The Effects of Ficus Carica Fruit on Bone Markers and Oestrogen Level of Post-Menopausal Osteoporotic Rats

@#Introduction: Post-menopausal osteoporosis is the most common type of osteoporosis, which occurs due to a deficiency of oestrogen following menopause. Considering the adverse effects of oestrogen replacement therapy, natural products may serve to replace the current conventional treatment. Ficus carica (FC) which is commonly known as fig may have a potential in treating post-menopausal osteoporosis due to their abundance of important minerals and bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanins. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of FC on bone metabolism of ovariectomized rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six female Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups; SHAM operated (SHAM), ovariectomized control (OVX), ovariectomized + 64.5 µg/kg oestrogen (ERT), ovariectomized + 50 mg/kg aqueous extract of FC (AQ50), ovariectomized + 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of FC (AQ100), ovariectomized + 50 mg/kg raw FC (RW50), and ovariectomized + 100 mg/kg raw FC (RW100). After eight weeks of treatments, rats were euthanized and femurs were dissected out to measure bone osteocalcin, Ctelopeptide of type 1 collagen and bone estrogen level. Results: RW50 and RW100 showed an increasing trend in osteocalcin levels and also oestrogen level, but no significant difference between all groups. RW50 and RW100 also showed significantly reduced C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen levels compared to OVX group. Conclusion: These findings suggested that raw FC at the doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg have potential to improve bone in treating post-menopausal osteoporosis. However, this need to be confirmed with higher doses.

Oxidative stress as a possible pathogenic cofactor of post-menopausal osteoporosis: Existing evidence in support of the axis oestrogen deficiency-redox imbalance-bone loss

Post-menopausal osteoporosis (PO) is one of the major health issues associated with menopause-related oestrogen withdrawal. Despite the intense research and the relevant progress achieved in the last two decades, the pathogenic mechanism underlying PO is still poorly understood. As a consequence of this gap in the knowledge, such disorder and the related complications are still difficult to be effectively prevented. A wealth of experimental and epidemiological/clinical evidence suggests that the endocrine change associated to menopausal transition might lead to a derangement of redox homeostasis, that is, the prelude to the health-threaten condition of oxidative stress (OxS). In turn, this (bio)chemical stress has been widely hypothesized to contribute, most likely in synergy with inflammation, to the development of menopause-related diseases, including PO. The main aim of this review is to discuss the current literature evidence on the association between post-menopausal oestrogen withdrawal, OxS and PO. It is also aimed to provide a critical overview of the most significant epidemiological studies on the effects of dietary antioxidants on bone health and to devise a strategy to overcome the limitations emerged and controversial results.

Review on the comparison of effectiveness between denosumab and bisphosphonates in post-menopausal osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is a rapidly rising cause of concern for elderly patients. Various classes of drugs are available in the market. Bisphosphonates are considered as a first-line therapy for the prevention and treatment. Denosumab is an antiresorptive agent which is a RANK ligand inhibitor. There is a scarcity of comparison between these two classes of drugs. The aim of this study is to compare efficacy of Bisphosphonates and Denosumab in various parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature search was done for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bisphosphonates with denosumab. RCTs with a treatment period of at least one year with a baseline bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTM) and follow up values at one year were included in the study. All included studies were also analysed for complications. The study has also been registered in PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews. RESULTS: A total of five RCTs were identified providing data on 3751 participants. In all five studies, the BMD changes at both hip and spine were statistically significant in favour of denosumab. Result was similar in three studies that studied BMD changes at the wrist. Denosumab also produced significant reduction in BTM as early as one month, but at one year there was no difference compared to the bisphosphonates. There was no statistically significant differences in the complication rates. CONCLUSION: Though both bisphosphonates and denosumab were effective with similar side effects, the latter was statistically superior in increasing the BMD and reducing the BTM.

O mineral boro na alimentação, prevenção e tratamento da osteoporose / Intake of mineral borum, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by reduced bone density, which is more prevalent in post-menopausal women. Hormone replacement, use of calcium and Vitamin D has been used as the treatment of choice. Currently, studies have been conducted to search for alternative preventive treatments, based on changes in life style and feeding. Borum is a micromineral, which has shown satisfactory results in the maintenance of bone density. This review aims at presenting the action of borum on bone mineralization and in the treatment of bone loss in post-menopausal patients

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por la disminución de la masa óssea y se presenta principalmente en mujeres después de la menopausia. L reposición hormonal y la ingestión de calcio y vitamina D han sido los tratamientos de elección. Investigaciones recientes han procurado tratamentos preventivos alternativos a través de modificaciones en el estilo de vida y en la alimentación. El boro es un micro mineral que ha sido estudiado en ese sentido con resultados satisfactorios en la manutención de la densidade mineral ósea. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo relacionar la actividad del boro en la mineralización ósea y en el tratamiento de la pérdida ósea en pacientes después de la menopausia

A osteoporose é um distúrbio caracterizado pela diminuição da densidade mineral óssea que acomete principalmente mulheres pós-menopausa. A reposição hormonal, o uso de cálcio e vitamina D, têm sido o tratamento escolhido. Atualmente, pesquisas têm sido realizadas buscando alternativas de tratamentos preventivos baseados na alteração no estilo de vida e na alimentação. O boro é um micromineral que vem sendo estudado com resultados satisfatórios na manutenção da densidade mineral óssea. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de relacionar a atividade do boro na mineralização óssea e no tratamento da perda óssea em pacientes pós-menopausa