Prevención de hemorragia posparto durante la cesárea mediante ligadura de las arterias uterinas en pacientes con factores de riesgo / Uterine artery ligation for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with risk factors for cesarean section

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad preventiva de la hemorragia posparto mediante la ligadura bilateral de las arterias uterinas en pacientes con factores de riesgo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, experimental, aleatorizado no probabilístico, por conveniencia, de casos y controles, longitudinal, comparativo al que se incluyeron pacientes con factores de riesgo de hemorragia posparto que finalizaron el embarazo mediante cesárea de urgencia. Se integraron dos grupos: experimental, en quienes se aplicó la técnica de ligadura bilateral de arterias uterinas y el grupo control: solo con cesárea. Antes y después del procedimiento quirúrgico se estimaron la pérdida de sangre, los parámetros de hemoglobina y hematocrito y se compararon con el grupo de control. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 91 pacientes: 45 en el grupo experimental y 46 de solo cesárea. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la pérdida de sangre del grupo experimental (345.56 ± 64.69 mL) en comparación con el grupo control (426.06 ± 125.49 mL; p = 0.000247), en los parámetros de hemoglobina (grupo experimental: 11:13 ± 1.62 g/dL; grupo control: 10.49 ± 1.32 g/dL, p = 0.037) y hematocrito (grupo experimental: 33.86%; grupo control: 31.87%; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIÓN: La ligadura bilateral de las arterias uterinas a pacientes con factores de riesgo de hemorragia poscesárea es una medida preventiva eficaz que ayuda a disminuir la pérdida sanguínea. Al complementarla con los uterotónicos reduce el volumen de sangrado.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the benefits and harms of bilateral uterine artery ligation for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, experimental, randomized, case-control, longitudinal, comparative study conducted during 2022, which included patients with risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage who terminated pregnancy by emergency cesarean section. Two groups were included: the experimental group, in which the technique of bilateral uterine artery ligation was applied, and the control group, in which only cesarean section was performed. Before and after the surgical procedure, blood loss, hemoglobin and hematocrit parameters were estimated and compared with the control group. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients were studied: 45 in the experimental group and 46 in the cesarean only group. Significant differences were observed in blood loss in the experimental group (345.56 ± 64.69 mL) compared to the control group (426.06 ± 125.49 mL; p = 0.000247), in hemoglobin (experimental group: 11:13 ± 1.62 g/dL; control group: 10.49 ± 1.32 g/dL, p = 0.037) and hematocrit (experimental group: 33.86%; control group: 31.87%; p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Bilateral uterine artery ligation in patients with risk factors for post-cesarean hemorrhage is an effective preventive measure that helps to reduce blood loss. When combined with uterotonics, it reduces the volume of bleeding.

Postpartum hemorrhage in electronic health records: risk factors at admission and in-hospital occurrence

Abstract Objective: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death globally. Therefore, prevention strategies have been created. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of PPH and its risk factors after implementing a risk stratification at admission in a teaching hospital. Methods: A retrospective cohort involving a database of SISMATER® electronic medical record. Classification in low, medium, or high risk for PPH was performed through data filled out by the obstetrician-assistant. PPH frequency was calculated, compared among these groups and associated with the risk factors. Results: The prevalence of PPH was 6.8%, 131 among 1,936 women. Sixty-eight (51.9%) of them occurred in the high-risk group, 30 (22.9%) in the medium-risk and 33 (25.2%) in the low-risk group. The adjusted-odds ratio (OR) for PPH were analyzed using a confidence interval (95% CI) and was significantly higher in who presented multiple pregnancy (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.28 to 6.49), active bleeding on admission (OR 6.12, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.65), non-cephalic presentation (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.65), retained placenta (OR 9.39, 95% CI 2.90 to 30.46) and placental abruption (OR 6.95, 95% CI 2.06 to 23.48). Vaginal delivery figured out as a protective factor (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.98). Conclusion: Prediction of PPH is still a challenge since its unpredictable factor arrangements. The fact that the analysis did not demonstrate a relationship between risk category and frequency of PPH could be attributable to the efficacy of the strategy: Women classified as "high-risk" received adequate medical care, consequently.

Bundle para quantificação de perda sanguínea pós-parto vaginal / Bundle para la cuantificación de pérdida sanguínea posparto vaginal / Bundle for quantifying vaginal blood loss after childbirth

Resumo Objetivo Construir e validar o conteúdo de um bundle para quantificação da perda sanguínea pós-parto vaginal. Métodos Estudo metodológico desenvolvido de fevereiro a agosto de 2022, em três etapas: levantamento bibliográfico, construção do instrumento e validação de conteúdo por 14 experts. O instrumento para validação foi composto por 11 itens selecionados a partir de revisão sistemática. Para cada item do bundle aplicou-se escala Likert e para verificar a concordância entre experts, calculou-se o Índice de Concordância. Consideraram-se válidos os itens com concordância acima de 80%. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada em uma única rodada de avaliação. Resultados A versão final do bundle foi composta por nove itens. Os cuidados propostos estão relacionados à quantificação direta do sangramento pós-parto e seu registro, observação da puérpera, a utilização de protocolos institucionais em casos de hemorragia pós-parto, assim como a capacitação da equipe. Conclusão O estudo permitiu construir e validar bundle para quantificação da perda sanguínea pós-parto vaginal, com vistas à melhora do diagnóstico de hemorragia pós-parto.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar el contenido de un bundle para la cuantificación de pérdida sanguínea posparto vaginal. Métodos Estudio metodológico, llevado a cabo de febrero a agosto de 2022, en tres etapas: análisis bibliográfico, construcción del instrumento y validación de contenido por 14 expertos. El instrumento para validación consistió en 11 ítems seleccionados a partir de revisión sistemática. Se aplicó la escala Likert para cada ítem del bundle; y para verificar la concordancia entre expertos, se calculó el Índice de Concordancia. Se consideraron válidos los ítems con concordancia superior a 80 %. La validación de contenido se realizó en una única ronda de evaluación. Resultados La versión final del bundle consistió en nueve ítems. Los cuidados propuestos están relacionados con la cuantificación directa del sangrado posparto y su registro, la observación de la puérpera, la utilización de protocolos institucionales en casos de hemorragia posparto, así como también la capacitación del equipo. Conclusión El estudio permitió elaborar y validar un bundle para la cuantificación de pérdida sanguínea posparto vaginal, con el fin de mejorar el diagnóstico de hemorragia posparto.

