibility. These regulations require a unique user ID for each medical staff member, and this must be protected by a password, which should be kept undisclosed by all means. METHODS: We performed a four-question Google Forms-based survey of medical staff. In the survey, each participant was asked if he/she ever obtained the password of another medical staff member. Then, we asked how many times such an episode occurred and the reason for it. RESULTS: A total of 299 surveys were gathered. The responses showed that 220 (73.6%) participants reported that they had obtained the password of another medical staff member. Only 171 (57.2%) estimated how many time it happened, with an average estimation of 4.75 episodes. All the residents that took part in the study (45, 15%) had obtained the password of another medical staff member, while only 57.5% (38/66) of the nurses reported this. CONCLUSIONS: The use of unique user IDs and passwords to defend the privacy of medical data is a common requirement in medical organizations. Unfortunately, the use of passwords is doomed because medical staff members share their passwords with one another. Strict regulations requiring each staff member to have it's a unique user ID might lead to password sharing and to a decrease in data safety.
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Humans , Confidentiality , Electronic Health Records , Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act , Health Records, Personal , Legislation, Medical , Medical Records , Medical Staff , Physician-Patient Relations , Prevalence , Privacy , Social Control, FormalABSTRACT
Objectives:This paper tested the hypothesis of adverse selection and cost shift in the implementa -tion of health insurance portability policy and evaluated the impact to metropolitan health insurance funds .Methods:With data from health insurance information system in A city ,we used chi-square and t-test to test the variations be -tween transferredi-n group and transferred -out group, and we used multiple regression to explore the factors affecting reimbursement of outpatient costs and inpatient costs .Results:The chi-square test indicated that age and chronic dis -eases between transferred-in group and transferred-out group was statistically significant , and this proved that adverse selection existed in the health insurance portability .The t-test indicated that inpatient cost per capita and reimburse-ment of inpatient costs per capita between transferred i-n group and transferred -out group statistically significant.Mul-tiple regressions indicated that age and chronic diseases significantly affected reimbursement of outpatient and inpatient costs.Policy analysis showed that health insurance funds had rules of shift cost .Conclusion:Because of the effect of healthy migrants and risk-selection , the outpatient and inpatient costs of the transferred i-n group did not greatly influ-ence medical insurance funds .Therefore , local government should implement the portability policy boldly .
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To evaluate the clinical usefulness of new handheld air impulse tonometer(Pulsair, Keeler), the intraocular pressures of 147 eyes of 80 men and women at the age range of 9 to 82 year without corneal opacity or corneal edema were measured with the Goldmann applanation tonometer as well as noncontact air impulse tonometer. The IOPs measured with both tonometer were compared to evaluate the correlation coefficiency. The correlation coefficiency between two instruments is 0.89. Therefore, the new type of noncontact tonometer could be useful for clinical applications due to its accuracy, simplicity, painlessness, portability, and repeatability-especially at glaucoma screening programs.