Abstract Objective To construct and validate the content of a bundle to quantify vaginal blood loss after childbirth. Methods This is a methodological study developed from February to August 2022, divided into bibliographic survey, instrument construction and content validity, by 14 experts. The instrument for validity consisted of 11 items selected from a systematic review. For each item in the bundle, a Likert scale was applied, and to check agreement among experts, the Concordance Index was calculated. Items with agreement above 80% were considered valid. Content validity was carried out in a single round of assessment. Results The final version of the bundle consisted of nine items. The proposed care is related to direct quantification of postpartum bleeding and its recording, observation of postpartum women, use of institutional protocols in cases of postpartum hemorrhage as well as team training. Conclusion The study allowed constructing and validating a bundle for quantifying vaginal blood loss after childbirth, with a view to improving postpartum hemorrhage diagnosis.

Effects of oxytocin induction on early postpartum hemorrhage, perineal integrity, and breastfeeding: a case-control study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the postpartum hemorrhage, perineal integrity, and breastfeeding results of mothers who underwent oxytocin induction in the first stage of labor in the early postpartum period. METHODS: This single-center observational case-control study was conducted in the obstetric unit of a public hospital in Istanbul. The study sampling included 44 pregnant women who received oxytocin induction (case group) and 44 pregnant women who did not receive oxytocin (control group). The Personal Information Form, LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale, Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation Scale, and Postpartum Hemorrhage Collection Bag were used in data collection, and pad follow-up was carried out. RESULTS: The amount of hemorrhage in the first 24 h of the postpartum period and the mean Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation Scale score were significantly higher in the case group. While 47.7% of the oxytocin-induced women had 1st or 2nd, and 11.4% had 3rd or 4th degrees of lacerations, 20.5% of the control group had 1st or 2nd, and 2.3% had 3rd or 4th degrees of lacerations. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool in both groups. CONCLUSION: According to the study findings, it was determined that oxytocin induction administered in the first stage of labor increased hemorrhage and perineal trauma in the early postpartum period but did not affect the results of breastfeeding. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT04441125.

Factores de riesgo relacionados con las complicaciones de la hemorragia obstétrica

Introducción: La hemorragia obstétrica es considerada una causa mayor de mortalidad materna. El reconocimiento de las mujeres con riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones durante la hemorragia obstétrica, es la primera acción para promover un tratamiento optimizado y evitar la muerte. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo de complicaciones en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico de casos y controles, con 12 casos (con complicaciones) y 24 controles (sin complicaciones). Se aplicó las medidas resúmenes para cada tipo de variables y la determinación de los factores de riesgos mediante la aplicación del odds ratio (OR), se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 26.0, con un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Resultados: La combinación del choque hipovolémico, más la insuficiencia renal aguda, fue la complicación más frecuente para un 13,8 %. Predominó la atonía uterina para un 50,0 % como causa de hemorragia. Las variables predictivas de complicaciones fueron: el valor de creatinina ≥ 113 µmol/L (OR= 19,08; IC: 2,75-138,36), índice internacional normalizado ≥ 2 (OR= 4,66; IC: 1,46-14,90), hematocrito < 0,23 (OR= 4,00; IC: 1,76-9,08) y hemoglobina < 70 g/L (OR= 2,22; IC: 1,25-3,95). Conclusiones: La creatinina ≥ 113 µmol/L, índice internacional normalizado ≥ 2, hematocrito < 0,23 y hemoglobina < 70 g/L son los principales factores de riesgo identificados para el desarrollo de complicaciones durante la hemorragia obstétrica.

Introduction: Obstetric hemorrhage is considered a major cause of maternal mortality. Recognition of women at risk of developing complications during obstetric hemorrhage is the first action to promote optimized treatment and avoid death. Objective: Identify risk factors for complications in patients with obstetric hemorrhage. Methods: Observational, analytical case-control study, with 12 cases (with complications) and 24 controls (without complications). The summary measures were applied for each type of variables and the determination of the risk factors by applying the odds ratio (OR), the SPSS statistical package version 26.0 was used, with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Results: The combination of hypovolemic shock, plus acute renal failure, was the most frequent complication for 13.8%. Uterine atony predominated for 50.0% as the cause of hemorrhage. The predictive variables of complications were: creatinine value ≥ 113 µmol/L (OR= 19.08; CI: 2.75-138.36), international normalized ratio ≥ 2 (OR= 4.66; CI: 1. 46-14.90), hematocrit < 0.23 (OR= 4.00; CI: 1.76-9.08) and hemoglobin < 70 g/L (OR= 2.22; CI: 1.25-3.95). Conclusions: Creatinine ≥ 113 µmol/L, international normalized ratio ≥ 2, hematocrit < 0.23 and hemoglobin < 70 g/L are the main risk factors identified for the development of complications during obstetric hemorrhage.

Especificidades técnicas no tamponamento uterino com balões e algumas dificuldades técnicas / Technical specificities in uterine tamponade with balloons and some technical difficulties

A mortalidade materna é inaceitavelmente alta. A hemorragia pós-parto encontra- se na primeira posição no mundo, tendo como principal causa específica a atonia uterina. Eventualmente, as medidas iniciais e a terapia farmacológica não são efetivas no controle do sangramento, impondo a necessidade de tratamentos invasivos, cirúrgicos ou não. Entre esses, o tamponamento uterino com balão requer recursos locais mínimos e não exige treinamento extensivo ou equipamento muito complexo. Entretanto, algumas dificuldades podem ocorrer durante a inserção, infusão ou manutenção do balão na cavidade uterina, com especificidades relacionadas à via de parto. Após o parto vaginal, a dificuldade mais prevalente é o prolapso vaginal do balão. Na cesárea, as principais dificuldades são a inserção e o posicionamento do balão na cavidade uterina, principalmente nas cesáreas eletivas. Este artigo revisa e ilustra as principais dificuldades e especificidades relacionadas ao tamponamento uterino com balões.

Maternal mortality is unacceptably high. Postpartum hemorrhage is ranked first in the world, with the main specific cause being uterine atony. Eventually, initial measures and pharmacological therapy are not effective in controlling bleeding, imposing the need for invasive treatments, surgical or not. Among these, uterine balloon tamponade requires minimal local resources and does not require extensive training or very complex equipment. However, some difficulties may occur during insertion, infusion, or maintenance of the balloon in the uterine cavity, with specificities related to the mode of delivery. After vaginal delivery, the most prevalent difficulty is vaginal balloon prolapse. In cesarean section, the main difficulty is the insertion and positioning of the balloon in the uterine cavity, especially in elective cesarean sections. This article reviews and illustrates the main difficulties and specificities related to uterine balloon tamponade.

Manejo de la hemorragia posparto en una paciente con útero bicorne con la sutura B-Lynch. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Management of postpartum hemorrhage in a patient with bicornuate uterus using the B-Lynch suture. Case report and review of the literature

Objetivos: Describir un caso de manejo con sutura de B-Lynch en una mujer con útero bicorne que presenta hemorragia posparto (HPP), y realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca de las estrategias de control quirúrgico de la HPP en pacientes con malformaciones müllerianas, los resultados maternos en términos de control de la hemorragia, así como las complicaciones tempranas y tardías. Materiales y métodos: Se reporta el caso de una paciente con útero bicorne, atendida en un hopsital de referencia regional, que, posterior a parto por cesárea, presenta hemorragia posparto, la cual es controlada con éxito empleando la sutura de B-Lynch. Se realizó una búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, Embase, Medline, Google Scholar y LILACS. Se emplearon los términos MeSh: "Uterine Atony", "Postpartum Hemorrhage", "Immediate Postpartum Hemorrhage", "Bicornuate Uterus", "Mullerian Anomalies", "Mullerian Ducts Abnormalities", "Uterine Compression Suture". Se incluyeron reportes y series de casos que hubieran incluido pacientes con malformaciones müllerianas con HPP que no respondieran al manejo farmacológico inicial, con uso de procedimientos quirúrgicos conservadores para el control de la hemorragia. Se hace análisis narrativo de los hallazgos respecto a las características de los estudios, técnicas utilizadas y complicaciones. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 5 estudios, 4 de tipo reporte de caso y 1 serie de casos, que corresponden a 12 mujeres con malformación uterina que desarrollaron HPP, en las cuales se empleó manejo quirúrgico (suturas de compresión uterina), y con dispositivo (tipo balón intrauterino) para el control de la hemorragia, logrando controlar el sangrado en 11 casos, solo una (8,3 %) requirió histerectomía. No se reportan complicaciones a largo plazo. Conclusiones: El manejo de la HPP en mujeres con malformaciones uterinas müllerianas cuenta con una literatura limitada a reportes de casos, con uso tanto de suturas compresivas como dispositivos médicos tipo balones intrauterinos. La sutura compresiva tipo B-Lynch parece ser una buena alternativa en el control de la HPP en estas mujeres con el fin de preservar la fertilidad, con baja tasa de complicaciones. Se requiere continuar documentando este tipo de casos con el fin de consolidar evidencia de la utilidad de esta técnica en el control del sangrado uterino posparto en esta población.

Objectives: To describe the use of the B-Lynch suture in a case of postpartum hemorrhage of a woman with bicornuate uterus, and to carry out a review of the literature on PPH control strategies in patients with müllerian anomalies, maternal outcomes in terms of hemorrhage control, as well as early and late complications. Material and methods: Case report of a patient with bicornuate uterus who presented to a regional referral hospital with postpartum hemorrhage following a cesarean section, which was successfully controlled using the B-Lynch suture. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Medline, Google Scholar and LILACS databases. The MeSh terms used were: "Uterine Atony," "Postpartum Hemorrhage," "Immediate Postpartum Hemorrhage," "Bicornuate Uterus," "Müllerian Anomalies," "Müllerian Duct Abnormalities". Case reports and case series of patients with müllerian malformations and PPH not responding to initial pharmacological management in whom conservative surgical procedures were used to control bleeding were included. A narrative analysis of the findings was carried out based on study characteristics, techniques used and complications. Results: Five studies were selected, 4 case reports and 1 case series which included 12 women with uterine malformations who developed PPH and in whom surgical management (uterine compression sutures) or devices (intrauterine balloon) were used for hemorrhage control. Bleeding was successfully controlled in 11 cases, with hysterectomy required only in one case (8.3 %). No long-term complications were reported. Conclusions: The literature on PPH management in women with müllerian uterine malformations is limited to case reports in which either compression sutures or medical devices such as intrauterine balloons were used. The B-Lynch-type compression suture appears to be a good option for controlling PPH in these women in order to preserve fertility, with a low rate of complications. Further documentation of these types of cases is needed in order to build the evidence regarding the usefulness of this technique for controlling postpartum uterine bleeding in this population.

Resultados de la estrategia de código rojo en la atención a pacientes con hemorragia posparto / Results of the red code strategy in the care of patients with postpartum hemorrhage

Introducción: La estrategia de código rojo permite la atención inmediata, sistematizada y coordinada de la hemorragia posparto. Es un esquema de trabajo organizado que contribuye a un tratamiento oportuno y pertinente de la hemorragia obstétrica. Con esta herramienta, el equipo asistencial puede seguir los pasos indicados sin desviarse del objetivo, trabajar de manera ordenada y aplicarlo en cada situación específica, para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad materna. Objetivo: Caracterizar los resultados de la estrategia de código rojo en la atención a pacientes con hemorragia posparto en Villa Clara. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de desarrollo, observacional, de corte transversal y retrospectivo de las pacientes con hemorragia posparto en Villa Clara, durante el período de enero 2018 a junio de 2021. La muestra no probabilística quedó conformada por 127 pacientes. Se utilizaron medidas de resumen para la descripción de las variables. En las cuantitativas se emplearon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión (media y desviación estándar), para las variables cualitativas se mostraron frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para establecer las relaciones entre variables se aplicó la prueba de independencia basada en la distribución Ji cuadrado. Resultados: En la evaluación del cumplimiento del protocolo de código rojo resultaron incorrectos algunos parámetros como: el diagnóstico de las etapas del choque y el tiempo de accionar. Conclusiones: Cada institución debe contar con protocolos y guías de atención de pacientes obstétricas con bases científicas que se correspondan a las posibilidades de cada país; estos protocolos deben facilitar y perfeccionar las acciones del médico.

Introduction: the red code strategy allows immediate, systematized and coordinated care of postpartum hemorrhage. It is an organized work scheme that contributes to timely and relevant treatment of obstetric hemorrhage. The healthcare team can follow with this tool the indicated steps without deviating from the objective, work in an orderly manner and apply it in each specific situation to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Objective: to characterize the results of the red code strategy in the care of patients with postpartum hemorrhage in Villa Clara. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational and developmental study was carried out in patients with postpartum hemorrhage in Villa Clara from January 2018 to June 2021. The non-probabilistic sample consisted of 127 patients. Summary measures were used to describe the variables. Measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean and standard deviation) were used in the quantitative variables as well as absolute and relative frequencies were shown for the qualitative ones. The independence test based on the Chi-square distribution was applied to establish the relationships between variables. Results: some parameters were incorrect in the evaluation of compliance with the red code protocol such as the diagnosis of the stages of shock and the time to act. Conclusions: each institution must have protocols and guidelines for the care of obstetric patients with scientific bases that correspond to the possibilities of each country; these protocols should facilitate and improve the doctor's actions.

Desenlaces maternos según el tipo de placenta previa en un hospital de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Maternal outcomes according to the type of placenta previa in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia. Retrospective cohort study

Objetivos: Describir la frecuencia de complicaciones maternas en mujeres gestantes con placenta previa (PP) mayor o menor y evaluar una posible asociación entre tipo de PP y la presencia de hemorragia materna severa y otros resultados maternos asociados. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, descriptiva. Se incluyeron gestantes con 20 semanas o más de embarazo, con diagnóstico confirmado de placenta previa, quienes fueron atendidas en un hospital de alto nivel de complejidad localizado en Cali (Colombia), entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2020. Se excluyeron las gestantes con diagnóstico de placenta previa y acretismo placentario concomitante. Las variables recolectadas fueron: edad materna, índice de masa corporal, tabaquismo, obesidad, paridad, presencia de sangrado, hemorragia posparto, manejo de la hemorragia posparto, transfusión y admisión a UCI de la gestante. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética de la Fundación Valle de Lili. Resultados: 146 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La población estuvo constituida por mujeres con una mediana de edad de 32 años, sin antecedente quirúrgico, con diagnóstico prenatal de placenta previa a la semana 22. En el 70,5 % de los casos se trató de pacientes con placenta previa mayor. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron hemorragia posparto (37,9 % vs. 16,3 % para pacientes con placenta previa mayor y menor, respectivamente), requerimiento de transfusión (23,3 y 9,3 %, respectivamente) y el ingreso materno a la UCI (40,8 % vs. 18,6 %, respectivamente). No se registraron muertes maternas. Conclusiones: Las mujeres con placenta previa experimentan una frecuencia elevada de complicaciones; probablemente, dicha frecuencia es más alta cuando se documenta placenta previa mayor. Se requieren más estudios que comparen la frecuencia de complicaciones maternas según el tipo de placenta previa.

Objectives: To describe the frequency of maternal complications in pregnant women with major or minor placenta previa (PP), and to assess a potential association between PP type and the presence of severe maternal bleeding and other associated outcomes. Material and methods: Retrospective descriptive cohort. The study included pregnant women with 20 weeks of gestation or more and a confirmed diagnosis of placenta previa who were seen in a high complexity hospital in Cali (Colombia), between January 2011 and December 2020. Women with a diagnosis of placenta previa and concomitant placenta accreta were excluded. The collected variables were maternal age, body mass index, smoking, obesity, parity, presence of bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, management of postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, and maternal ICU admission. A descriptive analysis was performed. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Fundaciónn Valle de Lili. Results: A total of 146 patients met the inclusion criteria. The population consisted of women with a mean age of 32 years, with no history of prior surgery, with a prenatal diagnosis of placente previa at week 22; 70% were major placenta previa cases. The most frequent complications were postpartum hemorrhage (37.9 % vs. 16.3 % for patients with major and minor placenta previa, respectively), transfusion requirement (23.3 and 9.3 %, respectively), and maternal ICU admission (40.8 % vs. 18.6 %, respectively). There were no cases of maternal death. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of complications in women with placenta previa, and it is probably higher in cases of major placenta previa. Further studies are needed to compare the frequency of maternal complications according to the type of placenta previa.

Complicaciones hemorrágicas y trombóticas del embarazo: diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento

Las hemorragias y la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV) figuran entre las cinco causas más frecuentes de morbilidad y mortalidad materna en el mundo. Revisamos la evaluación y el manejo actualizado de las causas obstétricas de la hemorragia posparto (HPP), así como el diagnóstico y manejo de condiciones hematológicas que pueden causar o agravar la HPP, por ejemplo: coagulación intravascular diseminada, enfermedad de von Willebrand, trombocitopenia autoinmune y las microangiopatías trombóticas. Revisamos el rol del síndrome antifosfolípido y las trombofilias hereditarias como factores predisponentes a pérdidas fetales recurrentes y la ETEV en el embarazo y las recomendaciones actuales para la prevención de ambas complicaciones. Asimismo, repasamos el abordaje diagnóstico y líneas de manejo de la ETEV. Un objetivo adicional fue enfatizar la importancia del trabajo colaborativo multidisciplinario para lograr el manejo exitoso de las gestantes con las complicaciones obstétricas y hematológicas descritas.

Bleeding and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are among the five most common causes of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women worldwide. This review describes the current evaluation and management of the obstetric causes of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), as well as the diagnosis and management of hematologic conditions which can cause or worsen PPH, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, von Willebrand disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and the thrombotic microangiopathies. It also describes the role of the antiphospholipid syndrome and inherited thrombophilia as predisposing factors for recurrent pregnancy loses and VTE, and the current recommendations for the prevention of both complications. As well, the current diagnostic approach and management of ETEV are described. An additional objective of this Review is to emphasize the importance of a collaborative multidisciplinary approach for the successful management of the obstetric and hematologic complications herein described.

Codetecção de dengue e chikungunya durante a gestação: relato de caso / Dengue and chikungunya codetection during pregnancy: case report

Introdução: A tripla circulação de arboviroses no cenário nacional, traz uma constante preocupação para a saúde pública. Relato de caso: Gestante, 38 anos, primigesta, apresenta infecção aguda com quadro de febre, artralgia e mialgia, alteração de níveis pressóricos, elevação de enzimas hepáticas, plaquetopenia e elevação de LDH que gerou quadro grave, resultando em parto de emergência e hemorragia pós-parto maciça. Após suspeição e realização de exames sorológicos, foi constatado codetecção por dengue e chikungunya. Considerações finais: A codetecção de dengue aguda e chikungunya gerou quadro de pré-eclâmpsia e hemorragia pós-parto. Após conduta oportuna, gestante e RN seguiram bem e em alta. Tal situação serve de alerta para vigilância epidemiológica.

Introduction: The triple circulation of arboviruses on the national scene is a constant concern for public health. Case report: Pregnant woman, 3 years old, primigravidae, presented with an acute infection with fever, arthralgia and myalgia, changes in blood pressure levels, elevated liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia and elevated LDH levels, which generated a severe condition, resulting in emergency delivery and hemorrhage. massive postpartum. After suspicion and serological tests, co-detection by dengue and chikungunya was confirmed. Final considerations: The co-detection of acute dengue and chikungunya generated preeclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage. After timely conduct, the pregnant woman and the NB continued well and were discharged. This situation serves as a warning for epidemiological surveillance.

Effects of Heliotropium indicum L. on Uterine Involution and Its Underlying Mechanisms: an in vivo and in vitro Study / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of Heliotropium indicum L. (H. indicum L.) on uterine involution and its underlying mechanisms in both in vivo and in vitro study.@*METHODS@#For in vivo studies, postpartum rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=24 for each): control group and treated group which were orally and daily administered with ethanolic extract of H. indicum L. (250 mg/kg body weight) until day 5 of postpartum. Uteri were collected for analysis of weight, cross-sectional area, collagen cross-sectional area, and collagen content on postpartum day 1, 3, and 5 (n=8 for each) from both groups. Blood samples were collected for hepatotoxicity and 17β-estradiol (E2) measurement. For in vitro studies, the extract effects on uterine contraction at half maximum effective concentration of 2.50 mg/mL were studied in organ bath system for at least 20 min.@*RESULTS@#Uterine parameters were significantly decreased after treated with extract of H. indicum L. (P<0.05). H. indicum L. extract significantly accelerated the reduction of those parameters and significantly decreased E2 (P<0.05). The extract facilitated uterine involution with no hepatotoxicity. H. indicum L. extract significantly stimulated uterine contraction (P<0.05) and synergized with oxytocin, prostaglandin and its precursor, linoleic acid. By investigating the different sequencing of the extract with the additional stimulants (added before or after), the two showed antagonistic effects, but still showed potentiated force when compared with control (without the stimulants).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The underlying mechanisms by which H. indicum L. facilitated uterine involution might be due to reducing E2 which induces collagenase activity, leading to decreases in uterine weight and size and stimulating uterine contraction. Our study provides new findings for future drug development for facilitating uterine involution with H. indicum L.

Outcomes of the second pregnancy after Triple-P procedure in women complicated with placenta accreta spectrum disorders / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective:To investigate the safety of the Triple-P procedure in women complicated with severe placenta accreta spectrum disorders (PAS) and its influence on second pregnancy.Methods:From January 2015 to December 2017, the outcomes of the second pregnancy after the Triple-P procedure in 11 pregnant women complicated with PAS in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed.Results:By December 2021, a total of 11 pregnant women who underwent the Triple-P procedure for PAS had a second pregnancy, with a median interval of 3 years (2-3 years). Of the 11 pregnant women, 7 delivered after 36 weeks of gestation. The median gestational age was 38 weeks, and 4 terminated within the first trimester. PAS recurred in 1 of 7 pregnant women (1/7) and was associated with placenta previa. All of the 7 pregnant women were delivered by cesarean section, with a median postpartum blood loss of 300 ml (200-450 ml), and only one pregnant woman required blood transfusion. None of the pregnant women were transferred to the intensive care unit, and there were no uterine rupture, bladder injury, puerperal infection, and neonatal adverse outcomes.Conclusion:Pregnant women who underwent the Triple-P procedure for severe PAS could be considered for second pregnancy with strictly management by an experienced multidisciplinary team, which may result in a good outcome.

Effect of intraoperative cell salvage on allogeneic blood transfusion requirements, coagulation function and electrolytes in postpartum hemorrhage of cesarean section / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the effect of intraoperative cell salvage on allogeneic blood transfusion requirements, coagulation function and electrolytes in postpartum hemorrhage patients. 【Methods】 A study on postpartum hemorrhage patients undergoing cesarean section in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University form September 2016 to May 2022 was conducted retrospectively. A total of 137 patients were enrolled and divided into experimental group (n=70) and control group (n=67) according to whether intraoperative cell salvage was used during operation. The blood loss, proportion and volume of allogeneic red blood cells (RBCs) and coagulation component transfusion, hemoglobin (Hb) level, coagulation function, electrolyte, the incidence of complications, proportion of ICU admission, ICU stay and in-hospital stay were compared between the two groups. 【Results】 The proportion of patients receiving allogeneic RBCs in the experimental group and in the control group was 31.4% vs 100.0% (P0.05). 【Conclusion】 This study demonstrated that intraoperative cell salvage could reduce the requirement for allogeneic RBCs without compromising coagulation function in postpartum hemorrhage patients undergoing cesarean section, but the changes of calcium need to be concerned after transfusion.

Analysis of high risk factors and establishment of risk score model for postpartum massive blood transfusion / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To screen the risk factors of severe postpartum hemorrhage that can be found at 32 weeks of pregnancy through univariate and multivariate analysis and establish the risk prediction diagram. 【Methods】 A retrospective analysis was performed on pregnant women who gave birth and received blood transfusion in Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from 2019 to 2021. According to the blood transfusion volume during and after operation, the patients were divided into low/moderate transfusion group (transfusion volume <2 000 mL) and massive-transfusion group (transfusion volume ≥2 000 mL), and the basic information of puerperal, single high risk factor, measures of operation and use of blood preparations were recorded. The differences of physiological and pathological factors between the low/moderate transfusion group and the massive transfusion group were analyzed by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis and nomogram were performed on the statistically significant factors to calculate the consumption of blood components and hemostatic measures in the massive transfusion group. 【Results】 There were significant differences in age, number of pregnancies, advanced age at first delivery, history of abortion, scar uterus, pernicious placenta previa, placenta accreta, eclampsia/pre-eclampsia and acquired coagulopathy between the low/moderate transfusion group (n=930) and the massive transfusion group (n=108) (P<0.05), among which the number of pregnancies, advanced age for the first delivery, pernicious placenta previa, placenta accreta, and eclampsia/pre-eclampsia were independent risk factors for severe postpartum hemorrhage at 32 weeks of gestation. The scores of risk factors for massive blood transfusion from high to low were placenta accreta, primiparity at advanced age, eclampsia/pre-eclampsia, pernicious placenta previa, number of pregnancies≥4 and scar uterus. 【Conclusion】 The possibility of severe postpartum hemorrhage can be accurately evaluated in the third trimester (around 32 weeks) by univariate analysis, multivariate analysis and nomogram drawing. Among the puerpera underwent blood transfusion, the risk factors for massive hemorrhage included pregnancies ≥4 times, primiparity at advanced age, pernicious placenta previa, placenta accreta, and eclampsia/pre-eclampsia. The model based on these factors has a good prediction effect on massive hemorrhage.

Effect of recombinant human coagulation factor Ⅶa combined with Bakri balloon compression on oxidative stress and coagulation in patients with refractory postpartum hemorrhage / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of recombinant human coagulation factor Ⅶa combined with Bakri balloon compression on oxidative stress and coagulation in patients with refractory postpartum hemorrhage. 【Methods】 Prospectively, 80 patients with refractory postpartum hemorrhage in Chengdu Fifth People′s Hospital from June 2019 to June 2022 were selected and grouped according to the random number table method. The control group (n=40) was treated with Bakri balloon compression, and the observation group (n=40) was treated with recombinant human coagulation factor Ⅶa combined with Bakri balloon compression. The bleeding-related indexes and adverse effects were observed in both groups, and the prenatal and 24 h postpartum oxidative stress, coagulation function and inflammatory factors were compared between the two groups. 【Results】 The blood loss in the observation group and the control group was (683.96±146.52) vs(796.63±152.41)mL during operation, (812.46±161.53) vs(965.39±166.22)mL in 2 h after delivery, (899.53±178.74) vs(1 084.31±203.67)mL in 24 h after delivery, and the transfusion volume was (512.31±104.76) vs(683.25±113.52)mL, and the onset time of hemostasis was (14.63±3.18) vs (21.72±5.29) min (P0.05). At 24 h postpartum, NE, Cor, SOD and MDA were higher than those before delivery in both groups, but the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05); TT, APTT and PT were longer and Fib was lower in both groups than before delivery, but TT, APTT and PT were shorter and Fib was higher in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05); CRP, IL-8 and TNF-α were higher in both groups than before delivery, but the observation group was lower than in the control group (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Hemostasis in patients with refractory postpartum hemorrhage treated with recombinant human coagulation factor Ⅶa combined with Bakri balloon compression was effective, which can improve coagulation, reduce transfusion, decrease oxidative stress injury and inflammatory response without increasing adverse effects.

Plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex and thrombin-antithrombin complex in risk stratification of massive transfusion in patients with postpartum hemorrhage / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the value of plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) for risk stratification of massive transfusion (MT) in patients with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). 【Methods】 Clinical data and blood samples of patients with PPH in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. MT (MT group, n=60) was defined as transfusion of red blood cells≥10 U within 24 h after delivery, and 3.25 ng/mL and PIC level>1.04 μg/mL were independent risk factors for MT after PPH. 【Conclusion】 Elevated TAT and PIC levels are independent predictors of MT in patients with PPH, and their combined predictive efficacy is better.

Simulação em saúde no manejo da hemorragia pós-parto: relato de experiência no ensino em enfermagem / Simulación en salud en el manejo de la hemorragia postparto: relato de experiencia en la enseñanza en enfermería / Health simulation in the management of postpartum hemorrhage: experience report in nursing education

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a experiência do uso da simulação em saúde no ensino de graduação em Enfermagem na situação de Hemorragia Pós-Parto. Método: estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, sobre a aplicação da simulação em saúde no ensino em Enfermagem com base na estratégia - Zero Morte Materna por Hemorragia Pós-Parto (0MMxH) da OPAS/OMS. A simulação foi realizada no primeiro semestre de 2020, com 15 discentes da Disciplina Sexualidade e Reprodução Humana, ministrada no sexto período do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem de uma Universidade Federal do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Resultados: o uso da simulação em saúde nesta experiência possibilitou a participação dos alunos de graduação em enfermagem em um cenário de hemorragia pós-parto, promovendo o desenvolvimento profissional por meio de vivência na prática clínica. Conclusão: a inserção de simulação em saúde no ensino promove o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades importantes para a prática assistencial da enfermagem no contexto do cuidado às mulheres com quadros de hemorragia pós-parto.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la experiencia del uso de la simulación en salud en la enseñanza de pregrado en Enfermería en la situación de Hemorragia Postparto. Método: estudio descriptivo, del tipo relato de experiencia, sobre la aplicación de la simulación en salud en la enseñanza en Enfermería con base en la estrategia - Cero Muerte Materna por Hemorragia Postparto (0MMxH) de la OPAS/OMS. La simulación fue realizada en el primer semestre de 2020, con 15 estudiantes de la Asignatura Sexualidad y Reproducción Humana, ministrada en el sexto período del Curso de Pregrado en Enfermería de una Universidad Federal del Centro-Oeste brasileño. Resultados: el uso de la simulación en salud en esta experiencia posibilitó la participación de los alumnos de pregrado en enfermería en un escenario de hemorragia postparto, promoviendo el desarrollo profesional por medio de vivencia en la práctica clínica. Conclusión: la inserción de simulación en salud en la enseñanza promueve el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades importantes para la práctica asistencial de la enfermería en el contexto del cuidado a las mujeres en caso de hemorragia posparto.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the experience of using health simulation in undergraduate nursing education in the situation of postpartum hemorrhage. Method: descriptive study of the type experience report on the application of health simulation in nursing education based on the strategy - Zero Maternal Death due to Postpartum Hemorrhage (0MDxH) of PAHO/WHO. The simulation was carried out in the first half of 2020, with 15 students from the Sexuality and Human Reproduction Discipline, taught in the sixth semester of the Undergraduate Course of Nursing at a Federal University of the Midwest of Brazil. Results: the use of health simulation in this experience enabled the participation of undergraduate nursing students in a postpartum hemorrhage scenario, promoting professional development through experience in clinical practice. Conclusion: the inclusion of health simulation in teaching promotes the development of important skills for nursing care practice in the context of care for women with postpartum hemorrhage.

Hemorragia pós-parto: estratégias para qualificação do cuidado / Postpartum hemorrhage: strategies for qualifying care / Hemorragia posparto: estrategias para la atención calificada

Objetivo: relatar a experiência de construção de um kit emergencial e de um fluxograma que oriente a atuação profissional, como tecnologia em saúde na hemorragia pós-parto. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, a partir de um relato de experiência vivenciado no centro de parto de uma maternidade no Maranhão. Utilizou-se o Arco de Problematização de Maguerez para orientação metodológica. Resultados: a assistência da equipe de saúde se mostrou fragmentada, apontando-se a falta de liderança frente à Hemorragia pós-parto. A elaboração das tecnologias tornou a assistência mais eficaz, e a equipe com maior potencial. Conclusão: tornou-se importante a realização de capacitações e treinamentos para a equipe de saúde com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade da assistência prestada à mulher e ao recém-nascido.

Objective: to report the experience of building an emergency kit and a flowchart that guides professional action, as a health technology in postpartum hemorrhage. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive study, based on an experience report at the birth center of a maternity hospital in Maranhão. Maguerez's Problematization Arc was used for methodological guidance. Results: the health team's assistance was fragmented, highlighting a lack of leadership in the face of postpartum hemorrhage. The development of technologies has made assistance more effective and the team with greater potential. Conclusion: it has become important to carry out training and qualifications for the health team in order to improve the quality of care provided to women and newborns.

Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de construcción de un botiquín de emergencia y un diagrama de flujo que orienta la acción profesional, como tecnología de salud en la hemorragia posparto. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, basado en un relato de experiencia en la casa de parto de una maternidad de Maranhão. Se utilizó el Arco de Problematización de Maguerez como guía metodológica. Resultados: la asistencia del equipo de salud fue fragmentada, destacándose falta de liderazgo ante la hemorragia posparto. El desarrollo de las tecnologías ha hecho que la asistencia sea más eficaz y el equipo con mayor potencial. Conclusión: se ha vuelto importante realizar capacitación y capacitación del equipo de salud para mejorar la calidad de la atención brindada a la mujer y al recién nacido.

Diferencias en la gravedad del choque hemorrágico en mujeres con placenta previa y acretismo placentario antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Differences in the degree of hemorrhagic shock in women with placental insertion anomalies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic / Diferenças na gravidade do choque hemorrágico em mulheres com placenta previa e acretismo placentário antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: estudios previos han mostrado una mayor incidencia de todas las causas de hemorragia postparto durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El acretismo placentario es una causa frecuente de hemorragia postparto. Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en la severidad del choque hemorrágico y la cantidad de sangrado en mujeres con diagnóstico del espectro placenta previa-acretismo, antes de la pandemia y durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Material y métodos: en un estudio con cohortes comparativas de mujeres con placenta previa-acretismo, atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, durante el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019, grupo I (prepandemia), y de enero de 2020 a marzo de 2022, grupo II (pandemia), se comparó entre los grupos la cantidad de hemorragia y la clase del choque hemorrágico de acuerdo a ATLS. Resultados: se estudió a 277 mujeres, 211 fueron del grupo I (pre-COVID-19) y 66 del grupo II (COVID-19), se observó una mayor cantidad de sangrado durante la pandemia de COVID versus la fase pre-COVID (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL versus 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 mL) p = 0.001, existieron diferencias en las proporciones de la gravedad del choque hemorrágico en la fase de pandemia para las clases III y IV. Conclusión: se encontró un incremento en la cantidad de sangrado y gravedad del choque durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Abstract: Introduction: previous studies have shown an increased incidence of all-cause postpartum hemorrhage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Placental accreta is a frequent cause of hemorrhagic shock. Objective: determine the severity of shock and the amount of bleeding during the COVID-19 pandemic in women diagnosed with placenta previa and placental accreta. Material and methods: in a comparative cohort study of women with placenta previa and accreta treated at the National Institute of Perinatology during the period from January 2017 to December 2019 group I (pre-pandemic) and from January 2020 to March 2022 group II (pandemic) the amount of hemorrhage and the class of hemorrhagic shock according to ATLS were compared between the groups. Results: 277 women were studied, 211 were from group I (pre COVID-19) and 66 from group II (COVID-19). A greater amount of bleeding was observed during the COVID pandemic versus the pre COVID phase (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL vs 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 mL) p = 0.001, there were differences in the proportions of severity of hemorrhagic shock in the pandemic phase for classes III and IV. Conclusion: an increase in the amount of bleeding and severity of shock was found during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo: Introdução: estudos anteriores mostraram uma maior incidência de hemorragia pós-parto de todas as causas durante a pandemia de COVID-19. O acretismo placentário é uma causa frequente de hemorragia pós-parto. Objetivo: determinar as diferenças na gravidade do choque hemorrágico e na quantidade de sangramento em mulheres diagnosticadas com o espectro de placenta prévia-acretismo antes da pandemia e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Material e métodos: em um estudo de coorte comparativo de mulheres com placenta prévia e acreta tratadas no Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia durante o período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019, grupo I (pré-pandemia) e de janeiro de 2020 a março de 2022, grupo I II (pandemia) a quantidade de sangramento e a classe de choque hemorrágico de acordo com o ATLS foram comparadas entre os grupos. Resultados: foram estudadas 277 mulheres, 211 eram do grupo I (pré-COVID-19) e 66 do grupo II (COVID-19). Observou-se uma maior quantidade de sangramento durante a pandemia de COVID versus a fase pré-COVID (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL vs 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 ml) p = 0.001, houve diferenças nas proporções da gravidade do choque hemorrágico na fase pandêmica para as classes III e IV. Conclusão: um aumento na quantidade de sangramento e gravidade do choque foi encontrado durante a pandemia de COVID-19.